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Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10 PDF Download

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Points on a Cartesian Plane

A pair of numbers locate points on a plane called the coordinates. The distance of a point from the y-axis is known as abscissa or x-coordinate. The distance of a point from the x-axis is called ordinate or y-coordinate.

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Example: Consider a point P(3, 2), where 3 is the abscissa, and 2 is the ordinate. 3 represents the distance of point P from the y-axis, and 2 represents the distance of point P from the x-axis.

Distance Formula

Distance between Two Points on the Same Coordinate Axes

The distance between two points that are on the same axis (x-axis or y-axis) is given by the difference between their ordinates if they are on the y-axis, else by the difference between their abscissa if they are on the x-axis.

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Distance AB = 6 – (-2) = 8 units
Distance CD = 4 – (-8) = 12 units

Distance between Two Points Using Pythagoras Theorem

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) be any two points on the cartesian plane.
Draw lines parallel to the axes through P and Q to meet at T.
ΔPTQ is right-angled at T.
By Pythagoras Theorem,
PQ2 = PT2 + QT2
= (x2 – x1)+ (y2 – y1)2
PQ = √[x2 – x1)+ (y2 – y1)2]

Distance Formula: Distance between any two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10Where d is the distance between the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).

Section Formula

If the point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in the ratio m1:m2, then, the coordinates of P are given by the section formula as:

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Finding Ratio given the points

To find the ratio in which a given point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2),

  • Assume that the ratio is k : 1
  • Substitute the ratio in the section formula for any of the coordinates to get the value of k.Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10When x1, x2 and x are known, k can be calculated. The same can be calculated from the y- coordinate also.

Example: Find the ratio when point (– 4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and B(3, – 8)?
Solution: Let the ratio be m:n.
We can write the ratio as:
m/n : 1 or k:1
Suppose (-4, 6) divide the line segment AB in k:1 ratio.
Now using the section formula, we have the following;

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10
-4 = (3k-6)/(k+1)
– 4k – 4 = 3k – 6
7k =2
k:1 = 2:7
Thus, the required ratio is 2:7.

Midpoint

The midpoint of any line segment divides it in the ratio 1:1.

Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

The coordinates of the midpoint(P) of line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by 
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Example: What is the midpoint of line segment PQ whose coordinates are P (-3, 3) and Q (1, 4), respectively.
Solution:
Given,  P (-3, 3) and Q (1, 4) are the points of line segment PQ.
Using midpoint formula, we have;
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10
= (-2/2, 1/2)
= (-1, 1/2)

Points of Trisection

To find the points of trisection P and Q, which divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) into three equal parts:
i) AP : PB = 1 : 2
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

ii) AQ : QB = 2 : 1 
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Example: Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A(2, – 2) and B(– 7, 4).
Solution: Let P and Q divide the line segment AB into three parts.
So, P and Q are the points of trisection here.
Let P divides AB in 1:2, thus by section formula, the coordinates of P are (1, 0)
Let Q divides AB in 2:1 ratio, then by section formula, the coordinates are (-4,2)
Thus, the point of trisection for line segment AB are (1,0) and (-4,2).

Centroid of a Triangle

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and C(x3, y3) are the vertices of a ΔABC, then the coordinates of its centroid(P) are given by
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

Example: Find the coordinates of the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are given as (-1, -3), (2, 1) and (8, -4)
Solution: Given,
The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are (-1, -3), (2, 1) and (8, -4)
The Centroid of a triangle is given by:
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10Therefore, the centroid of a triangle, G = (3, -2)

Area from Coordinates

Area of a Triangle given its vertices

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the vertices of a Δ ABC, then its area is given by
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10Where A is the area of the Δ ABC.

Example: Find the area of the triangle ABC whose vertices are A(1, 2), B(4, 2) and C(3, 5).
Solution:
Using the formula given above,
Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10Area = 9/2 square units.
Therefore, the area of a triangle ABC is 9/2 square units.
To know more about the Area of a Triangle,

Collinearity Condition

If three points A, B and C are collinear and B lies between A and C, then,

  • AB + BC = AC. AB, BC, and AC can be calculated using the distance formula.
  • The ratio in which B divides AC, calculated using the section formula for both the x and y coordinates separately, will be equal.
  • The area of a triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
The document Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry | Mathematics (Maths) Class 10 is a part of the Class 10 Course Mathematics (Maths) Class 10.
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FAQs on Important Formulas: Coordinate Geometry - Mathematics (Maths) Class 10

1. What is the distance formula used to calculate the distance between two points on a Cartesian plane?
Ans. The distance formula to calculate the distance \(d\) between two points \((x_1, y_1)\) and \((x_2, y_2)\) on a Cartesian plane is given by: \[ d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2} \]
2. How do you find the midpoint of a line segment between two points?
Ans. The midpoint \((M)\) of a line segment between two points \((x_1, y_1)\) and \((x_2, y_2)\) can be calculated using the midpoint formula: \[ M = \left( \frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2} \right) \]
3. What is the section formula and how is it used to find the coordinates of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio?
Ans. The section formula helps find the coordinates of a point \(P\) dividing the line segment joining points \((x_1, y_1)\) and \((x_2, y_2)\) in the ratio \(m:n\). The coordinates of point \(P\) are given by: \[ P = \left( \frac{mx_2 + nx_1}{m+n}, \frac{my_2 + ny_1}{m+n} \right) \]
4. What is the condition for three points to be collinear on a Cartesian plane?
Ans. Three points \((x_1, y_1)\), \((x_2, y_2)\), and \((x_3, y_3)\) are collinear if the area formed by these points is zero. This can be determined using the determinant: \[ \begin{vmatrix} x_1 & y_1 & 1 \\ x_2 & y_2 & 1 \\ x_3 & y_3 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 0 \]
5. How can I find the centroid of a triangle given its vertices?
Ans. The centroid \(G\) of a triangle with vertices \((x_1, y_1)\), \((x_2, y_2)\), and \((x_3, y_3)\) can be calculated using the formula: \[ G = \left( \frac{x_1 + x_2 + x_3}{3}, \frac{y_1 + y_2 + y_3}{3} \right) \]
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