UPSC Exam  >  UPSC Notes  >  NCERT Textbooks in Hindi (Class 6 to Class 12)  >  NCERT Textbook: उपभोक्ता के व्यवहार का सिद्धांत

NCERT Textbook: उपभोक्ता के व्यवहार का सिद्धांत | NCERT Textbooks in Hindi (Class 6 to Class 12) - UPSC PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


vè;k; 2
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
bl vè;k; esa ge fdlh ck”kkj esa fo|eku vafre oLrqvksa
1
 osQ izfr miHkksDrk
osQ O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA miHkksDrk dks ;g fu.kZ; djuk iM+rk gS fd og
fofHkUu oLrqvksa esa ls izR;sd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk dk miHkksx djuk pkgsxkA
gekjk mís'; bl p;u leL;k dk oqQN foLrkj ls vè;;u djuk gSA ge ns[ksaxs
fd miHkksDrk dk p;u] miyC/ fodYiksa rFkk mldh #fp;ksa vkSj vf/ekuksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ij izkjaHk esa gesa bu miyC/ fodYiksa vkSj miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa
vkSj vf/ekuksa dks crkus osQ fy, dksbZ lgh vkSj lqfo/ktud fof/ fuèkkZfjr
djuh gksxhA mlosQ ckn] ml of.kZr fof/ dk mi;ksx ck”kkj esa miHkksDrk osQ }kjk
fd;s tkus okys p;u dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,xkA
izkjafHkd laosQru rFkk vfHkxzg
miHkksDrk lkekU; :i ls cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djrk gS] ijarq
ljyhdj.k osQ fy, ge miHkksDrk dh p;u leL;k ij ,slh fLFkfr esa fopkj
djsaxs] tgk¡ osQoy nks gh oLrq,¡
2
 gksaA ge bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dks oLrq 1 rFkk
oLrq 2 dgsaxsA nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek=kkvksa dh dksbZ Hkh lfEefyr jkf'k dks
miHkksDrk caMy vFkok la{ksi esa caMy dg ldrs gSaA lkekU;r% ge oLrq 1
dh ek=kk dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
1
 ifjorZ dk vkSj oLrq 2 dh ek=kk dks
O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
2
 ifjorZ dk mi;ksx djsaxsA x
1
 vkSj x
2
 /ukRed ;k
'kwU; gks ldrs gSaA (x
1
,x
2
), dk rkRi;Z gksxk fd oLrq 1 dh x
1
 ek=kk rFkk oLrq
2 dh x
2
 ek=kkA x
1
 rFkk x
2
 osQ fdlh fo'ks"k ewY; osQ fy, (x
1
, x
2
)] gesa ,d
fo'ks"k caMy iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ caMy (5] 10) esa oLrq 1 dh 5
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 10 bdkb;k¡ gSa_ caMy (10] 5) esa oLrq 1 dh 10
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 5 bdkb;k¡ gSaA
2-1 miHkksDrk dk ctV
eku yhft, fdlh miHkksDrk osQ ikl osQoy ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa iSls (vk;)
,slh nks oLrqvksa ij O;; djus osQ fy, gSa] ftudh ykxr ck”kkj esa nh x;h gSaA
1
^oLrqvksa* 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZ=k oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA
2
;g /kj.kk gS fd oLrq,¡ osQoy nks gh gSa fo'ys"k.k dks ljy dj nsrh gSa vkSj ljy vkjs[kksa osQ ”kfj, egÙoiw.kZ
ladYiukvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gSaA
Page 2


vè;k; 2
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
bl vè;k; esa ge fdlh ck”kkj esa fo|eku vafre oLrqvksa
1
 osQ izfr miHkksDrk
osQ O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA miHkksDrk dks ;g fu.kZ; djuk iM+rk gS fd og
fofHkUu oLrqvksa esa ls izR;sd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk dk miHkksx djuk pkgsxkA
gekjk mís'; bl p;u leL;k dk oqQN foLrkj ls vè;;u djuk gSA ge ns[ksaxs
fd miHkksDrk dk p;u] miyC/ fodYiksa rFkk mldh #fp;ksa vkSj vf/ekuksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ij izkjaHk esa gesa bu miyC/ fodYiksa vkSj miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa
vkSj vf/ekuksa dks crkus osQ fy, dksbZ lgh vkSj lqfo/ktud fof/ fuèkkZfjr
djuh gksxhA mlosQ ckn] ml of.kZr fof/ dk mi;ksx ck”kkj esa miHkksDrk osQ }kjk
fd;s tkus okys p;u dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,xkA
izkjafHkd laosQru rFkk vfHkxzg
miHkksDrk lkekU; :i ls cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djrk gS] ijarq
ljyhdj.k osQ fy, ge miHkksDrk dh p;u leL;k ij ,slh fLFkfr esa fopkj
djsaxs] tgk¡ osQoy nks gh oLrq,¡
2
 gksaA ge bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dks oLrq 1 rFkk
oLrq 2 dgsaxsA nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek=kkvksa dh dksbZ Hkh lfEefyr jkf'k dks
miHkksDrk caMy vFkok la{ksi esa caMy dg ldrs gSaA lkekU;r% ge oLrq 1
dh ek=kk dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
1
 ifjorZ dk vkSj oLrq 2 dh ek=kk dks
O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
2
 ifjorZ dk mi;ksx djsaxsA x
1
 vkSj x
2
 /ukRed ;k
'kwU; gks ldrs gSaA (x
1
,x
2
), dk rkRi;Z gksxk fd oLrq 1 dh x
1
 ek=kk rFkk oLrq
2 dh x
2
 ek=kkA x
1
 rFkk x
2
 osQ fdlh fo'ks"k ewY; osQ fy, (x
1
, x
2
)] gesa ,d
fo'ks"k caMy iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ caMy (5] 10) esa oLrq 1 dh 5
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 10 bdkb;k¡ gSa_ caMy (10] 5) esa oLrq 1 dh 10
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 5 bdkb;k¡ gSaA
2-1 miHkksDrk dk ctV
eku yhft, fdlh miHkksDrk osQ ikl osQoy ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa iSls (vk;)
,slh nks oLrqvksa ij O;; djus osQ fy, gSa] ftudh ykxr ck”kkj esa nh x;h gSaA
1
^oLrqvksa* 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZ=k oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA
2
;g /kj.kk gS fd oLrq,¡ osQoy nks gh gSa fo'ys"k.k dks ljy dj nsrh gSa vkSj ljy vkjs[kksa osQ ”kfj, egÙoiw.kZ
ladYiukvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gSaA
10
ifjp;kRed
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
miHkksDrk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh vyx&vyx ;k feyh&tqyh ,slh ek=kk dks ugha [kjhn ldrk] ftudk
og miHkksx djuk pkgrk gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/ miHkksx caMy nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dher
rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fuf'pr vk; rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dherksa dks ns[krs
gq, miHkksDrk osQoy mUgha caMyksa dks [kjhn ldrk gSS ftudk ewY; mldh vk; ls de gks ;k
cjkcj gksA
2-1-1 ctV lsV
eku yhft, miHkksDrk dh vk; M gS rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dhersa Øe'k% p
1
 rFkk p
2
 gSaA
3
 ;fn
miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks mls oqQy feykdj p
1
x
1
 /u O;; djuk
iM+sxkA blh izdkj ls] vxj miHkksDrk oLrq 2 dh x
2
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
2
x
2
/u O;; djuk gksxkA blfy, ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;ksa vkSj oLrq 2 dh x
2
bdkb;ksa dk caMy [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k O;; djuh gksxhA og ;g
caMy rHkh [kjhn ik;sxh] tc mlosQ ikl de&ls&de p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k gksA oLrqvksa dh
fo|eku dherksa rFkk viuh vk; osQ vuqlkj miHkksDrk ,slk dksbZ Hkh caMy mlh lhek rd
[kjhn ldrk gS] tc rd mldh dher mldh vk; osQ cjkcj ;k mlls de jgsA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] miHkksDrk dksbZ (x
1
x
2
) caMy fuEu fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS%
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M (2-1)
;g vlerk (2-1) miHkksDrk dk ctV izfrca/ dgykrh gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/
caMyksa osQ lsV dks ctV lsV dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ctV lsV mu lHkh caMyksa dk laxzg
gS] ftls miHkksDrk fo|eku ck”kkj dherksa ij viuh vk; ls [kjhn ldrk gSA
p;u esa nqfo/k
3
fdlh oLrq dh dher dk vk'k; /u dh ml jkf'k ls gS] ftldk Hkqxrku miHkksDrk oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ osQ
fy, djrk gSA vxj eqnzk dh bdkbZ #i;k gS vkSj oLrq dh ek=kk dks fdyksxzke esa ekik tk jgk gS] rks oLrq 1
dh dher p
1
 gksus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd miHkksdrk ftl oLrq dks [kjhnuk pkgrk gS mlosQ fy, mls izfr fdyksxzke
p
1
 #i, nsus gksaxsA
Page 3


