NCERT Textbook: Sequences and Series | Mathematics (Maths) Class 11 - Commerce PDF Download

 Page 1


vNatural numbers are the product of human spirit. – DEDEKIND v
8.1 Introduction
In mathematics, the word, “sequence” is used in much the
same way as it is in ordinary English. When we say that a
collection of objects is listed in a sequence, we usually  mean
that the collection is ordered in such a way that it has an
identified first member, second member, third member and
so on. For example, population of human beings or bacteria
at different times form a sequence. The amount of money
deposited in a bank, over a number of years form a sequence.
Depreciated values of certain commodity occur in a
sequence. Sequences have important applications in several
spheres of human activities.
Sequences, following specific patterns are called progressions. In previous class,
we have studied about arithmetic progression (A.P). In this Chapter, besides discussing
more about A.P.; arithmetic mean, geometric mean, relationship between A.M.
and G.M., special series in forms of sum to n terms of consecutive natural numbers,
sum to n terms of squares of natural numbers and sum to n terms of cubes of
natural numbers will also be studied.
8.2  Sequences
Let us consider the following examples:
Assume that there is a generation gap of 30 years, we are asked to find the
number of ancestors, i.e., parents, grandparents, great grandparents, etc. that a person
might have over 300 years.
Here, the total number of generations 
= 
300
10
30
=
Fibonacci
(1175-1250)
Chapter
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
8
2024-25
Page 2


vNatural numbers are the product of human spirit. – DEDEKIND v
8.1 Introduction
In mathematics, the word, “sequence” is used in much the
same way as it is in ordinary English. When we say that a
collection of objects is listed in a sequence, we usually  mean
that the collection is ordered in such a way that it has an
identified first member, second member, third member and
so on. For example, population of human beings or bacteria
at different times form a sequence. The amount of money
deposited in a bank, over a number of years form a sequence.
Depreciated values of certain commodity occur in a
sequence. Sequences have important applications in several
spheres of human activities.
Sequences, following specific patterns are called progressions. In previous class,
we have studied about arithmetic progression (A.P). In this Chapter, besides discussing
more about A.P.; arithmetic mean, geometric mean, relationship between A.M.
and G.M., special series in forms of sum to n terms of consecutive natural numbers,
sum to n terms of squares of natural numbers and sum to n terms of cubes of
natural numbers will also be studied.
8.2  Sequences
Let us consider the following examples:
Assume that there is a generation gap of 30 years, we are asked to find the
number of ancestors, i.e., parents, grandparents, great grandparents, etc. that a person
might have over 300 years.
Here, the total number of generations 
= 
300
10
30
=
Fibonacci
(1175-1250)
Chapter
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
8
2024-25
136       MATHEMATICS
The number of person’s ancestors for the first, second, third, …, tenth generations are
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …, 1024. These numbers form what we call a sequence.
Consider the successive quotients that we obtain in the division of 10 by 3 at
different steps of division. In this process we get 3,3.3,3.33,3.333, ... and so on. These
quotients also form a sequence. The various numbers occurring in a sequence are
called its terms. We denote the terms of a sequence by a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, …, a
n
, …, etc., the
subscripts denote the position of the term. The n
th
 term is the number at the n
th
 position
of the sequence and is denoted by a
n.
 
The n
th
 term is also called the general
 
term of the
sequence.
Thus, the terms of the sequence of person’s ancestors mentioned above are:
a
1
 = 2, a
2
 = 4, a
3
 = 8, …, a
10
 = 1024.
Similarly, in the example of successive quotients
a
1
 = 3, a
2
 = 3.3, a
3
 = 3.33, …, a
6
 = 3.33333, etc.
A sequence containing finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. For
example, sequence of ancestors is a finite sequence since it contains 10 terms (a fixed
number).
A sequence is called infinite, if it is not a finite sequence. For example, the
sequence of successive quotients mentioned above is an infinite sequence, infinite in
the sense that it never ends.
Often, it is possible to express the rule, which yields the various terms of a sequence
in terms of algebraic formula. Consider for instance, the sequence of even natural
numbers 2, 4, 6, …
Here a
1
 = 2 = 2 × 1 a
2
 = 4 = 2 × 2
a
3
 = 6 = 2 × 3 a
4
 = 8 = 2 × 4
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
a
23
 = 46 = 2 × 23, a
24
 = 48 = 2 × 24, and so on.
In fact, we see that the n
th
 term of this sequence can be written as a
n
 =
 
