Humanities/Arts Exam > Humanities/Arts Notes > Psychology Class 12 > Important Questions & Answers: Psychological Disorders - 2
Important Questions & Answers: Psychological Disorders - 2 | Psychology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download
Very Short Answer Questions
Q1: What are the four Ds used to define abnormal behavior?
Ans: The four Ds are deviance (different from societal norms), distress (unpleasant feelings), dysfunction (interference with daily activities), and danger (to self or others).
Q2: Is there a disorder for anger?
Ans: Yes, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders involve aggressive behaviors, such as hostility or defiance, which can manifest as anger.
Q3: Is anxiety influenced by genetic factors?
Ans: Yes, anxiety disorders may be influenced by genetic factors, as biological predispositions (diathesis) can contribute to their development, often triggered by stress.
Q4: What is the role of neurotransmitters in psychological disorders?
Ans: Abnormal activity of neurotransmitters like low GABA (anxiety), excess dopamine (schizophrenia), or low serotonin (depression) can contribute to psychological disorders.
Q5: Which disorders have genetic links according to the biological model?
Ans: Genetic factors are linked to schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, depression, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder.
Q6: What is the diathesis-stress model?
Ans: The diathesis-stress model explains that psychological disorders develop when a biological predisposition (diathesis) is triggered by stressful life events.
Q7: What is the psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior?
Ans: The psychodynamic model views abnormal behavior as resulting from unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego, often rooted in early childhood.
Q8: Which neurotransmitter is linked to depression?
Ans: Low activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin is linked to depression.
Q9: What is a delusion in schizophrenia?
Ans: A delusion is a false belief held firmly despite inadequate evidence, such as believing one is being persecuted or controlled by others.
Q10: What is a hallucination in schizophrenia?
Ans: A hallucination is a perception without external stimuli, such as hearing voices (auditory) or seeing things (visual) that are not present.
Q11: Which disorder involves excessive worry about health without physical symptoms?
Ans: Illness anxiety disorder involves persistent preoccupation with developing a serious illness without physical symptoms, causing significant distress.
Q12: What can trigger schizophrenia?
Ans: Schizophrenia can be triggered by stressful life events in individuals with a biological predisposition, as per the diathesis-stress model.
Q13: What neurotransmitter is linked to anxiety disorders?
Ans: Low activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is linked to anxiety disorders.
Q14: What is a phobia?
Ans: A phobia is an irrational fear of specific objects, people, or situations, such as fear of animals (specific phobia) or public spaces (agoraphobia).
Q15: Is anxiety a mental illness?
Ans: Yes, anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder, are classified as mental illnesses due to their distressing and dysfunctional nature.
Short Answer Questions
Q16: Can psychosis lead to harmful outcomes?
Ans: Yes, untreated psychosis, such as in schizophrenia, can lead to harmful outcomes like self-harm, injuries, or social difficulties, particularly due to delusions or hallucinations. Immediate treatment improves outcomes.
Q17: What’s the most common psychological disorder?
Ans: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychological disorders, characterized by intense fear, worry, and physical symptoms like rapid heart rate or trembling.
Q18: What are the main symptoms of major depressive disorder?
Ans: Major depressive disorder involves persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in weight or sleep, tiredness, difficulty thinking, agitation, slowed behavior, excessive guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide.
Q19: What are the main types of anxiety disorders?
Ans: The main types of anxiety disorders include:
- Generalized anxiety disorder: Prolonged, vague fears with hypervigilance and tension.
- Panic disorder: Recurrent intense anxiety attacks with symptoms like shortness of breath.
- Specific phobias: Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
- Social anxiety disorder: Fear of social interactions.
- Agoraphobia: Fear of unfamiliar situations or leaving home.
- Separation anxiety disorder: Excessive fear of separation from attachment figures.
Q20: What is the behavioral model of abnormal behavior?