vè;k; 2
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
bl vè;k; esa ge fdlh ck”kkj esa fo|eku vafre oLrqvksa
1
 osQ izfr miHkksDrk
osQ O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA miHkksDrk dks ;g fu.kZ; djuk iM+rk gS fd og
fofHkUu oLrqvksa esa ls izR;sd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk dk miHkksx djuk pkgsxkA
gekjk mís'; bl p;u leL;k dk oqQN foLrkj ls vè;;u djuk gSA ge ns[ksaxs
fd miHkksDrk dk p;u] miyC/ fodYiksa rFkk mldh #fp;ksa vkSj vf/ekuksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ij izkjaHk esa gesa bu miyC/ fodYiksa vkSj miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa
vkSj vf/ekuksa dks crkus osQ fy, dksbZ lgh vkSj lqfo/ktud fof/ fuèkkZfjr
djuh gksxhA mlosQ ckn] ml of.kZr fof/ dk mi;ksx ck”kkj esa miHkksDrk osQ }kjk
fd;s tkus okys p;u dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,xkA
izkjafHkd laosQru rFkk vfHkxzg
miHkksDrk lkekU; :i ls cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djrk gS] ijarq
ljyhdj.k osQ fy, ge miHkksDrk dh p;u leL;k ij ,slh fLFkfr esa fopkj
djsaxs] tgk¡ osQoy nks gh oLrq,¡
2
 gksaA ge bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dks oLrq 1 rFkk
oLrq 2 dgsaxsA nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek=kkvksa dh dksbZ Hkh lfEefyr jkf'k dks
miHkksDrk caMy vFkok la{ksi esa caMy dg ldrs gSaA lkekU;r% ge oLrq 1
dh ek=kk dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
1
 ifjorZ dk vkSj oLrq 2 dh ek=kk dks
O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
2
 ifjorZ dk mi;ksx djsaxsA x
1
 vkSj x
2
 /ukRed ;k
'kwU; gks ldrs gSaA (x
1
,x
2
), dk rkRi;Z gksxk fd oLrq 1 dh x
1
 ek=kk rFkk oLrq
2 dh x
2
 ek=kkA x
1
 rFkk x
2
 osQ fdlh fo'ks"k ewY; osQ fy, (x
1
, x
2
)] gesa ,d
fo'ks"k caMy iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ caMy (5] 10) esa oLrq 1 dh 5
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 10 bdkb;k¡ gSa_ caMy (10] 5) esa oLrq 1 dh 10
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 5 bdkb;k¡ gSaA
2-1 miHkksDrk dk ctV
eku yhft, fdlh miHkksDrk osQ ikl osQoy ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa iSls (vk;)
,slh nks oLrqvksa ij O;; djus osQ fy, gSa] ftudh ykxr ck”kkj esa nh x;h gSaA
1
^oLrqvksa* 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZ=k oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA
2
;g /kj.kk gS fd oLrq,¡ osQoy nks gh gSa fo'ys"k.k dks ljy dj nsrh gSa vkSj ljy vkjs[kksa osQ ”kfj, egÙoiw.kZ
ladYiukvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gSaA
10
ifjp;kRed
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
miHkksDrk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh vyx&vyx ;k feyh&tqyh ,slh ek=kk dks ugha [kjhn ldrk] ftudk
og miHkksx djuk pkgrk gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/ miHkksx caMy nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dher
rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fuf'pr vk; rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dherksa dks ns[krs
gq, miHkksDrk osQoy mUgha caMyksa dks [kjhn ldrk gSS ftudk ewY; mldh vk; ls de gks ;k
cjkcj gksA
2-1-1 ctV lsV
eku yhft, miHkksDrk dh vk; M gS rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dhersa Øe'k% p
1
 rFkk p
2
 gSaA
3
 ;fn
miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks mls oqQy feykdj p
1
x
1
 /u O;; djuk
iM+sxkA blh izdkj ls] vxj miHkksDrk oLrq 2 dh x
2
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
2
x
2
/u O;; djuk gksxkA blfy, ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;ksa vkSj oLrq 2 dh x
2
bdkb;ksa dk caMy [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k O;; djuh gksxhA og ;g
caMy rHkh [kjhn ik;sxh] tc mlosQ ikl de&ls&de p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k gksA oLrqvksa dh
fo|eku dherksa rFkk viuh vk; osQ vuqlkj miHkksDrk ,slk dksbZ Hkh caMy mlh lhek rd
[kjhn ldrk gS] tc rd mldh dher mldh vk; osQ cjkcj ;k mlls de jgsA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] miHkksDrk dksbZ (x
