NCERT Textbook: भारत में खाद्य सुरक्षा | भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था (Indian Economy) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 41
4
vè;k;
4
fdlh vkink osQ le; [kk| lqj{kk oSQls izHkkfor gksrh
gS\ fdlh izkÑfrd vkink tSls] lw[ks osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu
dh oqQy mit esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA blls izHkkfor {ks=k esa
[kk| dh deh gks tkrh gSA [kk| dh deh osQ dkj.k dhersa
c<+ tkrh gSaA oqQN yksx Å¡ph dherksa ij [kk| inkFkZ ugha
[kjhn ldrsA vxj ;g vkink vfèkd foLr`r {ks=k esa vkrh
gS ;k vfèkd yacs le; rd cuh jgrh gS] rks Hkq[kejh dh
fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA O;kid Hkq[kejh ls vdky dh
fLFkfr cu ldrh gSA
1970 osQ n'kd esa [kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ Fkkµ^vkèkkfjd
[kk| inkFkks± dh lnSo i;kZIr miyCèkrk* (la- jk- 1975)A
veR;Z lsu us [kk| lqj{kk esa ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k vkSj
gdnkfj;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kk| rd igq¡p ij ”kksj fn;kA
gdnkfj;ksa dk vfHkçk; jkT; ;k lkekftd :i ls
miyCèk djkbZ xbZ vU; iwfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mu oLrqvksa
ls gS] ftudk mRiknu vkSj fofue; ck”kkj esa fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rnuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk
osQ vFkZ esa dkI
+
kQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA fo'o [kk| f'k[kj
lEesyu] 1995 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ^^oS;fDrd]
ikfjokfjd] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij [kk|
lqj{kk dk vfLrRo rHkh gS] tc lfØ; vkSj LoLFk thou
O;rhr djus osQ fy, vkgkj lacaèkh ”k:jrksa vkSj [kk|
inkFkks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr] lqjf{kr ,oa ikSf"Vd
[kk| rd lHkh yksxkas dh HkkSfrd ,oa vk£Fkd igq¡p lnSo
gks** ([kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu 1996] i`"B 3)A blosQ
vfrfjDr ?kks"k.kk esa ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd
^^[kk| rd igq¡p c<+kus esa fuèkZurk dk mUewyu fd;k
tkuk ijeko';d gSA**
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk
[kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ gS] lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, lnSo Hkkstu
dh miyCèkrk] igq¡p vkSj mls çkIr djus dk lkeF;ZA tc
Hkh vukt osQ mRiknu ;k mlosQ forj.k dh leL;k vkrh
gS] rks lgt gh fuèkZu ifjokj blls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs
gaSA [kk| lqj{kk lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh] 'kkldh;
lroZQrk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk osQ [krjs dh fLFkfr esa
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
[kk| lqj{kk D;k gS\
thou osQ fy, Hkkstu mruk gh vko';d gS ftruk fd lk¡l
ysus osQ fy, ok;qA ysfdu [kk| lqj{kk ek=k nks twu dh jksVh
ikuk ugha gS] cfYd mlls dgha vfèkd gSA [kk| lqj{kk osQ
fuEufyf[kr vk;ke gSa %
(d) [kk| miyCèkrk dk rkRi;Z ns'k esa [kk| mRiknu] [kk|
vk;kr vkSj ljdkjh vukt HkaMkjksa easa lafpr fiNys o"kks±
osQ LVkWd ls gSA
([k) igaq¡p dk vFkZ gS fd [kk| çR;sd O;fDr dks feyrk jgsA
(x) lkeF;Z dk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa osQ ikl viuh Hkkstu
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr vkSj
ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kjhnus osQ fy, èku miyCèk gksA
fdlh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk osQoy rHkh lqfuf'pr gksrh gS
tc (1) lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, i;kZIr [kk| miyCèk gks] (2)
lHkh yksxksa osQ ikl Lohdk;Z xq.koÙkk osQ [kk|&inkFkZ [kjhnus dh
{kerk gks vkSj (3) [kk| dh miyCèkrk esa dksbZ ckèkk ugha gksA
[kk| lqj{kk D;ksa\
lekt dk vfèkd xjhc oxZ rks gj le; [kk| vlqj{kk ls
xzLr gks ldrk gS ijarq tc ns'k HkwoaQi] lw[kk] ck<+] lqukeh]
iQlyksa osQ [kjkc gksus ls iSnk gq, vdky vkfn jk"Vªh;
vkinkvksa ls xq”kj jgk gks] rks fu/Zurk js[kk ls Åij osQ yksx
Hkh [kk| vlqj{kk ls xzLr gks ldrs gSaA
voyksdu
Page 2


Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 41
4
vè;k;
4
fdlh vkink osQ le; [kk| lqj{kk oSQls izHkkfor gksrh
gS\ fdlh izkÑfrd vkink tSls] lw[ks osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu
dh oqQy mit esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA blls izHkkfor {ks=k esa
[kk| dh deh gks tkrh gSA [kk| dh deh osQ dkj.k dhersa
c<+ tkrh gSaA oqQN yksx Å¡ph dherksa ij [kk| inkFkZ ugha
[kjhn ldrsA vxj ;g vkink vfèkd foLr`r {ks=k esa vkrh
gS ;k vfèkd yacs le; rd cuh jgrh gS] rks Hkq[kejh dh
fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA O;kid Hkq[kejh ls vdky dh
fLFkfr cu ldrh gSA
