Important Questions & Answers: Change & Development in Rural Society | Sociology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What is the main occupation of rural people?
Ans: The main occupation of rural people is agriculture. Production through the land is their main source of income. 70% of the Indian population directly or indirectly depends upon agriculture.

Q2: How rich farmers got more advantage from the Green revolution?
Ans: New technology, seeds, and fertilizers were used during Green Revolution and it was possible for rich farmers to buy these costly things. That is why the rich farmers took maximum advantage of it.

Q3: What is meant by the consolidation of land?
Ans: If any farmer has agricultural land in different villages then the government allowed him the same size of land in one place, thus, organized his land. It is known as the consolidation of land.

Q4: Why North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution?
Ans: North Indian states got more advantage from Green Revolution because these states have good fertile land and more means of irrigation.

Q5: When was Zamindari System eliminated in India?
Ans: Zamindari System was there in India before Independence. But this system was eliminated after 1950. Most of the Indian states made laws against this system and it came to an end.

Q6: What was the situation in India, before the Green Revolution, in the field of grain production?
Ans: Before Green Revolution, India was unable to produce the required grains and it imported grains to meet its needs.

Q7: What is an Elite Group?
Ans: The meaning of elite is special, and it refers to the one who has some special or higher status in the society. In this way, an elite group is a group that has some special position or status in society.

Q8: What is Liberalisation?
Ans: Liberalization is removing certain restrictions in a controlled economy, so that economy could become more competitive, open, and progressive.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q9: What was the Zamindari system?
Ans: The Zamindari System was a land tenure system in India before Independence. It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. Under this system, Zamindars were made the owners of the land, but they were not required to cultivate the land themselves. They would lease out the land to farmers and collect taxes from them, paying a fixed amount of tax to the government. The Zamindari system was prevalent in Bengal, U.P., Rajasthan, M.P., Bihar, and Madras.

Q10: What was the Ryotwari system?
Ans: The Ryotwari System was a land tenure system in India at the time of Independence. It was introduced by William Bentinck to address the shortcomings of the Zamindari System. Under this system, the person or family who held and cultivated the land would directly pay taxes to the government. The term 'Ryot' refers to the farmer or tiller of the land. After paying taxes for a specified period of time, the Ryot would become the owner of the land. The Ryot was also free to lease out the land to other farmers.

Q11: What was Green Revolution? What is its importance in India?
Ans: The Green Revolution refers to the significant increase in agricultural production that occurred in India as a result of the implementation of the Five Year Plans. It was a period of rapid agricultural growth and productivity improvement. The Green Revolution played a crucial role in making India self-reliant in the production of food items. Prior to 1965, India had to rely on imports for its food needs. However, with the Green Revolution, India achieved surplus production and became self-sufficient in food production.

Q12: What is meant by the Ceiling of land? How reforms were brought into it?
Ans: The meaning of ceiling of land is that in which an individual should possess cultivable land according to a prescribed limit and not more than that. Before this limit, many individuals had thousands of acres of land, and the majority of people had no land. That is why, to provide cultivable land for all, this ceiling was fixed and it came to be known as ceding of land. Many laws were made regarding this. After 1973, this limit was fixed at 18 acres in Haryana and 27 acres in Punjab. If anyone possessed more land than the ceiling, then it was taken away from him and was distributed among landless farmers.

Q13: Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of contract farming.
Ans: Advantages of contract farming:

• The company provides technical know-how and working capital.
• Farmer is assured of a market that his product will be sold.
• The company guarantees that it will purchase the product at a pre-determined fixed price.
• Financial security is there for farmers and company identified the crop to be grown.

Disadvantages:

• Farmers become dependent on companies for their livelihood – insecurity.
• It makes indigenous knowledge of agriculture irrelevant.
• It only caters to the production of elite items.
• Crops require high doses of fertilizers and pesticides – not ecologically sustainable.

Q14: What are the main objectives of liberalization?
Ans:

• The main objective of liberalization is to create more opportunities for employment.
• To attract foreign investment to create employment opportunities.
• Making Indian companies competitive in the Indian market.
• To give more and more freedom to the private sector.
• To increase the production capacity of the country.

Q15: Give some characteristics of Globalisation.
Ans: United Nations development program has given four characteristics of globalization and these are:

• New tools and things have come for people in globalization because large companies of the world are going in every country.
• New markets have been opened for companies because, in globalization, companies can do free trade in any country.
• New organizations are coming forward to do work for Red Cross, World Trade Organisation, etc.
• New laws and rules are coming forward due to globalization like jobs on contract instead of permanent jobs.