Q1: What are the different ways in which the independence of the judiciary is ensured? Choose the odd ones out.
(i) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is consulted in the appointment of other judges of Supreme Court.
(ii) Judges are generally not removed before the age of retirement.
(iii) Judge of a High Court cannot be transferred to another High Court.
(iv) Parliament has no say in the appointment of judges.
Ans: The independence of the judiciary is maintained in the following ways:
(ii) Judges are generally not removed before the age of retirement. They are removed only in exceptional cases.
(iv) Parliament has no say in the appointment of judges.
Thus, the odd ones here are:
(i) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is consulted in the appointment of other judges of Supreme Court.
(iii) Judge of a High Court cannot be transferred to another High Court.
Q2: Does independence of the judiciary mean that the judiciary is not accountable to any one? Write your answer in not more than 100 words.
Ans: Independence of the judiciary ensures that judges can make fair and unbiased decisions without interference from the executive or legislature. Key points include:
Q3: What are the different provisions in the Constitution in order to maintain the independence of judiciary?
Ans: The different provisions in the constitution in order to maintain the independence of judiciary are:
Q4: Read the news report below and identify the following aspects:
Supreme Court orders REL to pay Rs 300 crore to Dahanu farmers:
Our Corporate Bureau 24 March 2005:
Mumbai: The Supreme Court has ordered Reliance Energy to pay Rs. 300 crore to farmers who grow the chikoo fruit in the Dahanu area outside Mumbai. The order comes after the chikoo growers petitioned the court against the pollution caused by Reliance's thermal power plant.
Dahanu, which is 150 km from Mumbai, was a self-sustaining agricultural and horticultural economy known for its fisheries and forests just over a decade ago, but was devastated in 1989 when a thermal power plant came into operation in the region. The next year, this fertile belt saw its first crop failure. Now, 70 per cent of the crop of what was once the fruit bowl of Maharashtra is gone. The fisheries have shut and the forest cover has thinned. Farmers and environmentalists say that fly ash from the power plant entered ground water and polluted the entire eco-system. The Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection Authority ordered the thermal station to set up a pollution control unit to reduce sulphur emissions, and in spite of a Supreme Court order backing the order the pollution control plant was not set up even by 2002. In 2003, Reliance acquired the thermal station and re-submitted a schedule for installation process in 2004. As the pollution control plant is still not set up, the Dahanu Taluka Environmental Protection Authority asked Reliance for a bank guarantee of Rs. 300 crores.
Ans:
Q5: Read the following news report and,
Centre, Delhi join hands on CNG issue
By Our Staff Reporter, The Hindu 23 September 2001:
NEW DELHI, SEPT. 22. The Centre and the Delhi Government today agreed to jointly approach the Supreme Court this coming week... for phasing out of all non-CNG commercial vehicles in the Capital. They also decided to seek a dual fuel policy for the city instead of putting the entire transportation system on the single-fuel mode “which was full of dangers and would result in disaster.''
It was also decided to discourage the use of CNG by private vehicle owners in the Capital. Both governments would press for allowing the use of 0.05 per cent low sulphur diesel for running of buses in the Capital. In addition, it would be pleaded before the Court that all commercial vehicles, which fulfill the Euro-II standards, should be allowed to ply in the city. Though both the Centre and the State would file separate affidavits, these would contain common points. The Centre would also go out and support the Delhi Government's stand on the issues concerning CNG.
These decisions were taken at a meeting between the Delhi Chief Minister, Ms. Sheila Dikshit, and the Union Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister, Mr. Ram Naik.
Ms. Dikshit said the Central Government would request the court that in view of the high powered Committee appointed under Dr. R.A. Mashelkar to suggest an “Auto Fuel Policy”' for the entire country, it would be appropriate to extend the deadline as it was not possible to convert the entire 10,000-odd bus fleet into CNG during the prescribed time frame. The Mashelkar Committee is expected to submit its report within a period of six months.
The Chief Minister said time was required to implement the court directives. Referring to the coordinated approach on the issue, Ms. Dikshit said this would take into account the details about the number of vehicles to be run on CNG, eliminating long queues outside CNG filling stations, the CNG fuel requirements of Delhi and the ways and means to implement the directive of the court.
The Supreme Court had ...refused to relax the only CNG norm for the city's buses but said it had never insisted on CNG for taxis and auto rickshaws. Mr. Naik said the Centre would insist on allowing use of low sulphur diesel for buses in Delhi as putting the entire transportation system dependent on CNG could prove to be disastrous. The Capital relied on pipeline supply for CNG and any disruption would throw the public transport system out of gear.
Ans:
1. The governments at different levels are the state government and the central government, represented by the chief minister and the Union petroleum minister respectively.
2. The Supreme Court has played an active role in upholding public interest by instructing authorities to take steps to curb pollution.
3. The action of the judiciary is an example of judicial activism and writ jurisdiction. The executive is concerned with the implementation of the directives of the judiciary.
4. (i) Policy involved is to phase out all non-CNG commercial vehicles in the capital.
(ii) To discharge the use of CNG by private vehicle owners in the capital.
(iii) All commercial vehicles, which fullfil the EuroIl standards should be allowed to ply in the city.
(iv) The Supreme Court refused to relax the only CNG norm for the city's buses but said it had never insisted on CNG for taxis and auto rickshaws.
Q6: The following is a statement about Ecuador. What similarities or differences do you find between this example and the judicial system in India?
“It would be helpful if a body of common law, or judicial precedent, existed that could clarify a journalist's rights. Unfortunately, Ecuador's courts don't work that way. Judges are not forced to respect the rulings of higher courts in previous cases. Unlike the US, an appellate judge in Ecuador (or elsewhere in South America, for that matter) need not provide a written decision explaining the legal basis of a ruling. A judge may rule one way today and the opposite way, in a similar case, tomorrow, without explaining why.”
Ans: The differences between the judicial system in India and Ecuador can be cited as:
Q7: Read the following statements: Match them with the different jurisdictions the Supreme Court can exercise - Original, Appellate, and Advisory.
Ans:
Q8: In what way can public interest litigation help the poor?
Ans: Public interest litigation can help the poor in the following ways:
Q9: Do you think that judicial activism can lead to a conflict between the judiciary and the executive? Why?
Ans: Judicial activism can indeed lead to a conflict between the judiciary and the executive for several reasons:
Overall, while judicial activism aims to protect rights and promote justice, it risks creating tensions between the judiciary and the executive.
Q10: How is judicial activism related to the protection of fundamental rights? Has it helped in expanding the scope of fundamental rights?
Ans: Judicial activism plays a crucial role in protecting fundamental rights by making the judiciary more accessible to the public. Here are some key points:
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