NCERT Textbook: इंद्रप्रस्थ | NCERT Textbooks & Solutions for Class 7 PDF Download

 Page 1


30 / cky egkHkkjr dFkk
b
a
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izLFk
13
nzkSinh osQ Lo;aoj esa tks oqQN gqvk Fkk] mldh
[kcj tc gfLrukiqj igq¡ph] rks fonqj cM+s [kq'k
gq,A èk`rjk"Vª osQ ikl nkSM+s x, vkSj cksysµ
¶ikaMo vHkh thfor gSaA jktk nzqin dh dU;k
dks Lo;aoj esa vtqZu us izkIr fd;k gSA ik¡pksa
Hkkb;ksa us fofèkiwoZd nzkSinh osQ lkFk C;kg dj
fy;k gS vkSj oaqQrh osQ lkFk os lc nzqin osQ
;gk¡ oqQ'ky ls gSaA¸
;g lqudj èk`rjk"Vª g"kZ izdV djrs gq,
cksysµ¶HkkbZ fonqj! rqEgkjh ckrksa ls eq>s vlhe
vkuan gks jgk gSA jktk nzqin dh csVh gekjh cgw
cu xbZ gS] ;g cM+k gh vPNk gqvkA¸
mèkj nq;ksZèku dks tc ekywe gqvk fd
ikaMoksa us yk[k osQ ?kj dh Hkh"k.k vkx ls
fdlh rjg cpdj vkSj ,d cjl rd dgha
fNis jgus osQ ckn vc ijkozQeh ikapkyjkt dh
dU;k ls C;kg dj fy;k gS vkSj vc os igys
ls Hkh vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, gSa] rks muosQ
izfr mlosQ eu esa bZ";kZ dh vkx vkSj vfèkd
izcy gks mBhA nck gqvk oSj fiQj ls tkx mBkA
nq;ksZèku vkSj nq%'kklu us 'koqQfu dks viuk
nq[kM+k lquk;kµ¶ekek] vc D;k djsa\ vc rks
nzqinoqQekj èk`"V|qEu vkSj f'k[kaMh Hkh muosQ
lkFkh cu x, gSaA¸
mlosQ ckn d.kZ vkSj nq;ksZèku èk`rjk"Vª osQ
ikl x, vkSj ,oQkar esa muls nq;ksZèku us
dgkµ¶firk th] tYnh gh ge ,slk dksbZ mik;
djsa] ftlls ge lnk osQ fy, fu¯'pr gks losaQA¸
èk`rjk"Vª us dgk] ¶csVk] rqe fcyoqQy Bhd
dgrs gksA rqEgha crkvks] vc D;k djuk pkfg,\¸
nq;ksZèku us dgk] ¶rks fiQj gesa dksbZ ,slk
mik; djuk pkfg,] ftlls ikaMo ;gk¡ vk,¡ gh
Rationalised 2023-24
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30 / cky egkHkkjr dFkk
b
a
n
z
izLFk
13
nzkSinh osQ Lo;aoj esa tks oqQN gqvk Fkk] mldh
[kcj tc gfLrukiqj igq¡ph] rks fonqj cM+s [kq'k
gq,A èk`rjk"Vª osQ ikl nkSM+s x, vkSj cksysµ
¶ikaMo vHkh thfor gSaA jktk nzqin dh dU;k
dks Lo;aoj esa vtqZu us izkIr fd;k gSA ik¡pksa
Hkkb;ksa us fofèkiwoZd nzkSinh osQ lkFk C;kg dj
fy;k gS vkSj oaqQrh osQ lkFk os lc nzqin osQ
;gk¡ oqQ'ky ls gSaA¸
;g lqudj èk`rjk"Vª g"kZ izdV djrs gq,
cksysµ¶HkkbZ fonqj! rqEgkjh ckrksa ls eq>s vlhe
vkuan gks jgk gSA jktk nzqin dh csVh gekjh cgw
cu xbZ gS] ;g cM+k gh vPNk gqvkA¸
mèkj nq;ksZèku dks tc ekywe gqvk fd
ikaMoksa us yk[k osQ ?kj dh Hkh"k.k vkx ls
fdlh rjg cpdj vkSj ,d cjl rd dgha
fNis jgus osQ ckn vc ijkozQeh ikapkyjkt dh
dU;k ls C;kg dj fy;k gS vkSj vc os igys
