Economic Reforms In India | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests) PDF Download

Introduction

In 1991, India faced a severe economic crisis caused by mounting external debt and inefficiency in economic management during the 1980s. Insufficient revenues led to heavy borrowing from foreign banks, resulting in a debt-trap. To address this crisis, India sought assistance from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and received $7 million in loans. However, these international organizations demanded that India open its doors to international trade by removing strict restrictions.

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Liberalization: Embracing Free Trade

The first pillar of Economic Reforms, Liberalization, aimed to loosen regulations and restrictions on free trade. It allowed for increased foreign investments and the entry of multinational corporations (MNCs). Several key reforms were implemented under Liberalization, including expanding production capacity, abolishing government-imposed industrial licensing, and granting freedom to import goods.

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Privatization: Empowering the Private Sector

Privatization is another crucial aspect of Economic Reforms, which involves reducing the role of the public sector (government-owned enterprises) and granting more opportunities to the private sector in various services. This move introduced Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to India, fostering healthy competition between Indian goods and services and those from other countries.

Globalization: Integrating with the World Economy

Globalization, within the context of economic reforms, denotes the integration of the Indian economy with the global economy. This integration implies that India's economy is influenced by and also impacts the economies of other countries. Globalization encourages foreign trade and the influx of FDI from different nations.