1
x
2
) caMy fuEu fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS%
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M (2-1)
;g vlerk (2-1) miHkksDrk dk ctV izfrca/ dgykrh gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/
caMyksa osQ lsV dks ctV lsV dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ctV lsV mu lHkh caMyksa dk laxzg
gS] ftls miHkksDrk fo|eku ck”kkj dherksa ij viuh vk; ls [kjhn ldrk gSA
p;u esa nqfo/k
3
fdlh oLrq dh dher dk vk'k; /u dh ml jkf'k ls gS] ftldk Hkqxrku miHkksDrk oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ osQ
fy, djrk gSA vxj eqnzk dh bdkbZ #i;k gS vkSj oLrq dh ek=kk dks fdyksxzke esa ekik tk jgk gS] rks oLrq 1
dh dher p
1
 gksus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd miHkksdrk ftl oLrq dks [kjhnuk pkgrk gS mlosQ fy, mls izfr fdyksxzke
p
1
 #i, nsus gksaxsA
11
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
mnkgj.k  2-1
,d ,sls miHkksDrk dk mnkgj.k ysa] ftlosQ ikl 20 #i, gSa rFkk eku yhft, nksuksa oLrqvksa dh
ykxr 5 #i, j[kh x;h gS vkSj ;s lekdfyr bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa gh miyC/ gSaA tks caMy
miHkksDrk [kjhn ldrk gS] os gSa% (0] 0)] (0] 1)] (0] 2)] (0] 3)] (0] 4)] (1] 0)]
(1]1)] (1]2)] (1]3)] (2]0)] (2]1)] (2]2)] (3]0)] (3]1) rFkk (4]0)A bu
caMyksa esa ls (0] 4)] (1] 3)] (2] 2)] (3] 1) rFkk (4] 0) dh ykxr Bhd 20 #i, gS rFkk
vU; caMyksa dh ykxr 20 #i, ls de gSA miHkksDrk (3] 3) rFkk (4] 5) caMyksa dks [kjhn
ugha ldrk] D;ksafd izpfyr ykxrksa ij mudh dher 20 #i, ls vf/d gSA
2-1-2 ctV js[kk
;fn nksuksa oLrq,¡ iw.kZr% foHkkT; gksa
4
 rks miHkksDrk
osQ ctV lsV esa lHkh caMy (x
1
x
2
) lekfgr
gksasxs] tcfd x
1
 rFkk x
2
 ,slh la[;k,¡ gSa tks
'kwU; (0) vkSj p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M ls cM+h
;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA bl ctV lsV dks js[kkfp=k
2-1 esa ,d vkjs[k osQ }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
/ukRed prqFkk±'k osQ os lHkh caMy tks
js[kk osQ uhps ;k ml ij fLFkr gSa] ctV lsV
esa 'kkfey gSaA js[kk dk lehdj.k gS%
p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
=M (2-2)
bl js[kk esa os lHkh caMy 'kkfey gSa]
ftudh ykxr M osQ cjkcj gSA ;g js[kk
ctV js[kk dgykrh gSA ctV js[kk osQ
uhps osQ fcUnq mu caMyksa dks iznf'kZr djrs
gSa] ftudk ykxr M ls fcYoqQy de gksA
lehdj.k (2-2) dks bl izdkj Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
5
1
21
22
p M
xx
pp
=- (2-3)
ctV js[kk ,d lh/h js[kk gS ftldk leLrjh; var%[kaM 
1
M
p
 rFkk mèokZ/j var%[kaM 
2
M
p
gSA leLrjh; var%[kaM ml caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftldks miHkksDrk mlh fLFkfr esa
[kjhn ldrk gS] ;fn og viuh lkjh vk; oLrq 1 ij O;; dj nsA blh rjg mèokZèkj var%[kaM
ml caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftls miHkksDrk ml fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS] tc og
viuh lkjh vk; oLrq 2 ij O;; dj nsA ctV js[kk dh izo.krk gS 
1
2
p
p
-
ctV lsV% oLrq 1 dh ek=kk {kSfrt v{k rFkk oLrq 2 dh
ek=kk mèokZèkj v{k ij ekih tk jgh gSA bl vkjs[k esa dksbZ
Hkh fcUnq nksuksa oLrqvksa  osQ ,d caMy dks  iznf'kZr djrk gSA
bl ctV lsV esa n'kkZ;h xbZ lh/h js[kk osQ Åij ;k uhps
fLFkr lHkh fcUnq vk tkrs gSaA bldk lehdj.k gS%
p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
=M.
js[kkfp=k 2-1
oLrq 2
M/p
2
M/p
1
px px
11 22
+        = M
O
oLrq 1
4
mnkgj.k esa ftu oLrqvksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k Fkk os vfoHkkT; Fks vkSj osQoy iw.kk±dh; bdkb;ksa esa miyC/ FksA
vusd oLrq foHkkT; gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ os viw.kk±dh; bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa Hkh fo|eku gksrh gSaA ge vk/k larjk ;k pkSFkkbZ
osQyk ugha [kjhn ldrs] ysfdu vk/k fdyks pkoy ;k pkSFkkbZ yhVj nw/ [kjhn ldrs gSaA
5
vius fo|ky; esa xf.kr i<+rs le; vkius i<+k fd lh/h js[kk dk lehdj.k y = c + m x gksrk gS] tgk¡ c mèokZèkj
var%[kaM gS vkSj m lh/h js[kk dh izo.krk gSA vki ns[ksaxs fd lehdj.k (2-3) dk :i Hkh ogh gSA
Page 4