ls Hkh vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, gSa] rks muosQ
izfr mlosQ eu esa bZ";kZ dh vkx vkSj vfèkd
izcy gks mBhA nck gqvk oSj fiQj ls tkx mBkA
nq;ksZèku vkSj nq%'kklu us 'koqQfu dks viuk
nq[kM+k lquk;kµ¶ekek] vc D;k djsa\ vc rks
nzqinoqQekj èk`"V|qEu vkSj f'k[kaMh Hkh muosQ
lkFkh cu x, gSaA¸
mlosQ ckn d.kZ vkSj nq;ksZèku èk`rjk"Vª osQ
ikl x, vkSj ,oQkar esa muls nq;ksZèku us
dgkµ¶firk th] tYnh gh ge ,slk dksbZ mik;
djsa] ftlls ge lnk osQ fy, fu¯'pr gks losaQA¸
èk`rjk"Vª us dgk] ¶csVk] rqe fcyoqQy Bhd
dgrs gksA rqEgha crkvks] vc D;k djuk pkfg,\¸
nq;ksZèku us dgk] ¶rks fiQj gesa dksbZ ,slk
mik; djuk pkfg,] ftlls ikaMo ;gk¡ vk,¡ gh
Rationalised 2023-24
cky egkHkkjr dFkk / 31
ugha] D;ksafd ;fn os bèkj vk,] rks ”k:j jkT;
ij Hkh viuk vfèkdkj tekuk pkgsaxsA¸
bl ij d.kZ dks g¡lh vk xbZA mlus
dgkµ¶nq;ksZèku! vc ,d lky ckgj jgus vkSj
nqfu;k ns[k ysus ls mUgsa dkI
+
kQh vuqHko izkIr gks
pqdk gSA ,d 'kfDr laiUu jktk osQ ;gk¡ mUgksaus
'kj.k yh gSA frl ij muosQ izfr rqEgkjk oSjHkko
muls fNik ugha gSA blfy, Ny&iziap ls vc
dke ugha cusxkA vkil esa iwQV Mkydj Hkh
mudks gjkuk laaHko ughaA jktk nzqin èku osQ
izyksHku esa iM+usokys O;fDr Hkh ugha gSaA ykyp
nsdj mudks vius i{k esa djus dk fopkj
csdkj gSA ikaaMoksa dk lkFk os dHkh ugha NksM+saxsA
nzkSinh osQ eu esa ikaMoksa osQ izfr ?k`.kk iSnk gks
gh ugha ldrhA ,sls fopkj dh vksj è;ku nsuk
Hkh Bhd ugha gSA gekjs ikl osQoy ,d gh
mik; jg x;k gS vkSj og ;g gS fd ikaMoksa
dh rkdr c<+us ls igys mu ij geyk dj
fn;k tk,A¸ d.kZ rFkk vius csVksa dh ijLij
fojksèkh ckrsa lqudj èk`rjk"Vª bl ckjs esa dksbZ
fu.kZ; ugha ys losQA os firkeg Hkh"e rFkk
vkpk;Z nzks.k dks cqykdj muls lykg&e'kfojk
djus yxsA ikaMq&iq=kkas osQ thfor jgus dh [kcj
ikdj firkeg Hkh"e osQ eu essa Hkh vkuan dh
ygjsa mB jgh FkhaA
Hkh"e us dgkµ¶csVk! ohj ikaMoksa osQ lkFk
lafèk djosQ vkèkk jkT; mUgsa ns nsuk gh mfpr
gSA¸ vkpk;Z nzks.k us Hkh ;gh lykg nhA vax&ujs'k
d.kZ Hkh bl volj ij èk`rjk"Vª osQ njckj esa
mifLFkr FkkA ikaMoksa dks vkèkk jkT; nsus dh
lykg mls fcyoqQy vPNh u yxhA nq;ksZèku
osQ izfr d.kZ osQ ân; esa vikj Lusg FkkA bl
dkj.k nzks.kkpk;Z dh lykg lqudj mlosQ ozQksèk
dh lhek u jghA og èk`rjk"Vª ls cksykµ¶jktu~!
eq>s ;g ns[kdj cM+k vk'p;Z gks jgk gS fd
vkpk;Z nzks.k Hkh vkidks ,slh oqQea=k.kk nsrs gSa!
jktu~! 'kkldksa dk drZO; gS fd ea=k.kk nsusokyksa
dh uh;r dks igys ij[k ysa] fiQj mudh
eaa=k.kk ij è;ku nsaA¸ d.kZ dh bu ckrksa ls
nzks.kkpk;Z ozQksfèkr gks xjtdj cksysµ¶nq"V d.kZ!