 2n,
where n is a natural number. Similarly, in the sequence of odd natural numbers 1,3,5, …,
the n
th
 term is given by the formula, a
n
 = 2n – 1, where n is a natural number.
In some cases, an arrangement of numbers such as 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,.. has no visible
pattern, but the sequence is generated by the recurrence relation given by
a
1
 = a
2
 = 1
a
3
 = a
1
 + a
2
a
n
 = a
n – 2
 + a
n – 1
, n > 2
This sequence is called Fibonacci sequence.
2024-25
Page 3


vNatural numbers are the product of human spirit. – DEDEKIND v
8.1 Introduction
In mathematics, the word, “sequence” is used in much the
same way as it is in ordinary English. When we say that a
collection of objects is listed in a sequence, we usually  mean
that the collection is ordered in such a way that it has an
identified first member, second member, third member and
so on. For example, population of human beings or bacteria
at different times form a sequence. The amount of money
deposited in a bank, over a number of years form a sequence.
Depreciated values of certain commodity occur in a
sequence. Sequences have important applications in several
spheres of human activities.
Sequences, following specific patterns are called progressions. In previous class,
we have studied about arithmetic progression (A.P). In this Chapter, besides discussing
more about A.P.; arithmetic mean, geometric mean, relationship between A.M.
and G.M., special series in forms of sum to n terms of consecutive natural numbers,
sum to n terms of squares of natural numbers and sum to n terms of cubes of
natural numbers will also be studied.
8.2  Sequences
Let us consider the following examples:
Assume that there is a generation gap of 30 years, we are asked to find the
number of ancestors, i.e., parents, grandparents, great grandparents, etc. that a person
might have over 300 years.
Here, the total number of generations 
= 
300
10
30
=
Fibonacci
(1175-1250)
Chapter
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
8
2024-25
136       MATHEMATICS
The number of person’s ancestors for the first, second, third, …, tenth generations are
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …, 1024. These numbers form what we call a sequence.
Consider the successive quotients that we obtain in the division of 10 by 3 at
different steps of division. In this process we get 3,3.3,3.33,3.333, ... and so on. These
quotients also form a sequence. The various numbers occurring in a sequence are
called its terms. We denote the terms of a sequence by a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, …, a
n
, …, etc., the
subscripts denote the position of the term. The n
th
 term is the number at the n
th
 position
of the sequence and is denoted by a
n.
 
The n
th
 term is also called the general
 
term of the
sequence.
Thus, the terms of the sequence of person’s ancestors mentioned above are:
a
1
 = 2, a
2
 = 4, a
3
 = 8, …, a
10
 = 1024.
Similarly, in the example of successive quotients
a
1
 = 3, a
2
 = 3.3, a
3
 = 3.33, …, a
6
 = 3.33333, etc.
A sequence containing finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. For
example, sequence of ancestors is a finite sequence since it contains 10 terms (a fixed
number).
A sequence is called infinite, if it is not a finite sequence. For example, the
sequence of successive quotients mentioned above is an infinite sequence, infinite in
the sense that it never ends.
Often, it is possible to express the rule, which yields the various terms of a sequence
in terms of algebraic formula. Consider for instance, the sequence of even natural
numbers 2, 4, 6, …
Here a
1
 = 2 = 2 × 1 a
2
 = 4 = 2 × 2
a
3
 = 6 = 2 × 3 a
4
 = 8 = 2 × 4
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
a
23
 = 46 = 2 × 23, a
24
 = 48 = 2 × 24, and so on.
In fact, we see that the n
th
 term of this sequence can be written as a
n
 =
 
 2n,
where n is a natural number. Similarly, in the sequence of odd natural numbers 1,3,5, …,
the n
th
 term is given by the formula, a
n
 = 2n – 1, where n is a natural number.
In some cases, an arrangement of numbers such as 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,.. has no visible
pattern, but the sequence is generated by the recurrence relation given by
a
1
 = a
2
 = 1
a
3
 = a
1
 + a
2
a
n
 = a
n – 2
 + a
n – 1
, n > 2
This sequence is called Fibonacci sequence.
2024-25
SEQUENCES AND SERIES       137
In the sequence of primes 2,3,5,7,…, we find that there is no formula for the n
th
prime. Such sequence can only be described by verbal description.
In every sequence, we should not expect that its terms will  necessarily be given
by a specific formula. However, we expect a theoretical scheme or a rule for generating
the terms a
1
, a
2
,
 
a
3
,…,a
n
,… in succession.
In view of the above, a sequence can be regarded as a function whose domain
is the set of natural numbers or some subset of it. Sometimes, we use the functional
notation a(n) for a
n
.
8.3  Series
Let a
1
, a
2
,
 
a
3
,…,a
n
, be a given sequence. Then, the expression
a
1
 + a
2 
+
 
a
3
 +,…+ a
n 
+
 
...
is called the series associated with the given sequence .The series is finite or infinite
according as the given sequence is finite or infinite. Series are often represented in
compact form, called sigma notation, using the Greek letter 
?
(sigma) as means of
indicating the summation involved. Thus, the series a
1
 + a
2
 + a
3
 