vè;k; 2
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
bl vè;k; esa ge fdlh ck”kkj esa fo|eku vafre oLrqvksa
1
 osQ izfr miHkksDrk
osQ O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA miHkksDrk dks ;g fu.kZ; djuk iM+rk gS fd og
fofHkUu oLrqvksa esa ls izR;sd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk dk miHkksx djuk pkgsxkA
gekjk mís'; bl p;u leL;k dk oqQN foLrkj ls vè;;u djuk gSA ge ns[ksaxs
fd miHkksDrk dk p;u] miyC/ fodYiksa rFkk mldh #fp;ksa vkSj vf/ekuksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ij izkjaHk esa gesa bu miyC/ fodYiksa vkSj miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa
vkSj vf/ekuksa dks crkus osQ fy, dksbZ lgh vkSj lqfo/ktud fof/ fuèkkZfjr
djuh gksxhA mlosQ ckn] ml of.kZr fof/ dk mi;ksx ck”kkj esa miHkksDrk osQ }kjk
fd;s tkus okys p;u dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,xkA
izkjafHkd laosQru rFkk vfHkxzg
miHkksDrk lkekU; :i ls cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djrk gS] ijarq
ljyhdj.k osQ fy, ge miHkksDrk dh p;u leL;k ij ,slh fLFkfr esa fopkj
djsaxs] tgk¡ osQoy nks gh oLrq,¡
2
 gksaA ge bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dks oLrq 1 rFkk
oLrq 2 dgsaxsA nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek=kkvksa dh dksbZ Hkh lfEefyr jkf'k dks
miHkksDrk caMy vFkok la{ksi esa caMy dg ldrs gSaA lkekU;r% ge oLrq 1
dh ek=kk dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
1
 ifjorZ dk vkSj oLrq 2 dh ek=kk dks
O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
2
 ifjorZ dk mi;ksx djsaxsA x
1
 vkSj x
2
 /ukRed ;k
'kwU; gks ldrs gSaA (x
1
,x
2
), dk rkRi;Z gksxk fd oLrq 1 dh x
1
 ek=kk rFkk oLrq
2 dh x
2
 ek=kkA x
1
 rFkk x
2
 osQ fdlh fo'ks"k ewY; osQ fy, (x
1
, x
2
)] gesa ,d
fo'ks"k caMy iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ caMy (5] 10) esa oLrq 1 dh 5
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 10 bdkb;k¡ gSa_ caMy (10] 5) esa oLrq 1 dh 10
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 5 bdkb;k¡ gSaA
2-1 miHkksDrk dk ctV
eku yhft, fdlh miHkksDrk osQ ikl osQoy ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa iSls (vk;)
,slh nks oLrqvksa ij O;; djus osQ fy, gSa] ftudh ykxr ck”kkj esa nh x;h gSaA
1
^oLrqvksa* 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZ=k oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA
2
;g /kj.kk gS fd oLrq,¡ osQoy nks gh gSa fo'ys"k.k dks ljy dj nsrh gSa vkSj ljy vkjs[kksa osQ ”kfj, egÙoiw.kZ
ladYiukvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gSaA
10
ifjp;kRed
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
miHkksDrk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh vyx&vyx ;k feyh&tqyh ,slh ek=kk dks ugha [kjhn ldrk] ftudk
og miHkksx djuk pkgrk gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/ miHkksx caMy nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dher
rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fuf'pr vk; rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dherksa dks ns[krs
gq, miHkksDrk osQoy mUgha caMyksa dks [kjhn ldrk gSS ftudk ewY; mldh vk; ls de gks ;k
cjkcj gksA
2-1-1 ctV lsV
eku yhft, miHkksDrk dh vk; M gS rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dhersa Øe'k% p
1
 rFkk p
2
 gSaA
3
 ;fn
miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks mls oqQy feykdj p
1
x
1
 /u O;; djuk
iM+sxkA blh izdkj ls] vxj miHkksDrk oLrq 2 dh x
2
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
2
x
2
/u O;; djuk gksxkA blfy, ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;ksa vkSj oLrq 2 dh x
2
bdkb;ksa dk caMy [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k O;; djuh gksxhA og ;g
caMy rHkh [kjhn ik;sxh] tc mlosQ ikl de&ls&de p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k gksA oLrqvksa dh
fo|eku dherksa rFkk viuh vk; osQ vuqlkj miHkksDrk ,slk dksbZ Hkh caMy mlh lhek rd
[kjhn ldrk gS] tc rd mldh dher mldh vk; osQ cjkcj ;k mlls de jgsA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] miHkksDrk dksbZ (x
1
x
2
) caMy fuEu fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS%
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M (2-1)
;g vlerk (2-1) miHkksDrk dk ctV izfrca/ dgykrh gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/
caMyksa osQ lsV dks ctV lsV dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ctV lsV mu lHkh caMyksa dk laxzg
gS] ftls miHkksDrk fo|eku ck”kkj dherksa ij viuh vk; ls [kjhn ldrk gSA
p;u esa nqfo/k
3
fdlh oLrq dh dher dk vk'k; /u dh ml jkf'k ls gS] ftldk Hkqxrku miHkksDrk oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ osQ
fy, djrk gSA vxj eqnzk dh bdkbZ #i;k gS vkSj oLrq dh ek=kk dks fdyksxzke esa ekik tk jgk gS] rks oLrq 1
dh dher p
1
 gksus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd miHkksdrk ftl oLrq dks [kjhnuk pkgrk gS mlosQ fy, mls izfr fdyksxzke
p
1
 #i, nsus gksaxsA
11
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
mnkgj.k  2-1
,d ,sls miHkksDrk dk mnkgj.k ysa] ftlosQ ikl 20 #i, gSa rFkk eku yhft, nksuksa oLrqvksa dh