rqe jktk dks xyr jkLrk crk jgs gksA ;g
fuf'pr gS fd ;fn jktk èk`rjk"Vª us esjh rFkk
firkeg Hkh"e dh lykg u ekuh vkSj rqe tSlksa
dh lykg ij pys] rks fiQj dkSjoksa dk uk'k
gksusokyk gSA¸
blosQ ckn èk`rjk"Vª us èkekZRek fonqj ls
lykg yhA fonqj us dgkµ¶gekjs oqQy osQ
uk;d Hkh"e rFkk vkpk;Z nzks.k us tks crk;k gS]
ogh Js;Ldj gSA d.kZ dh lykg fdlh dke
dh ugha gSA¸
var esa lc lksp&fopkjdj èk`rjk"Vª us ikaMq
osQ iq=kksa dks vkèkk jkT; nsdj lafèk dj ysus dk
fu'p; fd;k vkSj ikaMoksa dks nzkSinh rFkk oaqQrh
lfgr lknj fyok ykus osQ fy, fonqj dks
ikapky ns'k HkstkA fonqj ikapky ns'k dks jokuk
gks x,A ikapky ns'k esa igq¡pdj fonqj us jktk
nzqin dks vewY; migkj HksaV djosQ mudk
lEeku fd;k vkSj jktk èk`rjk"Vª dh rjI
+
kQ ls
vuqjksèk fd;k fd ikaMoksa dks nzkSinh lfgr
gfLrukiqj tkus dh vuqefr nsaA fonqj dk vuqjksèk
lqudj jktk nzqin osQ eu esa 'kadk gqbZA mudks
èk`rjk"Vª ij fo'okl u gqvkA flI
+
kZQ bruk dg
fn;k fd ikaMoksa dh tSlh bPNk gks] ogh djuk
Bhd gksxkA rc fonqj us ekrk oqaQrh osQ ikl
Rationalised 2023-24
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30 / cky egkHkkjr dFkk
b
a
n
z
izLFk
13
nzkSinh osQ Lo;aoj esa tks oqQN gqvk Fkk] mldh
[kcj tc gfLrukiqj igq¡ph] rks fonqj cM+s [kq'k
gq,A èk`rjk"Vª osQ ikl nkSM+s x, vkSj cksysµ
¶ikaMo vHkh thfor gSaA jktk nzqin dh dU;k
dks Lo;aoj esa vtqZu us izkIr fd;k gSA ik¡pksa
Hkkb;ksa us fofèkiwoZd nzkSinh osQ lkFk C;kg dj
fy;k gS vkSj oaqQrh osQ lkFk os lc nzqin osQ
;gk¡ oqQ'ky ls gSaA¸
;g lqudj èk`rjk"Vª g"kZ izdV djrs gq,
cksysµ¶HkkbZ fonqj! rqEgkjh ckrksa ls eq>s vlhe
vkuan gks jgk gSA jktk nzqin dh csVh gekjh cgw
cu xbZ gS] ;g cM+k gh vPNk gqvkA¸
mèkj nq;ksZèku dks tc ekywe gqvk fd
ikaMoksa us yk[k osQ ?kj dh Hkh"k.k vkx ls
fdlh rjg cpdj vkSj ,d cjl rd dgha
fNis jgus osQ ckn vc ijkozQeh ikapkyjkt dh
dU;k ls C;kg dj fy;k gS vkSj vc os igys
ls Hkh vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, gSa] rks muosQ
izfr mlosQ eu esa bZ";kZ dh vkx vkSj vfèkd
izcy gks mBhA nck gqvk oSj fiQj ls tkx mBkA
nq;ksZèku vkSj nq%'kklu us 'koqQfu dks viuk
nq[kM+k lquk;kµ¶ekek] vc D;k djsa\ vc rks
nzqinoqQekj èk`"V|qEu vkSj f'k[kaMh Hkh muosQ
lkFkh cu x, gSaA¸
