Q1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Ans:
Global Exchange
(i) Asia
(ii) America
Q2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonization of the Americas.
Ans: The global transfer of disease significantly aided the colonization of the Americas. The native populations had no immunity to the diseases brought by Europeans, leading to devastating consequences.
Q3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
Ans: (a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
(b) The coming of Rinderpest to Africa
(c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
(d) The Great Depression on the Indian Economy
(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Q4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Ans: Examples of Technology Impacting Food Availability are:
(i) Improved Transportation Systems: Improved transportation systems helped the foods get delivered on time to the markets without any harm. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
(ii) Refrigerated Ships: The development of refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over long distances. Animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point -in America, Australia or New Zealand – and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe.
Q5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Ans: The Bretton Woods Agreementwas established to ensure economic stability and full employment after World War II. Key points include:
Q6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.
Ans:
Dear Family,
I hope you all are fine there. I am working in the Caribbean as an indentured labourer. Through this letter, I want to tell you about my work life and hardships. I have been hired by the colonisers under a contract that included wrong information regarding the place of work, mode of travel and living and working conditions. The contractor uses harsh and abusive language for us. There is a lot of work at the plantations with a heavy workload and sometimes I have to finish all of it in just one day. The contractor cuts my wages if he is not satisfied with my work. I am living here a slave’s life. I know you will be very upset to know my situation but the governments here are thinking to introduce new laws to protect the labourers like us. So, I hope this situation will pass soon.
Your Loving,
ABC
Q7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow that involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Ans: The three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange are:
For example, India has a long history of exporting textiles and spices to Europe in exchange for gold and silver.
In the nineteenth century, many Indian labourers migrated to work on plantations and in mines worldwide. They were often hired as indentured labourers, with contracts promising their return to India after five years. Unfortunately, they faced harsh living conditions and limited legal rights.
During World War I, Britain borrowed heavily from the USA. Since India was under British rule, the impact of these loans was felt in India, leading to increased taxes and reduced prices for Indian goods, which severely affected the Indian economy.
Q8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Ans: There were various factors that led to the Great Depression:
Q9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Ans:
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1. What is the significance of the global economy in the 19th century? | ![]() |
2. How did the First World War impact global trade? | ![]() |
3. What role did the Great Depression play in shaping the global economy? | ![]() |
4. How has globalization transformed cultural exchanges? | ![]() |
5. What are the challenges faced by countries in a globalized world? | ![]() |