ykxr 5 #i, j[kh x;h gS vkSj ;s lekdfyr bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa gh miyC/ gSaA tks caMy
miHkksDrk [kjhn ldrk gS] os gSa% (0] 0)] (0] 1)] (0] 2)] (0] 3)] (0] 4)] (1] 0)]
(1]1)] (1]2)] (1]3)] (2]0)] (2]1)] (2]2)] (3]0)] (3]1) rFkk (4]0)A bu
caMyksa esa ls (0] 4)] (1] 3)] (2] 2)] (3] 1) rFkk (4] 0) dh ykxr Bhd 20 #i, gS rFkk
vU; caMyksa dh ykxr 20 #i, ls de gSA miHkksDrk (3] 3) rFkk (4] 5) caMyksa dks [kjhn
ugha ldrk] D;ksafd izpfyr ykxrksa ij mudh dher 20 #i, ls vf/d gSA
2-1-2 ctV js[kk
;fn nksuksa oLrq,¡ iw.kZr% foHkkT; gksa
4
 rks miHkksDrk
osQ ctV lsV esa lHkh caMy (x
1
x
2
) lekfgr
gksasxs] tcfd x
1
 rFkk x
2
 ,slh la[;k,¡ gSa tks
'kwU; (0) vkSj p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M ls cM+h
;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA bl ctV lsV dks js[kkfp=k
2-1 esa ,d vkjs[k osQ }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
/ukRed prqFkk±'k osQ os lHkh caMy tks
js[kk osQ uhps ;k ml ij fLFkr gSa] ctV lsV
esa 'kkfey gSaA js[kk dk lehdj.k gS%
p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
=M (2-2)
bl js[kk esa os lHkh caMy 'kkfey gSa]
ftudh ykxr M osQ cjkcj gSA ;g js[kk
ctV js[kk dgykrh gSA ctV js[kk osQ
uhps osQ fcUnq mu caMyksa dks iznf'kZr djrs
gSa] ftudk ykxr M ls fcYoqQy de gksA
lehdj.k (2-2) dks bl izdkj Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
5
1
21
22
p M
xx
pp
=- (2-3)
ctV js[kk ,d lh/h js[kk gS ftldk leLrjh; var%[kaM 
1
M
p
 rFkk mèokZ/j var%[kaM 
2
M
p
gSA leLrjh; var%[kaM ml caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftldks miHkksDrk mlh fLFkfr esa
[kjhn ldrk gS] ;fn og viuh lkjh vk; oLrq 1 ij O;; dj nsA blh rjg mèokZèkj var%[kaM
ml caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftls miHkksDrk ml fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS] tc og
viuh lkjh vk; oLrq 2 ij O;; dj nsA ctV js[kk dh izo.krk gS 
1
2
p
p
-
ctV lsV% oLrq 1 dh ek=kk {kSfrt v{k rFkk oLrq 2 dh
ek=kk mèokZèkj v{k ij ekih tk jgh gSA bl vkjs[k esa dksbZ
Hkh fcUnq nksuksa oLrqvksa  osQ ,d caMy dks  iznf'kZr djrk gSA
bl ctV lsV esa n'kkZ;h xbZ lh/h js[kk osQ Åij ;k uhps
fLFkr lHkh fcUnq vk tkrs gSaA bldk lehdj.k gS%
p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
=M.
js[kkfp=k 2-1
oLrq 2
M/p
2
M/p
1
px px
11 22
+        = M
O
oLrq 1
4
mnkgj.k esa ftu oLrqvksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k Fkk os vfoHkkT; Fks vkSj osQoy iw.kk±dh; bdkb;ksa esa miyC/ FksA
vusd oLrq foHkkT; gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ os viw.kk±dh; bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa Hkh fo|eku gksrh gSaA ge vk/k larjk ;k pkSFkkbZ
osQyk ugha [kjhn ldrs] ysfdu vk/k fdyks pkoy ;k pkSFkkbZ yhVj nw/ [kjhn ldrs gSaA
5
vius fo|ky; esa xf.kr i<+rs le; vkius i<+k fd lh/h js[kk dk lehdj.k y = c + m x gksrk gS] tgk¡ c mèokZèkj
var%[kaM gS vkSj m lh/h js[kk dh izo.krk gSA vki ns[ksaxs fd lehdj.k (2-3) dk :i Hkh ogh gSA
12
ifjp;kRed
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
ewY; vuqikr rFkk ctV js[kk dh izo.krk
ctV js[kk ij fdlh Hkh fcUnq osQ fo"k; esa lksfp,A ;g fcUnq ,d ,sls caMy dks n'kkZrk gS]
ftl ij miHkksDrk dk iwjk ctV O;; gks tkrk gSA eku yhft, fd vc miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh
1 bdkbZ vf/d ysuk pkgrk gS] rks og ,slk rHkh dj ldrk gS tc og nwljh oLrq dh oqQN
ek=kk dks NksM+ nsA ;fn mls oLrq 1 dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dh pkgr gS] rks mls oLrq 2 dh
fdruh ek=kk NksM+uh iM+sxh\ ;g nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dherksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA oLrq 1 dh ,d
bdkbZ dk ykxr p
1
 gSA vr% mls oLrq 2 ij p
1
 ek=kk osQ cjkcj viuk O;; ?kVkuk iM+sxkA
p
1
 ls og oLrq 2 dh 
1
2
p
p
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhn ldrk gSA vr% ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh ,d
vfrfjDr bdkbZ pkgrh gS vkSj og viuh laiw.kZ vk; dks O;; djrh gS] rks mls oLrq 2 dh
1
2
p
p
 bdkb;k¡ NksM+uh iMs+axhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] nh xbZ ck”kkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dks
oLrq 2 dh txg 
1
2
p
p
 dh nj ij izfrLFkkfir dj ldrk gSA ctV js[kk dh izo.krk dk fujis{k
ewY;
6 
ml nj dks ekirh gS ftl ij miHkksDrk oLrq 2 osQ cnys oLrq 1 ls [kjhnrh gS] tc
og viuk laiw.kZ ctV [kpZ dj nsrk gSA
O
(, ) xx
12
(+ , + ) xxxx
1122
??
?x
1
?x
2
oLrq 2
oLrq 1
ctV js[kk dh izo.krk dh O;qRifÙk
ctV js[kk dh izo.krk iwjh ctV js[kk ij
oLrq 1 osQ izfr bdkbZ ifjorZu dh fLFkfr esa
oLrq 2 esa gq, ifjorZu dh ek=kk dk ekiu
djrh gSA ctV js[kk ij fdUgha nks fcUnqvksa
(x
1
x
2
) rFkk (x
1
 + ?x
1
, x
2
 + ?x
2
) ij
fopkj djsa%
a
,slh fLFkfr esa]
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M (2-4)
rFkk p
1
(x
1
 + ?x
1
) + p
2
(x
2
 + ?x
2
) = M (2-5)
(2-5) esa ls (2-4) dks ?kVkus ij
p
1
?x
1
 + p
2
?x
2
 = 0 (2-6)
(2-6) esa inksa dk iqu;ksZtu djosQ gesa izkIr gksrk gS
21
12
xp
xp
?
=-
?
(2-7)
a
? (MsYVk) ,d xzhd v{kj gSA xf.kr esa ? dk mi;ksx dHkh&dHkh ^,d cnyko* dks n'kkZus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA vr% ?x
1
 
