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NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions

Q.35. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.
(i) n-hexane and n-octane   
(ii) I2 and CCl4
(iii) NaClO4 and water
(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).
Ans. 
(i) Van der Waal’s forces of attraction.
(ii) Van der Waal’s forces of attraction.
(iii) Ion-dipole interaction.
(iv) Dipole-dipole interaction.
(v) Dipole-dipole interaction.

Q.36. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.
Ans. n-octane is a non-polar solvent. Therefore, the solubility of a non-polar solute is more than that of a polar solute in the n-octane.
The order of increasing polarity is:
Cyclohexane < CH3CN < CH3OH < KCl
Therefore, the order of increasing solubility is:
KCl < CH3OH < CH3CN < Cyclohexane

Q.37. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly soluble in water?
(i) Phenol 
(ii) Toluene 
(iii) Formic acid
(iv) Ethylene glycol
(v) Chloroform 
(vi) Pentanol.
Ans. 
(i) Phenol (C6H5OH) has the polar group −OH and non-polar group −C6H5. Thus, phenol is partially soluble in water.
(ii) Toluene (C6H5−CH3) has no polar groups. Thus, toluene is insoluble in water.
(iii) Formic acid (HCOOH) has the polar group −OH and can form H-bond with water. Thus, formic acid is highly soluble in water.
(iv) Ethylene glycol NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions    has polar −OH group and can form H−bond. Thus, it is highly soluble in water.
(v) Chloroform is insoluble in water.
(vi) Pentanol (C5H11OH) has polar −OH group, but it also contains a very bulky non-polar −C5H11 group. Thus, pentanol is partially soluble in water.

Q.38. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL−1 and contains 92 g of Na  ions per kg of water, calculate the molality of Na  ions in the lake.
Ans. Number of moles present in 92 g of Na+ ions = 92g / 23g mol-1 = 4 mol
Therefore, molality of Na + ions in the lake = 4 mol / 1 kg = 4 m

Q.39. Vapour pressure of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot ptotalpchloroform’ and pacetone as a function of xacetone. The experimental data observed for different compositions of mixture is.
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
Ans. From the question, we have the following data
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
It can be observed from the graph that the plot for the ptotal of the solution curves downwards. Therefore, the solution shows negative deviation from the ideal behaviour.

Q.40. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
Ans. 6.5 g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
Then, total mass of the solution = (6.5 + 450) g = 456.5 g
Therefore, mass percentage of C9H8O4 = (6.5/456.5) × 100% = 1.424%

Q.41. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen & nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if the Henry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 × 107 mm & 6.51 × 107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in water.
Ans. Percentage of oxygen (O2) in air = 20 %
Percentage of nitrogen (N2) in air = 79%
Also, it is given that water is in equilibrium with air at a total pressure of 10 atm,
that is, (10 × 760) mm Hg = 7600 mm Hg
Therefore,
Partial pressure of oxygen,  

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
= 1520 mm Hg
Partial pressure of nitrogen, 

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions 
= 6004 mmHg
Now, according to Henry’s law:
= KH.x
For oxygen:

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions

= 4.61 x 10-5 
For nitrogen:

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
Hence, the mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen in water are 4.61 × 10−5 and 9.22 × 10−5 respectively.

Q.42. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition.The vapour pressure of pure benzene and naphthalene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.
Ans. Molar mass of benzene (C6H6) = 6 × 12 + 6 × 1 = 78 g mol-1
Molar mass of toluene (C6H5CH3) = 7 × 12 + 1 × 8 = 98 g mol-1
Now, no. of moles present in 80 g of benzene
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
And, no. of moles present in 100 g of toluene
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
∴ Mole fraction of benzene,
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
And, mole fraction of toluene, x= 1 - 0.486 = 0.514
It is given that vapour pressure of pure benzene, P°b= 50.71 mm Hg
And, vapour pressure of pure toluene, P°t = 32.06 m Hg
Therefore, partial vapour pressure of benzene, p= xb × p°t
= 0.486 × 50.71
= 24.645 mm Hg
 Hence, mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase is given by:

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions

= 0.599
= 0.6

Q.43. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
Ans.   
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions 
Among H, Cl, and F, H is least electronegative while F is most electronegative. Then, F can withdraw electrons towards itself more than Cl and H. Thus, trifluoroacetic acid can easily lose H ions i.e., trifluoroacetic acid ionizes to the largest extent. Now, the more ions produced, the greater is the depression of the freezing point. Hence, the depression in the freezing point increases in the order:
Acetic acid < trichloroacetic acid < trifluoroacetic acid

Q.44. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250 g of water. Ka = 1.4 × 10−3, K= 1.86 K kg mol−1.
Ans. Molar mass of CH3CH2CHClCOOH = 15 + 14 + 13 + 35.5 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 1 = 122.5 g mol-1
∴ No. of moles present in 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
= 0.0816mol
It is given that 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to 250 g of water.
∴ Molality of the solution,
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
= 0.3264 mol kg-1
Let α be the degree of dissociation of CH3CH2CHClCOOH undergoes dissociation according to the following equation:
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
Since α is very small with respect to 1, 1 − α ≈ 1
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
⇒ Ka = Cα2
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
= 0.0655
Again
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
Total moles of equilibrium = 1 − α + α + α
= 1 + α
NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 - Solutions
Hence, the depression in the freezing point of water is given as:
ΔT= i.Kfm
= 1.0655 × 1.86 K kg mol-1 × 0.3264 mol kg-1
= 0.65 K

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1. What are NCERT Solutions?
Ans. NCERT Solutions refer to the comprehensive and detailed answers to the questions provided in the NCERT textbooks. These solutions are designed to help students understand and solve the problems mentioned in the textbooks effectively.
2. How can NCERT Solutions help in JEE preparation?
Ans. NCERT Solutions can be highly beneficial for JEE preparation as they provide a strong foundation of concepts. Since JEE syllabus is based on the NCERT curriculum, solving NCERT questions using the solutions can help in strengthening the fundamental understanding of various topics and improve problem-solving skills.
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Ans. While NCERT Solutions offer a solid base for JEE preparation, they may not be sufficient on their own. JEE requires a deeper understanding of concepts, extensive practice, and exposure to different types of questions. It is advisable to supplement NCERT Solutions with additional study material, reference books, and practice tests specifically designed for JEE.
4. Where can I find NCERT Solutions for JEE?
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5. How can I make the most of NCERT Solutions for JEE?
Ans. To make the most of NCERT Solutions for JEE, students should thoroughly understand the concepts explained in the solutions. It is recommended to solve the NCERT questions independently before referring to the solutions. After solving, compare the answers with the solutions to identify any mistakes and rectify them. Regular practice and revision of NCERT Solutions along with solving additional JEE-specific questions will enhance the chances of success in the exam.
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