Ans: The behavioral model states that abnormal behaviors are learned through conditioning (classical, operant, or social learning) and can be unlearned, focusing on maladaptive behaviors acquired from the environment.
Q21: What are the main features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Ans: OCD involves:
- Obsessive behavior: Uncontrollable, unpleasant thoughts about specific ideas or topics.
- Compulsive behavior: Repetitive actions like counting, checking, or washing that interfere with normal activities.
Q22: What factors can contribute to OCD?
Ans: OCD can be contributed to by biological predispositions (e.g., neurotransmitter imbalances), psychological factors (e.g., learned behaviors), and stressful life events, as per the diathesis-stress model.
Q23: What factors may contribute to OCD in a child?
Ans: In children, OCD may be influenced by biological factors (e.g., genetic predisposition), psychological factors (e.g., maladaptive learning), and stressful life events.
Q24: What disorder involves persistent worry and fear?
Ans: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves prolonged, vague, and intense fears not attached to specific objects, marked by worry, hypervigilance, and motor tension.
Q25: What is the socio-cultural model of abnormal behavior?
Ans: The socio-cultural model views abnormal behavior as influenced by social and cultural forces, such as family structure, social networks, societal labels, and roles, which shape behavior and mental health.
Q26: What is the historical significance of the biological approach to abnormal behavior?
Ans: The biological approach, significant since ancient Greece (e.g., Hippocrates, Galen), attributes abnormal behavior to physical processes like brain dysfunction or imbalances in body fluids (humors), influencing modern biological treatments.
Q27: What are the key features of somatic symptom disorder?
Ans: Somatic symptom disorder involves persistent physical symptoms (e.g., pain) without a medical cause, preoccupation with these symptoms, and frequent medical visits, causing significant distress and disruption.
Q28: What are the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Ans: PTSD symptoms include recurrent dreams, flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing, often following exposure to a traumatic event like a natural disaster or violence.
Q29: What’s the disorder associated with responding to voices?
Ans: Schizophrenia is associated with auditory hallucinations, where individuals respond to voices speaking directly to them or about them, often perceiving them as real.
Q30: What are severe forms of anxiety disorders?
Ans: Severe anxiety disorders include panic disorder (intense, unpredictable anxiety attacks) and agoraphobia (fear of unfamiliar situations, limiting normal activities), causing significant distress and dysfunction.
Long Answer Questions
Q31: What are the major psychological disorders listed in the classification?
Ans: Psychological disorders are classified using systems like DSM-5 and ICD-10, based on criteria like deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Major disorders include:
- Anxiety Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder.
- Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: OCD (obsessions and compulsions), hoarding disorder.
- Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: PTSD, adjustment disorders.
- Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder.
- Dissociative Disorders: Amnesia, fugue, identity disorder, depersonalisation/derealisation.
- Depressive Disorders: Major depressive disorder.
- Bipolar and Related Disorders: Bipolar I, II, cyclothymic disorder.
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia with delusions and hallucinations.
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD, autism spectrum disorder.
- Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders: Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder.
- Feeding and Eating Disorders: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa.
- Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: Alcohol or drug dependence.
Q32: Explain abnormal behaviour from the perspective of the socio-cultural model.
Ans: The socio-cultural model views abnormal behavior as shaped by social and cultural forces. Family structures, such as overly enmeshed families, can limit independence, contributing to anxiety or depression. Weak social networks increase vulnerability to mental health issues. Societal labels, like “mentally ill,” may reinforce disturbed behavior by encouraging a “sick role.” Cultural norms define abnormality, as behavior considered deviant in one society may be normal in another. Social stressors and roles significantly influence mental health outcomes.
Q33: Explain the term dissociation. Discuss the various types of dissociation.
Ans: Dissociation is a disconnection between thoughts, emotions, actions, or identity, often a response to stress or trauma, causing feelings of unreality. Types include:
- Dissociative Amnesia: Selective memory loss without organic cause, often stress-related.