+
 
... + a
n
   is abbreviated
as
 
1
n
k
k
a
=
?
.
Remark When the series is used, it refers to the indicated sum not to the sum itself.
For example, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 is a finite series with four terms. When we use the phrase
“sum of a series,” we will mean the number that results from adding the terms, the
sum of the series is 16.
We now consider some examples.
Example 1 Write the first three terms in each of the following sequences defined by
the following:
(i) a
n
 = 2n + 5, (ii) a
n
 = 
3
4
n -
.
Solution  (i) Here  a
n
 = 2n + 5
Substituting n = 1, 2, 3, we get
a
1
 = 2(1) + 5 = 7, a
2
 = 9, a
3
 = 11
Therefore, the required terms are 7, 9 and 11.
(ii) Here
 
a
n
 
= 
3
4
n -
. Thus, 
1 2 3
1 3 1 1
0
4 2 4
a , a , a
-
= = - = - =
2024-25
Page 4


vNatural numbers are the product of human spirit. – DEDEKIND v
8.1 Introduction
In mathematics, the word, “sequence” is used in much the
same way as it is in ordinary English. When we say that a
collection of objects is listed in a sequence, we usually  mean
that the collection is ordered in such a way that it has an
identified first member, second member, third member and
so on. For example, population of human beings or bacteria
at different times form a sequence. The amount of money
deposited in a bank, over a number of years form a sequence.
Depreciated values of certain commodity occur in a
sequence. Sequences have important applications in several
spheres of human activities.
Sequences, following specific patterns are called progressions. In previous class,
we have studied about arithmetic progression (A.P). In this Chapter, besides discussing
more about A.P.; arithmetic mean, geometric mean, relationship between A.M.
and G.M., special series in forms of sum to n terms of consecutive natural numbers,
sum to n terms of squares of natural numbers and sum to n terms of cubes of
natural numbers will also be studied.
8.2  Sequences
Let us consider the following examples:
Assume that there is a generation gap of 30 years, we are asked to find the
number of ancestors, i.e., parents, grandparents, great grandparents, etc. that a person
might have over 300 years.
Here, the total number of generations 
= 
300
10
30
=
Fibonacci
(1175-1250)
Chapter
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
8
2024-25
136       MATHEMATICS
The number of person’s ancestors for the first, second, third, …, tenth generations are
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …, 1024. These numbers form what we call a sequence.
Consider the successive quotients that we obtain in the division of 10 by 3 at
different steps of division. In this process we get 3,3.3,3.33,3.333, ... and so on. These
quotients also form a sequence. The various numbers occurring in a sequence are
called its terms. We denote the terms of a sequence by a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, …, a
n
, …, etc., the
subscripts denote the position of the term. The n
th
 term is the number at the n
th
 position
of the sequence and is denoted by a
n.
 
The n
th
 term is also called the general
 
term of the
sequence.
Thus, the terms of the sequence of person’s ancestors mentioned above are:
a
1
 = 2, a
2
 = 4, a
3
 = 8, …, a
10
 = 1024.
Similarly, in the example of successive quotients
a
1
 = 3, a
2
 = 3.3, a
3
 = 3.33, …, a
6
 = 3.33333, etc.
A sequence containing finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. For
example, sequence of ancestors is a finite sequence since it contains 10 terms (a fixed
number).
A sequence is called infinite, if it is not a finite sequence. For example, the
sequence of successive quotients mentioned above is an infinite sequence, infinite in
the sense that it never ends.
Often, it is possible to express the rule, which yields the various terms of a sequence
in terms of algebraic formula. Consider for instance, the sequence of even natural
numbers 2, 4, 6, …
Here a
1
 = 2 = 2 × 1 a
2
 = 4 = 2 × 2
a
3
 = 6 = 2 × 3 a
4
 = 8 = 2 × 4
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
a
23
 = 46 = 2 × 23, a
24
 = 48 = 2 × 24, and so on.
In fact, we see that the n
th
 term of this sequence can be written as a
n
 =
 
