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Important Points: Temple Architecture and Sculpture | Fine Art for Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

1. Early Temples:

  • Construction of Brahmanical temples and images of gods.
  • Important sites: Deogarh (Uttar Pradesh), Eran, Nachna-Kuthara, Udaygiri (Madhya Pradesh).
  • Types of shrines: Sandhara, Nirandhara, Sarvatobhadra.

2. Basic Form of the Hindu Temple:

  • Sanctum (garbhagriha): Main icon housing.
  • Entrance (mandapa): Space for worshippers.
  • Spire (shikhara or vimana): Mountain-like structure.
  • Vahan: Mount or vehicle of the deity.

3. Sculpture, Iconography, and Ornamentation:

  • Iconography: Identification of deities.
  • Placement: River goddesses (Ganga, Yamuna), dvarapalas, mithunas, navagrahas, yakshas.
  • Ornamentation: Gavaksha, vyala/yali, kalpa-lata, amalaka, kalasha.

4. Nagara (North Indian) Temple Style:

  • Built on stone platforms, steps leading up.
  • Types of shikhara: Latina (rekha-prasada), phamsana, valabhi.
  • Examples: Sun temple (Konark), Lakshmana temple (Khajuraho), Kandariya Mahadeo temple (Khajuraho).

Important Points: Temple Architecture and Sculpture | Fine Art for Class 11 - Humanities/Arts

5. West Indian Temples:

  • Regions: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Western Madhya Pradesh.
  • Examples: Sun temple (Modhera), Jain temples (Mount Abu, Ranakpur).

6. East Indian Temples:

  • Regions: North-East, Bengal, Odisha.
  • Examples: Kamakhya temple (Assam), Siddheshvara Mahadeva temple (Barakar), Sun temple (Konark).

7. Hills (Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal, Kashmir):

  • Unique form of architecture with wooden buildings and pagoda shapes.
  • Example: Pandrethan temple (Kashmir).

8. Dravida (South Indian) Temple Style:

  • Enclosed within compound walls with gopuram.
  • Main temple tower (vimana) is stepped pyramid.
  • Examples: Shore temple (Mahabalipuram), Brahadeeshwarar temple (Thanjavur).

9. Deccan Architecture:

  • Influenced by North and South Indian styles.
  • Examples: Kailashnath temple (Ellora), Virupaksha temple (Pattadakal).

10. Buddhist and Jain Architectural Developments:

  • Important sites: Bodhgaya, Nalanda University, Sirpur, Nagapattinam.
  • Jain examples: Gomateshwara statue (Sravana Belagola), Jain temples (Mount Abu).
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FAQs on Important Points: Temple Architecture and Sculpture - Fine Art for Class 11 - Humanities/Arts

1. What are the key features of temple architecture?
Ans. Temple architecture typically includes features such as intricate carvings, elaborate entrance ways, towering spires or shikharas, and sacred spaces for worship and rituals.
2. How does sculpture play a role in temple architecture?
Ans. Sculpture in temple architecture serves a decorative and symbolic purpose, portraying deities, mythological stories, and spiritual concepts to enhance the religious experience of visitors.
3. What materials are commonly used in temple architecture and sculpture?
Ans. Common materials used in temple architecture and sculpture include stone, marble, sandstone, and metal like bronze. These materials are chosen for their durability and ability to withstand the test of time.
4. How does temple architecture vary across different regions and time periods?
Ans. Temple architecture can vary significantly based on regional styles, cultural influences, and historical periods. For example, South Indian temples are known for their towering gopurams, while North Indian temples may feature more intricate carvings.
5. How do temple sculptures convey religious and spiritual messages?
Ans. Temple sculptures often depict gods, goddesses, and spiritual figures in various poses and gestures that convey specific meanings and teachings. These sculptures serve as visual aids for worshippers to connect with the divine.
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