Important Questions & Answers: Motivation & Emotion | Psychology Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Q.1. Who conceptualised the Hierarchy of Needs?

Abraham H. Maslow

Q.2. Simultaneous existence of multiple wishes and needs characterise _______________.

conflict

Q.3. __________ is a condition that an individual develops in case of failure to adopt an appropriate ego defense.

Anxiety.

Q.4. Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Maslow has portrait human needs in the form of an hierarychy.Following are the details of his hierarchy:

• Physiological needs: Maslow's model is like a pyramid in which the bottom of this hierarchy represents basic physiological or biological needs which are basic to survival such as hunger, thirst, etc.
• Safety needs: Only when these needs are met, the need to be free from threatened danger arises. This refers to the safety needs of physical and psychological nature.
• Belongingness needs: Next comes the need to seek out other people, for love and to be loved.
• Esteem needs: Next, the individual strives for esteem, i.e. the need to develop a sense of self-worth.
• Selfactualisation needs: The next higher need in the hierarchy reflects an individual’s motive towards the fullest development of potential, i.e. self-actualisation. A self-actualised person is self-aware, socially responsive, creative, spontaneous, open to novelty, and challenge.

Q.5. Analyse Cannon Bard's theory of emotions.

• The Cannon-Bard theory claims that the entire process of emotion is mediated by thalamus which after perception of the emotion-provoking stimulus, conveys this information simultaneously to the cerebral cortex and to the skeletal muscles and sympathetic nervous system.
• The cerebral cortex then determines the nature of the perceived stimulus by referring to past experiences.
• This determines the subjective experience of the emotion. At the same time the sympathetic nervous system and the muscles provide physiological arousal and prepare the individual to take action.

Q.6. Lata Mangeshkar is an accomplished singer in the Indian cinema. Name the need which best represents this case in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

self-actualisation

Q.7. Name the six universal emotions proposed by Darwin.

joy, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and surprise.

Q.8. State any four key points in anger management.

Following are the key points in anger management:

• Recognise the power of your thoughts.
• Realise you alone can control it.
• Do not engage in ‘self-talk that burns’. Do not magnify negative feelings.
• Resist having irrational beliefs about people and events.

Q.9. Analyse how "Relaxation" is useful to manage examination anxiety.

Relaxation techniques help you calm your nerves and give you an opportunity to reframe your thoughts. There are many different relaxation techniques. In general, this involves sitting or lying down in a comfortable posture in a quiet place, relaxing your muscles, reducing the external stimulation as well as minimising the flow of thoughts and focusing.

Q10: Discuss the various components of motivation and their roles in shaping human behavior. Provide examples to support your discussion.

Motivation encompasses a range of components that work together to influence human behavior. Each component plays a vital role in understanding how and why individuals engage in certain activities. The primary components of motivation include:

• Instincts: Instincts are innate behaviors that are hardwired in individuals. They often drive basic survival needs, such as the instinct to eat, sleep, or reproduce. For instance, a hungry person may instinctively seek food, demonstrating how instincts can motivate behavior.
• Drives: Drives are internal states that push individuals towards fulfilling their needs. They are often linked to biological requirements, such as thirst or hunger. For example, a person who feels thirsty will be motivated to find water, illustrating how drives operate as powerful motivators in daily life.
• Needs: Needs can be categorized into physiological and psychological. Physiological needs are essential for survival, while psychological needs pertain to emotional well-being and self-fulfillment. For example, a student may be motivated to achieve high grades (a psychological need for achievement) after satisfying their basic needs for food and safety.
• Goals: Goals provide direction and purpose to motivation. Setting specific, measurable goals can enhance an individual’s focus and persistence. For instance, a person aiming to lose weight may set a goal to exercise three times a week, which can motivate them to adopt healthier habits.
• Incentives: Incentives are rewards or outcomes that individuals expect to receive from their actions. They can be tangible, like money or prizes, or intangible, like praise or recognition. For example, an employee might work harder on a project to earn a promotion, demonstrating how incentives can drive motivation.