 2n,
where n is a natural number. Similarly, in the sequence of odd natural numbers 1,3,5, …,
the n
th
 term is given by the formula, a
n
 = 2n – 1, where n is a natural number.
In some cases, an arrangement of numbers such as 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,.. has no visible
pattern, but the sequence is generated by the recurrence relation given by
a
1
 = a
2
 = 1
a
3
 = a
1
 + a
2
a
n
 = a
n – 2
 + a
n – 1
, n > 2
This sequence is called Fibonacci sequence.
2024-25
SEQUENCES AND SERIES       137
In the sequence of primes 2,3,5,7,…, we find that there is no formula for the n
th
prime. Such sequence can only be described by verbal description.
In every sequence, we should not expect that its terms will  necessarily be given
by a specific formula. However, we expect a theoretical scheme or a rule for generating
the terms a
1
, a
2
,
 
a
3
,…,a
n
,… in succession.
In view of the above, a sequence can be regarded as a function whose domain
is the set of natural numbers or some subset of it. Sometimes, we use the functional
notation a(n) for a
n
.
8.3  Series
Let a
1
, a
2
,
 
a
3
,…,a
n
, be a given sequence. Then, the expression
a
1
 + a
2 
+
 
a
3
 +,…+ a
n 
+
 
...
is called the series associated with the given sequence .The series is finite or infinite
according as the given sequence is finite or infinite. Series are often represented in
compact form, called sigma notation, using the Greek letter 
?
(sigma) as means of
indicating the summation involved. Thus, the series a
1
 + a
2
 + a
3
 
+
 
... + a
n
   is abbreviated
as
 
1
n
k
k
a
=
?
.
Remark When the series is used, it refers to the indicated sum not to the sum itself.
For example, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 is a finite series with four terms. When we use the phrase
“sum of a series,” we will mean the number that results from adding the terms, the
sum of the series is 16.
We now consider some examples.
Example 1 Write the first three terms in each of the following sequences defined by
the following:
(i) a
n
 = 2n + 5, (ii) a
n
 = 
3
4
n -
.
Solution  (i) Here  a
n
 = 2n + 5
Substituting n = 1, 2, 3, we get
a
1
 = 2(1) + 5 = 7, a
2
 = 9, a
3
 = 11
Therefore, the required terms are 7, 9 and 11.
(ii) Here
 
a
n
 
= 
3
4
n -
. Thus, 
1 2 3
1 3 1 1
0
4 2 4
a , a , a
-
= = - = - =
2024-25
138       MATHEMATICS
Hence, the first three terms are
1 1
2 4
– , –
 and 0.
Example 2 What is the 20
th
 term of the sequence defined by
a
n
 = (n – 1) (2 – n) (3 + n) ?
Solution Putting n = 20 , we obtain
a
20
 = (20 – 1) (2 – 20) (3 + 20)
      =  19 × (– 18) × (23) = – 7866.
Example 3 Let the sequence a
n
 be defined as follows:
a
1
 = 1,  a
n
 = a
n – 1
 + 2 for n = 2.
Find first five terms and write corresponding series.
Solution We have
a
1
 = 1, a
2
 = a
1
 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3, a
3
 = a
2
 + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5,
a
4
 = a
3
 + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7, a
5
 = a
4
 + 2 = 7 + 2 = 9.
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1,3,5,7 and 9. The corresponding series
is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 +...
EXERCISE 8.1
Write the first five terms of each of the sequences in Exercises 1 to 6 whose n
th
terms are:
1. a
n
 = n (n + 2) 2. a
n 
= 
1
n
n +
3. a
n 
= 2
n
4.
 
a
n
 = 
2 3
6
n -
5.
 
a
n
 = (–1)
n–1
 5
n+1
6. a
n
2
5
4
n
n
+
= .
Find the indicated terms in each of the sequences in Exercises 7 to 10 whose n
th
terms are:
7. a
n 
= 4n – 3; a
17
, a
24
8. a
n 
=
 
