Lifelines of National Economy Chapter Notes - Social Studies (SST) Class 10

Introduction

• The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. Therefore, efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development. 
• Apart from transport, the ease and mode of communications, like telephone and internet, makes the seamless flow of information possible. 
• Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity, linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. 
• The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.

Transport

• Transport plays an important role in the economy. Because of transport, raw materials reach the factory, and finished products reach the consumer.
  
• Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.

Roadways

• India has one of the world's largest road networks, aggregating to about 2.3 million km at present. 
• In India, roadways have preceded railways. They still have the edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained. 
• The growing importance of road transport vis-a-vis rail transport is rooted in the following reasons:
  (i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
  (ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
  (iii) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
  (iv) Road transport is economical in the transportation of a few persons and a relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
  (v) It also provides door-to-door service. Thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
  (vi) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and seaports.

In India, roads are classified into the following six classes according to their capacity:

• The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. 
• The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project. 
• The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the megacities of India. 
• These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).

2. National Highways

• National Highways link extreme parts of the country. 
• These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). 
• A number of major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions.

3. State Highways

• Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
• These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.

4. District Roads 

• These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. The Zila Parishad maintains these roads.

5. Other Roads 

• Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category.
• These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
• Under this scheme, special provisions are made to link every village in the country to a major town in the country by an all-season motorable road.

6. Border Roads

• Apart from these, the Border Roads Organisation a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country.
• This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. 
• These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
• The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. 
• The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. Concrete or even bitumen of coal, therefore, these are all-weather roads. Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.

• The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as the density of roads.
• Distribution of road is not uniform in the country.
• The density of all roads varies from only 10 km in Jammu & Kashmir to 375 km in Kerala with the national average of 75 km (1996-97). 
• Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. 
• About half of the roads are unmetalled, and this limits their usage during the rainy season.
• The National Highways are inadequate too. 
• Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities, and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

Railways

• Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. 
• Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, and transportation of goods over longer distances.
• Apart from an important means of transport, the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years. 
• Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of industry and agriculture.

Indian Railways

Rail Network: The Indian Railways have a network of 7, 031 stations spread over a route length of 63, 221 km. with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach vehicles and 228, 170 wagons as on 31.

Rail Gauge and Length of Routes in India

Development of Railways:

• The Indian Railway is now reorganised into 16 zones. 
• The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.
• The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth. 
• However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. 
• The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. 
• Likewise, it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand. 
• The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (Ghats).
• In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of India. 
• It has also faced a number of problems such as the sinking of track in some stretches and landslides.
• Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well.
• Many passengers travel without tickets. Thefts and damaging of railway property have not yet stopped completely.
• People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily, and this causes heavy damage to the railway.

Pipelines

• The pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India.
• In the past, these were used to transport water to cities and industries. 
• These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
  
  Oil Pipeline
• Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into the slurry.
• The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas-based fertilizer plants could be thought of only because of pipelines. 
• The initial cost of laying pipelines is high, but subsequent running costs are minimal.
• It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.
• There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country:
  (i) From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
  (ii) From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.
  (iii) Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Waterways

• Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
• They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport.
• India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length.
• Out of these, only 3,700 km are navigable by mechanised boats.
• The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1
• The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2
• The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3.
• The other viable inland waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.

Major Sea Ports

• With a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports.
• These major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade.
  
• Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of the loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the Partition.
• Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour. The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region. 
• Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.
• New Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines.
• Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
• On the east coast, is the port of Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu. This port has a natural harbour and rich hinterland. Thus, it has a flourishing trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions of India.
• Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports in the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.
• Vishakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port. This port was, originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports.
• Paradip port located in Orissa specialises in the export of iron ore.
• Kolkata is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
• Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

Airways

• Air transport was nationalised in 1953. On the operational side, Indian Airlines, Alliance Air (a subsidiary of Indian Airlines), private scheduled airlines and non-scheduled operators provide domestic air services. 
• Air India provides international air services. Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. 
• Provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its offshore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
• Indian Airlines operations also extend to the neighbouring countries of South and south-east Asia and the Middle east.
• It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.

Communication

Personal communication and mass communication, including television, radio, press, films, etc., are the major means of communication in the country.

Indian Post

• The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. 
  
  Indian Post
• Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. 
• The second–class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. 
• They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport. 
• To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. 
• They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

• India has one of the largest telephone networks in Asia. 
• In order to strengthen the flow of information from the grassroots to a higher level, the government has made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to every village in the country. 
• There is a uniform rate of STD facilities all over India. It has been made possible by integrating the development in space technology with communication technology.

Mobile Telephones

• India is one of the fastest-growing mobile networks in the world. Mobile phones have changed the way Indians conducted business.
• Now even low-income group people like vegetable vendors, plumbers and carpenters get better business because they are connected through mobile phones.

Mass Communication

• Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films. 
• All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country. 
• Doordarshan, the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, education to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.
  

Newspapers 

• India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. They are of different types depending upon their periodicity.
• Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects. The largest number of newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu.

Films

• India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. It produces short films; video feature films and video short films.
• The Central Board of Film Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.

  
  

International Trade

Trade between the two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or land routes. The advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country.

Export: When the goods are sent to other countries for sale, it is called export.

Import: When the goods come from other countries to be sold in India, it is called import.

Balance of Payment

• This is the difference between the export and import of a country.
• When the export is higher than import, then this is a situation of a favourable balance of payment.
• On the other hand, when the import is higher than export, then this is a situation of an unfavourable balance of payment.
• Indian Commodities Witnessing growth in share in Export:
• Major Imports to India:
• Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports.
• This group includes fertilizers (67.01 per cent), cereals (25.23 per cent), edible oils (7.94 per cent) and newsprint (5.51 per cent).
  International trade has undergone a sea change in the last fifteen years.
• The exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge.
• India has emerged as a software giant at the international level, and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

Tourism as a Trade

• Foreign tourist’s arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of 23.5 per cent during the year 2004 as against the year 2003, thus contributing Rs 21,828 crore of foreign exchange.
• Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
• Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
• It also helps in the development of international understanding of our culture and heritage.