During the time when kingdoms were growing and declining, people in towns and villages were creating new arts, crafts, and engaging in various activities. Political, social, and economic changes occurred over the years, but not every region experienced these changes in the same way. Different societies had unique reasons for these changes, which are important to understand.
Tribal dance, Santal painted scroll
While some societies followed the caste-based rules set by the Brahmanas, other groups, known as tribes, had their own social structures and did not conform to these rules.
Tribal people were not extensively documented by contemporary historians and travelers.
Location of some of the major Indian tribes
Pastoralists were people who traveled long distances with their animals, depending on products like milk for survival. They traded goods such as wool and ghee with settled farmers in exchange for essentials like grain, cloth, and utensils.
Bhils hunting deer by night
As the economy and society expanded, new skills became necessary, leading to the formation of smaller castes (jatis) within the broader varnas (social classes).
[Intext Question]
The Gonds lived in a vast forested region known as Gondwana. They practiced shifting cultivation. The large Gond tribe had many smaller clans. Each clan had its own leader called raja or rai.
A Gond Women
Emergence of Gond Kingdoms:
Administrative System:
Impact of Large States:
Leadership and Struggles:
Economic Wealth and Mughal Conquest:
Survival and Decline:
Ahoms migrated to the Brahmaputra valley from Myanmar in the thirteenth century. They established a new state by overcoming the old political system of landlords called bhuiyans.
Conquests and Expansion:
Challenges and Mughal Invasions:
Ahom State Dynamics:
Society and Economy:
Social Structure and Religion:
Cultural and Intellectual Contributions:
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1. Who are tribal people and what defines their societies? |
2. How do nomads and mobile people adapt to their environments? |
3. What social changes occurred with the emergence of new castes and hierarchies in tribal societies? |
4. Who are the Gonds and what is their significance in Indian tribal culture? |
5. What role did the Ahoms play in the history of Assam and its tribal dynamics? |
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