2
7
;
2
n
n
a
9. a
n
 = (–1)
n – 1
n
3
; a
9
10.
20
( – 2)
;
3
n
n n
a a
n
=
+
.
2024-25
Page 5


vNatural numbers are the product of human spirit. – DEDEKIND v
8.1 Introduction
In mathematics, the word, “sequence” is used in much the
same way as it is in ordinary English. When we say that a
collection of objects is listed in a sequence, we usually  mean
that the collection is ordered in such a way that it has an
identified first member, second member, third member and
so on. For example, population of human beings or bacteria
at different times form a sequence. The amount of money
deposited in a bank, over a number of years form a sequence.
Depreciated values of certain commodity occur in a
sequence. Sequences have important applications in several
spheres of human activities.
Sequences, following specific patterns are called progressions. In previous class,
we have studied about arithmetic progression (A.P). In this Chapter, besides discussing
more about A.P.; arithmetic mean, geometric mean, relationship between A.M.
and G.M., special series in forms of sum to n terms of consecutive natural numbers,
sum to n terms of squares of natural numbers and sum to n terms of cubes of
natural numbers will also be studied.
8.2  Sequences
Let us consider the following examples:
Assume that there is a generation gap of 30 years, we are asked to find the
number of ancestors, i.e., parents, grandparents, great grandparents, etc. that a person
might have over 300 years.
Here, the total number of generations 
= 
300
10
30
=
Fibonacci
(1175-1250)
Chapter
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
8
2024-25
136       MATHEMATICS
The number of person’s ancestors for the first, second, third, …, tenth generations are
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …, 1024. These numbers form what we call a sequence.
Consider the successive quotients that we obtain in the division of 10 by 3 at
different steps of division. In this process we get 3,3.3,3.33,3.333, ... and so on. These
quotients also form a sequence. The various numbers occurring in a sequence are
called its terms. We denote the terms of a sequence by a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, …, a
n
, …, etc., the
subscripts denote the position of the term. The n
th
 term is the number at the n
th
 position
of the sequence and is denoted by a
n.
 
The n
th
 term is also called the general
 
term of the
sequence.
Thus, the terms of the sequence of person’s ancestors mentioned above are:
a
1
 = 2, a
2
 = 4, a
3
 = 8, …, a
10
 = 1024.
Similarly, in the example of successive quotients
a
1
 = 3, a
2
 = 3.3, a
3
 = 3.33, …, a
6
 = 3.33333, etc.
A sequence containing finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. For
example, sequence of ancestors is a finite sequence since it contains 10 terms (a fixed
number).
A sequence is called infinite, if it is not a finite sequence. For example, the
sequence of successive quotients mentioned above is an infinite sequence, infinite in
the sense that it never ends.
Often, it is possible to express the rule, which yields the various terms of a sequence
in terms of algebraic formula. Consider for instance, the sequence of even natural
numbers 2, 4, 6, …
Here a
1
 = 2 = 2 × 1 a
2
 = 4 = 2 × 2
a
3
 = 6 = 2 × 3 a
4
 = 8 = 2 × 4
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
....     ....    .... ....     ....    ....
a
23
 = 46 = 2 × 23, a
24
 = 48 = 2 × 24, and so on.
In fact, we see that the n
th
 term of this sequence can be written as a
n
 =
 
 2n,
where n is a natural number. Similarly, in the sequence of odd natural numbers 1,3,5, …,
the n
th
 term is given by the formula, a
n
 = 2n – 1, where n is a natural number.
In some cases, an arrangement of numbers such as 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,.. has no visible
pattern, but the sequence is generated by the recurrence relation given by
a
1
 = a
2
 = 1
a
3
 = a
1
 + a
2
a
n
 = a
n – 2
 + a
n – 1
, n > 2
This sequence is called Fibonacci sequence.
2024-25
SEQUENCES AND SERIES       137
In the sequence of primes 2,3,5,7,…, we find that there is no formula for the n
th
prime. Such sequence can only be described by verbal description.
In every sequence, we should not expect that its terms will  necessarily be given
by a specific formula. However, we expect a theoretical scheme or a rule for generating
the terms a
1
, a
2
,
 
a
3
,…,a
n
,… in succession.
In view of the above, a sequence can be regarded as a function whose domain
is the set of natural numbers or some subset of it. Sometimes, we use the functional
notation a(n) for a
n
.
8.3  Series
Let a
1
, a
2
,
 
a
3
,…,a
n
, be a given sequence. Then, the expression
a
1
 + a
2 
+
 
a
3
 +,…+ a
n 
+
 
...
is called the series associated with the given sequence .The series is finite or infinite
according as the given sequence is finite or infinite. Series are often represented in
compact form, called sigma notation, using the Greek letter 
?
(sigma) as means of
indicating the summation involved. Thus, the series a
1
 + a
2
 + a
3
 