mlosQ ckn d.kZ vkSj nq;ksZèku èk`rjk"Vª osQ
ikl x, vkSj ,oQkar esa muls nq;ksZèku us
dgkµ¶firk th] tYnh gh ge ,slk dksbZ mik;
djsa] ftlls ge lnk osQ fy, fu¯'pr gks losaQA¸
èk`rjk"Vª us dgk] ¶csVk] rqe fcyoqQy Bhd
dgrs gksA rqEgha crkvks] vc D;k djuk pkfg,\¸
nq;ksZèku us dgk] ¶rks fiQj gesa dksbZ ,slk
mik; djuk pkfg,] ftlls ikaMo ;gk¡ vk,¡ gh
Rationalised 2023-24
cky egkHkkjr dFkk / 31
ugha] D;ksafd ;fn os bèkj vk,] rks ”k:j jkT;
ij Hkh viuk vfèkdkj tekuk pkgsaxsA¸
bl ij d.kZ dks g¡lh vk xbZA mlus
dgkµ¶nq;ksZèku! vc ,d lky ckgj jgus vkSj
nqfu;k ns[k ysus ls mUgsa dkI
+
kQh vuqHko izkIr gks
pqdk gSA ,d 'kfDr laiUu jktk osQ ;gk¡ mUgksaus
'kj.k yh gSA frl ij muosQ izfr rqEgkjk oSjHkko
muls fNik ugha gSA blfy, Ny&iziap ls vc
dke ugha cusxkA vkil esa iwQV Mkydj Hkh
mudks gjkuk laaHko ughaA jktk nzqin èku osQ
izyksHku esa iM+usokys O;fDr Hkh ugha gSaA ykyp
nsdj mudks vius i{k esa djus dk fopkj
csdkj gSA ikaaMoksa dk lkFk os dHkh ugha NksM+saxsA
nzkSinh osQ eu esa ikaMoksa osQ izfr ?k`.kk iSnk gks
gh ugha ldrhA ,sls fopkj dh vksj è;ku nsuk
Hkh Bhd ugha gSA gekjs ikl osQoy ,d gh
mik; jg x;k gS vkSj og ;g gS fd ikaMoksa
dh rkdr c<+us ls igys mu ij geyk dj
fn;k tk,A¸ d.kZ rFkk vius csVksa dh ijLij
fojksèkh ckrsa lqudj èk`rjk"Vª bl ckjs esa dksbZ
fu.kZ; ugha ys losQA os firkeg Hkh"e rFkk
vkpk;Z nzks.k dks cqykdj muls lykg&e'kfojk
djus yxsA ikaMq&iq=kkas osQ thfor jgus dh [kcj
ikdj firkeg Hkh"e osQ eu essa Hkh vkuan dh
ygjsa mB jgh FkhaA
Hkh"e us dgkµ¶csVk! ohj ikaMoksa osQ lkFk
lafèk djosQ vkèkk jkT; mUgsa ns nsuk gh mfpr
gSA¸ vkpk;Z nzks.k us Hkh ;gh lykg nhA vax&ujs'k
d.kZ Hkh bl volj ij èk`rjk"Vª osQ njckj esa
mifLFkr FkkA ikaMoksa dks vkèkk jkT; nsus dh
lykg mls fcyoqQy vPNh u yxhA nq;ksZèku
osQ izfr d.kZ osQ ân; esa vikj Lusg FkkA bl
dkj.k nzks.kkpk;Z dh lykg lqudj mlosQ ozQksèk
dh lhek u jghA og èk`rjk"Vª ls cksykµ¶jktu~!
eq>s ;g ns[kdj cM+k vk'p;Z gks jgk gS fd
vkpk;Z nzks.k Hkh vkidks ,slh oqQea=k.kk nsrs gSa!
jktu~! 'kkldksa dk drZO; gS fd ea=k.kk nsusokyksa
dh uh;r dks igys ij[k ysa] fiQj mudh
eaa=k.kk ij è;ku nsaA¸ d.kZ dh bu ckrksa ls
nzks.kkpk;Z ozQksfèkr gks xjtdj cksysµ¶nq"V d.kZ!