- Dissociative Fugue: Sudden travel from home with a new identity and no memory of the past.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder: Multiple distinct personalities, often linked to childhood trauma.
- Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder: Feeling detached from self or reality, like a dreamlike state.
Q34: Describe any three behavioural disorders prevalent among children.
Ans: Behavioural disorders in children include:
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Involves inattention (e.g., difficulty focusing on tasks) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (e.g., fidgeting, acting without thinking), disrupting school and social life.
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Features persistent irritability, defiance, and hostility toward authority figures, beyond typical childhood behavior, causing conflicts.
- Conduct Disorder: Includes aggressive actions (e.g., bullying), property damage, or rule-breaking (e.g., truancy), violating societal norms or others’ rights.
Q35: While speaking publicly, the patient changes topics frequently; is this a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia? Describe the other symptoms and subtypes of schizophrenia.
Ans: Frequent topic changes (derailment) is a positive symptom of schizophrenia, indicating disorganized thinking. Symptoms include:
- Positive Symptoms: Delusions (e.g., persecution), hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices), disorganized speech (e.g., neologisms), inappropriate affect.
- Negative Symptoms: Alogia (poverty of speech), blunted/flat affect, avolition (lack of motivation), social withdrawal.
- Psychomotor Symptoms: Catatonia, including stupor, rigidity, or posturing.
Q36: Explain the factors which predispose an individual to depression and write the two main features of ADHD.
Ans: Factors predisposing to depression and ADHD features include:
- Depression Factors: Genetic predisposition, age (higher risk in young adulthood for women, middle age for men), gender (women more vulnerable), negative life events (e.g., loss), and lack of social support increase depression risk, often via low serotonin.
- ADHD Features:
- Inattention: Difficulty sustaining focus, disorganization, forgetfulness.
- Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: Excessive restlessness, fidgeting, acting without thinking.
Q37: What are the signs that somebody may be thinking of suicide? What are some unique suicide risk factors in older adults? State two symptoms of suicide which might be prevented if one is responsive to.
Ans: Suicide-related concerns include:
- Signs of Suicidal Thinking: Withdrawal from social contact, mood swings, preoccupation with death, feeling trapped or hopeless.
- Unique Risk Factors in Older Adults: Depression, prior suicide attempts, hopelessness, loss of independence, medical conditions, social isolation.
- Preventable Symptoms: Changes in eating/sleeping habits and withdrawal from friends/family, addressable through early support or counseling.
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FAQs on Important Questions & Answers: Psychological Disorders - 2 - Psychology Class 12 - Humanities/Arts
| 1. What are the common types of psychological disorders? |  |
Ans.Common types of psychological disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders (such as depression and bipolar disorder), personality disorders, psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia), and eating disorders. Each type has distinct symptoms and requires different treatment approaches.
| 2. How are psychological disorders diagnosed? | |
Ans.Psychological disorders are typically diagnosed through a comprehensive evaluation that includes clinical interviews, psychological assessments, and observation of behavior. Mental health professionals refer to diagnostic criteria outlined in manuals like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to make accurate diagnoses.
| 3. What are the treatment options for psychological disorders? | |
Ans.Treatment options for psychological disorders include psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy), medication (such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers), and lifestyle changes (including exercise, nutrition, and stress management techniques). The choice of treatment depends on the specific disorder and individual needs.
| 4. What role do genetics and environment play in psychological disorders? | |
Ans.Both genetics and environmental factors play significant roles in the development of psychological disorders. Genetic predisposition can increase the likelihood of developing a disorder, while environmental influences such as trauma, stress, and social conditions can trigger or exacerbate symptoms. The interaction between these factors is complex and varies for each individual.
| 5. Can psychological disorders be prevented? | |
Ans.While not all psychological disorders can be prevented, certain strategies can reduce the risk. These include promoting mental health awareness, early intervention in at-risk individuals, effective stress management, and fostering supportive environments. Building resilience through coping skills and social support can also help in prevention efforts.
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