+
 
... + a
n
   is abbreviated
as
 
1
n
k
k
a
=
?
.
Remark When the series is used, it refers to the indicated sum not to the sum itself.
For example, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 is a finite series with four terms. When we use the phrase
“sum of a series,” we will mean the number that results from adding the terms, the
sum of the series is 16.
We now consider some examples.
Example 1 Write the first three terms in each of the following sequences defined by
the following:
(i) a
n
 = 2n + 5, (ii) a
n
 = 
3
4
n -
.
Solution  (i) Here  a
n
 = 2n + 5
Substituting n = 1, 2, 3, we get
a
1
 = 2(1) + 5 = 7, a
2
 = 9, a
3
 = 11
Therefore, the required terms are 7, 9 and 11.
(ii) Here
 
a
n
 
= 
3
4
n -
. Thus, 
1 2 3
1 3 1 1
0
4 2 4
a , a , a
-
= = - = - =
2024-25
138       MATHEMATICS
Hence, the first three terms are
1 1
2 4
– , –
 and 0.
Example 2 What is the 20
th
 term of the sequence defined by
a
n
 = (n – 1) (2 – n) (3 + n) ?
Solution Putting n = 20 , we obtain
a
20
 = (20 – 1) (2 – 20) (3 + 20)
      =  19 × (– 18) × (23) = – 7866.
Example 3 Let the sequence a
n
 be defined as follows:
a
1
 = 1,  a
n
 = a
n – 1
 + 2 for n = 2.
Find first five terms and write corresponding series.
Solution We have
a
1
 = 1, a
2
 = a
1
 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3, a
3
 = a
2
 + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5,
a
4
 = a
3
 + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7, a
5
 = a
4
 + 2 = 7 + 2 = 9.
Hence, the first five terms of the sequence are 1,3,5,7 and 9. The corresponding series
is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 +...
EXERCISE 8.1
Write the first five terms of each of the sequences in Exercises 1 to 6 whose n
th
terms are:
1. a
n
 = n (n + 2) 2. a
n 
= 
1
n
n +
3. a
n 
= 2
n
4.
 
a
n
 = 
2 3
6
n -
5.
 
a
n
 = (–1)
n–1
 5
n+1
6. a
n
2
5
4
n
n
+
= .
Find the indicated terms in each of the sequences in Exercises 7 to 10 whose n
th
terms are:
7. a
n 
= 4n – 3; a
17
, a
24
8. a
n 
=
 
2
7
;
2
n
n
a
9. a
n
 = (–1)
n – 1
n
3
; a
9
10.
20
( – 2)
;
3
n
n n
a a
n
=
+
.
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SEQUENCES AND SERIES       139
Write the first five terms of each of the sequences in Exercises 11 to 13 and obtain the
corresponding series:
11. a
1
 = 3, a
n
 = 3a
n – 1
 + 2 for all n > 1 12. a
1
 = – 1, a
n 
= 
1 n
a
n
-
, n = 2
13. a
1
 = a
2
 = 2, a
n
 = a
n – 1
–1, n > 2
14. The Fibonacci sequence is defined by
1 = a
1
 = a
2
 and a
n
 = a
n – 1
 + a
n – 2
, n > 2.
Find  
1 n
n
a
a
+
, for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
8.4  Geometric Progression (G . P.)
Let us consider the following sequences:
(i) 2,4,8,16,..., (ii) 
1 1 1 1
9 27 81 243
– –
, , ,
...
 (iii) . ,. ,. ,... 01 0001 000001
In each of these sequences, how their terms progress? We note that each term, except
the first progresses in a definite order.
In (i), we have a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
2 2 2 2 = = = = , , , and so on.
In (ii), we observe, a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
1
9
1
3
1
3
1
3
= = = = , , ,
  
 and so on.
Similarly, state how do the terms in (iii) progress? It is observed that in each case,
every term except the first term bears a constant ratio to the term immediately preceding
it. In (i), this constant ratio is 2; in (ii), it is 
–
1
3
 and in (iii), the constant ratio is 0.01.
Such sequences are called geometric sequence or geometric progression abbreviated
as G .P.
A sequence a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, …, a
n
, … is called geometric progression, if each term is
non-zero and 
a
a
k
k
+1
= r (constant), for k = 1.
By letting a
1
 = a, we obtain a geometric progression, a, ar, ar
2
, ar
3
,…., where a
is called the first term and r
 
is called the common ratio of the G.P. Common ratio in
geometric progression (i), (ii) and (iii) above are 2, 
–
1
3
 and 0.01, respectively.
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