ls vfHkizk; gS x
1
 esa ,d cnyko rFkk ?x
2
 ls vfHkizk; gS x
2
 esa ,d cnykoA
6
Øela[;k x dk fujis{k ewY; x osQ cjkcj gS] vxj x = 0 rFkk – x osQ cjkcj gksA ;fn x<0] x osQ fujis{k ewY;
dks lekU;r% |x| }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Page 5


vè;k; 2
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
bl vè;k; esa ge fdlh ck”kkj esa fo|eku vafre oLrqvksa
1
 osQ izfr miHkksDrk
osQ O;ogkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA miHkksDrk dks ;g fu.kZ; djuk iM+rk gS fd og
fofHkUu oLrqvksa esa ls izR;sd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk dk miHkksx djuk pkgsxkA
gekjk mís'; bl p;u leL;k dk oqQN foLrkj ls vè;;u djuk gSA ge ns[ksaxs
fd miHkksDrk dk p;u] miyC/ fodYiksa rFkk mldh #fp;ksa vkSj vf/ekuksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA ij izkjaHk esa gesa bu miyC/ fodYiksa vkSj miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa
vkSj vf/ekuksa dks crkus osQ fy, dksbZ lgh vkSj lqfo/ktud fof/ fuèkkZfjr
djuh gksxhA mlosQ ckn] ml of.kZr fof/ dk mi;ksx ck”kkj esa miHkksDrk osQ }kjk
fd;s tkus okys p;u dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,xkA
izkjafHkd laosQru rFkk vfHkxzg
miHkksDrk lkekU; :i ls cgqr&lh oLrqvksa dk miHkksx djrk gS] ijarq
ljyhdj.k osQ fy, ge miHkksDrk dh p;u leL;k ij ,slh fLFkfr esa fopkj
djsaxs] tgk¡ osQoy nks gh oLrq,¡
2
 gksaA ge bu nksuksa oLrqvksa dks oLrq 1 rFkk
oLrq 2 dgsaxsA nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek=kkvksa dh dksbZ Hkh lfEefyr jkf'k dks
miHkksDrk caMy vFkok la{ksi esa caMy dg ldrs gSaA lkekU;r% ge oLrq 1
dh ek=kk dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
1
 ifjorZ dk vkSj oLrq 2 dh ek=kk dks
O;Dr djus osQ fy, x
2
 ifjorZ dk mi;ksx djsaxsA x
1
 vkSj x
2
 /ukRed ;k
'kwU; gks ldrs gSaA (x
1
,x
2
), dk rkRi;Z gksxk fd oLrq 1 dh x
1
 ek=kk rFkk oLrq
2 dh x
2
 ek=kkA x
1
 rFkk x
2
 osQ fdlh fo'ks"k ewY; osQ fy, (x
1
, x
2
)] gesa ,d
fo'ks"k caMy iznku djrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ caMy (5] 10) esa oLrq 1 dh 5
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 10 bdkb;k¡ gSa_ caMy (10] 5) esa oLrq 1 dh 10
bdkb;k¡ vkSj oLrq 2 dh 5 bdkb;k¡ gSaA
2-1 miHkksDrk dk ctV
eku yhft, fdlh miHkksDrk osQ ikl osQoy ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa iSls (vk;)
,slh nks oLrqvksa ij O;; djus osQ fy, gSa] ftudh ykxr ck”kkj esa nh x;h gSaA
1
^oLrqvksa* 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZ=k oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA
2
;g /kj.kk gS fd oLrq,¡ osQoy nks gh gSa fo'ys"k.k dks ljy dj nsrh gSa vkSj ljy vkjs[kksa osQ ”kfj, egÙoiw.kZ
ladYiukvksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gSaA
10
ifjp;kRed
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
miHkksDrk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh vyx&vyx ;k feyh&tqyh ,slh ek=kk dks ugha [kjhn ldrk] ftudk
og miHkksx djuk pkgrk gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/ miHkksx caMy nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dher
rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fuf'pr vk; rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dherksa dks ns[krs
gq, miHkksDrk osQoy mUgha caMyksa dks [kjhn ldrk gSS ftudk ewY; mldh vk; ls de gks ;k
cjkcj gksA
2-1-1 ctV lsV
eku yhft, miHkksDrk dh vk; M gS rFkk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dhersa Øe'k% p
1
 rFkk p
2
 gSaA
3
 ;fn
miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS rks mls oqQy feykdj p
1
x
1
 /u O;; djuk
iM+sxkA blh izdkj ls] vxj miHkksDrk oLrq 2 dh x
2
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
2
x
2
/u O;; djuk gksxkA blfy, ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh x
1
 bdkb;ksa vkSj oLrq 2 dh x
2
bdkb;ksa dk caMy [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] rks mls p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k O;; djuh gksxhA og ;g
caMy rHkh [kjhn ik;sxh] tc mlosQ ikl de&ls&de p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
 /u jkf'k gksA oLrqvksa dh
fo|eku dherksa rFkk viuh vk; osQ vuqlkj miHkksDrk ,slk dksbZ Hkh caMy mlh lhek rd
[kjhn ldrk gS] tc rd mldh dher mldh vk; osQ cjkcj ;k mlls de jgsA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] miHkksDrk dksbZ (x
1
x
2
) caMy fuEu fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS%
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M (2-1)
;g vlerk (2-1) miHkksDrk dk ctV izfrca/ dgykrh gSA miHkksDrk osQ fy, miyC/
caMyksa osQ lsV dks ctV lsV dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ctV lsV mu lHkh caMyksa dk laxzg
gS] ftls miHkksDrk fo|eku ck”kkj dherksa ij viuh vk; ls [kjhn ldrk gSA
p;u esa nqfo/k
3
fdlh oLrq dh dher dk vk'k; /u dh ml jkf'k ls gS] ftldk Hkqxrku miHkksDrk oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ osQ
fy, djrk gSA vxj eqnzk dh bdkbZ #i;k gS vkSj oLrq dh ek=kk dks fdyksxzke esa ekik tk jgk gS] rks oLrq 1
dh dher p
1
 gksus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd miHkksdrk ftl oLrq dks [kjhnuk pkgrk gS mlosQ fy, mls izfr fdyksxzke
p
1
 #i, nsus gksaxsA