rqe jktk dks xyr jkLrk crk jgs gksA ;g
fuf'pr gS fd ;fn jktk èk`rjk"Vª us esjh rFkk
firkeg Hkh"e dh lykg u ekuh vkSj rqe tSlksa
dh lykg ij pys] rks fiQj dkSjoksa dk uk'k
gksusokyk gSA¸
blosQ ckn èk`rjk"Vª us èkekZRek fonqj ls
lykg yhA fonqj us dgkµ¶gekjs oqQy osQ
uk;d Hkh"e rFkk vkpk;Z nzks.k us tks crk;k gS]
ogh Js;Ldj gSA d.kZ dh lykg fdlh dke
dh ugha gSA¸
var esa lc lksp&fopkjdj èk`rjk"Vª us ikaMq
osQ iq=kksa dks vkèkk jkT; nsdj lafèk dj ysus dk
fu'p; fd;k vkSj ikaMoksa dks nzkSinh rFkk oaqQrh
lfgr lknj fyok ykus osQ fy, fonqj dks
ikapky ns'k HkstkA fonqj ikapky ns'k dks jokuk
gks x,A ikapky ns'k esa igq¡pdj fonqj us jktk
nzqin dks vewY; migkj HksaV djosQ mudk
lEeku fd;k vkSj jktk èk`rjk"Vª dh rjI
+
kQ ls
vuqjksèk fd;k fd ikaMoksa dks nzkSinh lfgr
gfLrukiqj tkus dh vuqefr nsaA fonqj dk vuqjksèk
lqudj jktk nzqin osQ eu esa 'kadk gqbZA mudks
èk`rjk"Vª ij fo'okl u gqvkA flI
+
kZQ bruk dg
fn;k fd ikaMoksa dh tSlh bPNk gks] ogh djuk
Bhd gksxkA rc fonqj us ekrk oqaQrh osQ ikl
Rationalised 2023-24
32 / cky egkHkkjr dFkk
tkdj vius vkus dk dkj.k mUgsa crk;kA oqaQrh
osQ eu esa Hkh 'kadk gqbZ fd dgha iq=kkas ij fiQj
dksbZ vkI
+
kQr u vk tk,A
fonqj us mUgas le>k;k vkSj èkhjt nsrs gq,
dgkµ¶nsoh] vki fu¯'pr jgsaA vkiosQ csVksa
dk dksbZ oqQN ugha fcxkM+ losQxkA os lalkj esa
[kwc ;'k dek,¡xs vkSj fo'kky jkT; osQ Lokeh
cusaxsA vki lc cs[kVosQ gfLrukiqj pfy,A¸
vkf[kj nzqin jktk us Hkh vuqefr ns nh
vkSj fonqj osQ lkFk oqaQrh vkSj nzkSinh lesr
ikaMo gfLrukiqj dks jokuk gks x,A
mèkj gfLrukiqj esa ikaMoksa osQ Lokxr dh cM+h
èkweèkke ls rS;kfj;k¡ gksus yxhaA tSlkfd igys gh
fu'p; gks pqdk Fkk] ;qfèkf"Bj dk ;Fkkfofèk jkT;kfHk"ksd
gqvk vkSj vkèkk jkT; ikaMoksa osQ vèkhu fd;k x;kA
jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ mijkar ;qfèkf"Bj dks vk'khokZn nsrs
gq, èk`rjk"Vª us dgkµ¶cssVk ;qfèkf"Bj! esjs vius csVs
cM+s nqjkRek gSaA ,d lkFk jgus ls laHko gS fd rqe
yksxksa osQ chp oSj c<+sA bl dkj.k esjh lykg gS
fd rqe [kkaMoizLFk dks viuh jktèkkuh cuk ysuk
vkSj ogha ls jkt djukA [kkaMoizLFk og uxjh gS]
tks iq#] ugq"k ,oa ;;kfr tSls gekjs izrkih iwoZtksa
dh jktèkkuh jgh gSA gekjs oa'k dh iqjkuh jktèkkuh
[kkaMoizLFk dks fiQj ls clkus dk ;'k vkSj Js;
rqEgha dks izkIr gksA¸
èk`rjk"Vª osQ ehBs opu ekudj ikaMoksa us
[kkaMoizLFk osQ HkXuko'ks"kkas ij] tksfd ml le;
rd futZu ou cu pqdk Fkk] fuiq.k f'kYidkjksa
ls ,d u, uxj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA lqanj
Hkouksa] vHks| nqxks± vkfn ls lq'kksfHkr ml uxj
dk uke banzizLFk j[kk x;kA banzizLFk dh 'kku ,oa
lqanjrk ,slh gks xbZ fd lkjk lalkj mldh
iz'kalk djrs u Fkdrk FkkA viuh jktèkkuh esa
nzkSinh vkSj ekrk oqaQrh osQ lkFk ik¡pksa ikaMo
rsbZl cjl rd lq[kiwoZd thou fcrkrs gq,
U;k;iwoZd jkT; djrs jgsA
Rationalised 2023-24