11
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
mnkgj.k  2-1
,d ,sls miHkksDrk dk mnkgj.k ysa] ftlosQ ikl 20 #i, gSa rFkk eku yhft, nksuksa oLrqvksa dh
ykxr 5 #i, j[kh x;h gS vkSj ;s lekdfyr bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa gh miyC/ gSaA tks caMy
miHkksDrk [kjhn ldrk gS] os gSa% (0] 0)] (0] 1)] (0] 2)] (0] 3)] (0] 4)] (1] 0)]
(1]1)] (1]2)] (1]3)] (2]0)] (2]1)] (2]2)] (3]0)] (3]1) rFkk (4]0)A bu
caMyksa esa ls (0] 4)] (1] 3)] (2] 2)] (3] 1) rFkk (4] 0) dh ykxr Bhd 20 #i, gS rFkk
vU; caMyksa dh ykxr 20 #i, ls de gSA miHkksDrk (3] 3) rFkk (4] 5) caMyksa dks [kjhn
ugha ldrk] D;ksafd izpfyr ykxrksa ij mudh dher 20 #i, ls vf/d gSA
2-1-2 ctV js[kk
;fn nksuksa oLrq,¡ iw.kZr% foHkkT; gksa
4
 rks miHkksDrk
osQ ctV lsV esa lHkh caMy (x
1
x
2
) lekfgr
gksasxs] tcfd x
1
 rFkk x
2
 ,slh la[;k,¡ gSa tks
'kwU; (0) vkSj p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M ls cM+h
;k mlosQ cjkcj gSA bl ctV lsV dks js[kkfp=k
2-1 esa ,d vkjs[k osQ }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
/ukRed prqFkk±'k osQ os lHkh caMy tks
js[kk osQ uhps ;k ml ij fLFkr gSa] ctV lsV
esa 'kkfey gSaA js[kk dk lehdj.k gS%
p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
=M (2-2)
bl js[kk esa os lHkh caMy 'kkfey gSa]
ftudh ykxr M osQ cjkcj gSA ;g js[kk
ctV js[kk dgykrh gSA ctV js[kk osQ
uhps osQ fcUnq mu caMyksa dks iznf'kZr djrs
gSa] ftudk ykxr M ls fcYoqQy de gksA
lehdj.k (2-2) dks bl izdkj Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
5
1
21
22
p M
xx
pp
=- (2-3)
ctV js[kk ,d lh/h js[kk gS ftldk leLrjh; var%[kaM 
1
M
p
 rFkk mèokZ/j var%[kaM 
2
M
p
gSA leLrjh; var%[kaM ml caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftldks miHkksDrk mlh fLFkfr esa
[kjhn ldrk gS] ;fn og viuh lkjh vk; oLrq 1 ij O;; dj nsA blh rjg mèokZèkj var%[kaM
ml caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS ftls miHkksDrk ml fLFkfr esa [kjhn ldrk gS] tc og
viuh lkjh vk; oLrq 2 ij O;; dj nsA ctV js[kk dh izo.krk gS 
1
2
p
p
-
ctV lsV% oLrq 1 dh ek=kk {kSfrt v{k rFkk oLrq 2 dh
ek=kk mèokZèkj v{k ij ekih tk jgh gSA bl vkjs[k esa dksbZ
Hkh fcUnq nksuksa oLrqvksa  osQ ,d caMy dks  iznf'kZr djrk gSA
bl ctV lsV esa n'kkZ;h xbZ lh/h js[kk osQ Åij ;k uhps
fLFkr lHkh fcUnq vk tkrs gSaA bldk lehdj.k gS%
p
1
x
1
+p
2
x
2
=M.
js[kkfp=k 2-1
oLrq 2
M/p
2
M/p
1
px px
11 22
+        = M
O
oLrq 1
4
mnkgj.k esa ftu oLrqvksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k Fkk os vfoHkkT; Fks vkSj osQoy iw.kk±dh; bdkb;ksa esa miyC/ FksA
vusd oLrq foHkkT; gksrh gSa vFkkZr~ os viw.kk±dh; bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa Hkh fo|eku gksrh gSaA ge vk/k larjk ;k pkSFkkbZ
osQyk ugha [kjhn ldrs] ysfdu vk/k fdyks pkoy ;k pkSFkkbZ yhVj nw/ [kjhn ldrs gSaA
5
vius fo|ky; esa xf.kr i<+rs le; vkius i<+k fd lh/h js[kk dk lehdj.k y = c + m x gksrk gS] tgk¡ c mèokZèkj
var%[kaM gS vkSj m lh/h js[kk dh izo.krk gSA vki ns[ksaxs fd lehdj.k (2-3) dk :i Hkh ogh gSA
12
ifjp;kRed
O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k
ewY; vuqikr rFkk ctV js[kk dh izo.krk
ctV js[kk ij fdlh Hkh fcUnq osQ fo"k; esa lksfp,A ;g fcUnq ,d ,sls caMy dks n'kkZrk gS]
ftl ij miHkksDrk dk iwjk ctV O;; gks tkrk gSA eku yhft, fd vc miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh
1 bdkbZ vf/d ysuk pkgrk gS] rks og ,slk rHkh dj ldrk gS tc og nwljh oLrq dh oqQN
ek=kk dks NksM+ nsA ;fn mls oLrq 1 dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dh pkgr gS] rks mls oLrq 2 dh
fdruh ek=kk NksM+uh iM+sxh\ ;g nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dherksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA oLrq 1 dh ,d
bdkbZ dk ykxr p
1
 gSA vr% mls oLrq 2 ij p
1
 ek=kk osQ cjkcj viuk O;; ?kVkuk iM+sxkA
p
1
 ls og oLrq 2 dh 
1
2
p
p
 bdkb;k¡ [kjhn ldrk gSA vr% ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dh ,d
vfrfjDr bdkbZ pkgrh gS vkSj og viuh laiw.kZ vk; dks O;; djrh gS] rks mls oLrq 2 dh
1
2
p
p
 bdkb;k¡ NksM+uh iMs+axhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] nh xbZ ck”kkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa miHkksDrk oLrq 1 dks
oLrq 2 dh txg 
1
2
p
p
 dh nj ij izfrLFkkfir dj ldrk gSA ctV js[kk dh izo.krk dk fujis{k
ewY;
6 
ml nj dks ekirh gS ftl ij miHkksDrk oLrq 2 osQ cnys oLrq 1 ls [kjhnrh gS] tc
og viuk laiw.kZ ctV [kpZ dj nsrk gSA
O
(, ) xx
12
(+ , + ) xxxx
1122
??
?x
1
?x
2
oLrq 2
oLrq 1
ctV js[kk dh izo.krk dh O;qRifÙk
ctV js[kk dh izo.krk iwjh ctV js[kk ij
oLrq 1 osQ izfr bdkbZ ifjorZu dh fLFkfr esa
oLrq 2 esa gq, ifjorZu dh ek=kk dk ekiu
djrh gSA ctV js[kk ij fdUgha nks fcUnqvksa
(x
1
x
2
) rFkk (x
1
 + ?x
1
, x
2
 + ?x
2
) ij
fopkj djsa%
a
,slh fLFkfr esa]
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M (2-4)
rFkk p
1
(x
1
 + ?x
1
) + p
2
(x
2
 + ?x
2
) = M (2-5)
(2-5) esa ls (2-4) dks ?kVkus ij
p
1
?x
1
 + p
2
?x
2
 = 0 (2-6)
(2-6) esa inksa dk iqu;ksZtu djosQ gesa izkIr gksrk gS
21
12
xp
xp
?
=-
?
(2-7)
a
? (MsYVk) ,d xzhd v{kj gSA xf.kr esa ? dk mi;ksx dHkh&dHkh ^,d cnyko* dks n'kkZus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA vr% ?x
1
 
ls vfHkizk; gS x
1
 esa ,d cnyko rFkk ?x
2
 ls vfHkizk; gS x
2
 esa ,d cnykoA
6
Øela[;k x dk fujis{k ewY; x osQ cjkcj gS] vxj x = 0 rFkk – x osQ cjkcj gksA ;fn x<0] x osQ fujis{k ewY;
dks lekU;r% |x| }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
13
miHkksDrk osQ
O;ogkj dk fl¼kar
ctV js[kk osQ uhps fLFkr fcUnq
ctV js[kk ls fLFkr uhps fdlh Hkh fcUnq dks
yhft,A ;g fcUnq ,d ,sls caMy dks n'kkZrk gS]
ftldh dher miHkksDrk dh vk; ls de gSA
vr% ;fn miHkksDrk ,slk caMy [kjhnrk gS] rks
mlosQ ikl oqQN iSlk cpsxkA fl¼karr% miHkksDrk
bl vfrfjDr iSls dks nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d oLrq
ij [kpZ dj ldrk gS rFkk ,d ,slk caMy [kjhn
ldrk gS ftlesa nksuksa oLrqvksa esa ls fdlh ,d
dh vf/d ek=kk gks rFkk ctV js[kk osQ uhps
fLFkr caMyksa dh rqyuk esa mlls de gksA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] ctV js[kk osQ uhps fLFkr fcUnq dh
rqyuk esa ctV js[kk ij oqQN caMy gksrs gSa]
ftlesa nksuksa oLrqvksa esa ls ,d oLrq dh vf/d bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSa vkSj nwljh oLrq dh Hkh dkiQh
bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSaA fp=k 2-2 esa blh rF; dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS_ fcUnq C ctV js[kk osQ uhps gS
tcfd fcUnq A rFkk B ctV js[kk ij gSA fcUnq C dh rqyuk esa fcUnq A oLrq 2 dh vfèkd
ek=kk rFkk oLrq 1 dh leku ek=kk dks n'kkZrk gSA fcUnq B fcUnq C dh rqyuk esa oLrq 1 dh
vf/d ek=kk rFkk oLrq 2 dh leku ek=kk n'kkZrk gSA js[kk [kaM B ij dksbZ Hkh vU; fcUnq ,sls
caMy dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gS] ftlesa C dh rqyuk esa nksuksa oLrqvksa dh ek=kk vf/d gSA
2-1-3 ctV lsV esa cnyko
miyC/ caMyksa dk lsV nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dher rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
tc nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh oLrq dh dher vFkok miHkksDrk dh vk; cnyrh gS] rks miyC/
caMy dk lsV Hkh cny ldrk gSA eku yhft, fd miHkksDrk dh vk; M ls cny dj M'
gks tkrh gS] ijUrq nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dhersa ugha cnyrhaA ubZ vk; gksus ij miHkksDrk lHkh
caMy (x
1
;x
2
) [kjhn ldrk gS] ftlosQ gksus ij p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M' vc ctV js[kk dk
lehdj.k gS
p
1
x
1
 + p
2
x
2
 = M
'
(2-8)
lehdj.k (2-8) fuEu :i esa Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gS
1
21
22
p M
xx
pp
'
=- (2-9)
è;ku nhft, fd ubZ ctV js[kk dh izo.krk ogh gS tks miHkksDrk dh vk; esa ifjorZu gksus
ls igys dh ctV js[kk dh izo.krk FkhA rFkkfi] vk; esa cnyko osQ ckn ÅèokZ/j var%[kaM
cny x;k gSA ;fn vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ ;fn M'>M, rc ÅèokZ/j var%[kaM c<+rk gS
vkSj bl izdkj ctV js[kk osQ lekuakrj ckg~; foLFkkiu gksrk gSA ;fn vk; c<+rh gS] rks
miHkksDrk fo|eku ck”kkj dherksa ij vfèkd oLrq,¡ [kjhn ldrk gSA blh izdkj] ;fn vk;
?kVrh gS] vFkkZr~~  ;fn M'<M, rks ÅèokZèkj var%[kaM ?kVrk gS rFkk bl izdkj ctV js[kk esa
lekukarj vkod LFkkukiUu gksrk gSA ;fn vk; de gksrh gS] rks oLrqvksa dh miyC/rk Hkh ?kVrh
tkrh gSA nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dhersa leku jgus ij miHkksDrk dh vk; esa cnyko osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
miyC/ caMyksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks js[kkfp=k 2-3 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
ctV js[kk osQ uhps dh fcUnq% ctV js[kk osQ uhps dh
fcUnq dks rqyuk djus ij] ctV js[kk ij ges'kk oqQN
caMy gksrs gSa ftlesa fdlh ,d oLrq dh vf/d ek=kk
rFkk nwljs oLrq dh ek=kk Hkh de ugha gksrh gSA
O
C
A
B
oLrq 2
oLrq 1
js[kkfp=k 2-2
Read More
916 docs|393 tests

Top Courses for UPSC

916 docs|393 tests
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for UPSC exam

Top Courses for UPSC

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

Sample Paper

,

NCERT Textbook: उपभोक्ता के व्यवहार का सिद्धांत | NCERT Textbooks in Hindi (Class 6 to Class 12) - UPSC

,

ppt

,

Viva Questions

,

past year papers

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

Important questions

,

Free

,

Semester Notes

,

mock tests for examination

,

practice quizzes

,

video lectures

,

Summary

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

NCERT Textbook: उपभोक्ता के व्यवहार का सिद्धांत | NCERT Textbooks in Hindi (Class 6 to Class 12) - UPSC

,

study material

,

Exam

,

pdf

,

MCQs

,

Extra Questions

,

Objective type Questions

,

NCERT Textbook: उपभोक्ता के व्यवहार का सिद्धांत | NCERT Textbooks in Hindi (Class 6 to Class 12) - UPSC

;