1970 osQ n'kd esa [kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ Fkkµ^vkèkkfjd
[kk| inkFkks± dh lnSo i;kZIr miyCèkrk* (la- jk- 1975)A
veR;Z lsu us [kk| lqj{kk esa ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k vkSj
gdnkfj;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kk| rd igq¡p ij ”kksj fn;kA
gdnkfj;ksa dk vfHkçk; jkT; ;k lkekftd :i ls
miyCèk djkbZ xbZ vU; iwfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mu oLrqvksa
ls gS] ftudk mRiknu vkSj fofue; ck”kkj esa fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rnuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk
osQ vFkZ esa dkI
+
kQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA fo'o [kk| f'k[kj
lEesyu] 1995 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ^^oS;fDrd]
ikfjokfjd] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij [kk|
lqj{kk dk vfLrRo rHkh gS] tc lfØ; vkSj LoLFk thou
O;rhr djus osQ fy, vkgkj lacaèkh ”k:jrksa vkSj [kk|
inkFkks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr] lqjf{kr ,oa ikSf"Vd
[kk| rd lHkh yksxkas dh HkkSfrd ,oa vk£Fkd igq¡p lnSo
gks** ([kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu 1996] i`"B 3)A blosQ
vfrfjDr ?kks"k.kk esa ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd
^^[kk| rd igq¡p c<+kus esa fuèkZurk dk mUewyu fd;k
tkuk ijeko';d gSA**
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk
[kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ gS] lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, lnSo Hkkstu
dh miyCèkrk] igq¡p vkSj mls çkIr djus dk lkeF;ZA tc
Hkh vukt osQ mRiknu ;k mlosQ forj.k dh leL;k vkrh
gS] rks lgt gh fuèkZu ifjokj blls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs
gaSA [kk| lqj{kk lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh] 'kkldh;
lroZQrk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk osQ [krjs dh fLFkfr esa
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
[kk| lqj{kk D;k gS\
thou osQ fy, Hkkstu mruk gh vko';d gS ftruk fd lk¡l
ysus osQ fy, ok;qA ysfdu [kk| lqj{kk ek=k nks twu dh jksVh
ikuk ugha gS] cfYd mlls dgha vfèkd gSA [kk| lqj{kk osQ
fuEufyf[kr vk;ke gSa %
(d) [kk| miyCèkrk dk rkRi;Z ns'k esa [kk| mRiknu] [kk|
vk;kr vkSj ljdkjh vukt HkaMkjksa easa lafpr fiNys o"kks±
osQ LVkWd ls gSA
([k) igaq¡p dk vFkZ gS fd [kk| çR;sd O;fDr dks feyrk jgsA
(x) lkeF;Z dk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa osQ ikl viuh Hkkstu
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr vkSj
ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kjhnus osQ fy, èku miyCèk gksA
fdlh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk osQoy rHkh lqfuf'pr gksrh gS
tc (1) lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, i;kZIr [kk| miyCèk gks] (2)
lHkh yksxksa osQ ikl Lohdk;Z xq.koÙkk osQ [kk|&inkFkZ [kjhnus dh
{kerk gks vkSj (3) [kk| dh miyCèkrk esa dksbZ ckèkk ugha gksA
[kk| lqj{kk D;ksa\
lekt dk vfèkd xjhc oxZ rks gj le; [kk| vlqj{kk ls
xzLr gks ldrk gS ijarq tc ns'k HkwoaQi] lw[kk] ck<+] lqukeh]
iQlyksa osQ [kjkc gksus ls iSnk gq, vdky vkfn jk"Vªh;
vkinkvksa ls xq”kj jgk gks] rks fu/Zurk js[kk ls Åij osQ yksx
Hkh [kk| vlqj{kk ls xzLr gks ldrs gSaA
voyksdu
42 vFkZ'kkL=k
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• oqQN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd caxky dk vdky pkoy dh deh osQ dkj.k gqvk FkkA lkj.kh 4-1 dk vè;;u djsa vkSj
crk,¡ fd D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\
• fdl o"kZ esa [kk| miyCèkrk esa Hkkjh deh gqbZ\
D;k vkidks ekywwe gS fd caxky osQ vdky ls lcls
vfèkd dkSu yksx çHkkfor gq,\ pkoy dh dherksa esa
Hkkjh o`f¼ ls [ksfrgj e”knwj] eNqvkjs] ifjogudehZ
vkSj vU; vfu;fer Jfed lcls vfèkd izHkkfor
gq,A bl vdky esa lcls vfèkd ogh ejsA
o"kZ mRiknu vk;kr fu;kZr oqQy miyCèkrk
(yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu)
1938 85 & & 85
1939 79 04 & 83
1940 82 03 & 85
1941 68 02 & 70
1942 93 & 01 92
1943 76 03 & 79
lzksr % lsu] ,-osQ-] 1983] i`"B 61 (ns[ksa bl vè;k; dk ^lanHkZ*)
lkj.kh 4-1 % caxky çkar esa pkoy dh mit
vdky osQ nkSjku cM+s iSekus ij ekSrsa gksrh gSa tks Hkq[kejh
rFkk foo'k gksdj nwf"kr ty ;k lM+s Hkkstu osQ iz;ksx ls
iSQyus okyh egkekfj;ksa rFkk Hkq[kejh ls mRi de”kksjh ls jksxksa
osQ izfr 'kjhj dh izfrjksèkh {kerk esa fxjkoV osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa tks lcls Hk;kud vdky iM+k Fkk] og 1943
dk caxky dk vdky FkkA bl vdky esa Hkkjr osQ caxky izkar
esa rhl yk[k yksx ekjs x, FksA
fp=k 4-1 % jkgr oasQnz ij Hkq[kejh ls ihfM+r yksx] 1945 fp=k 4-2 % 1943 osQ caxky osQ vdky osQ nkSjku iwohZ caxky osQ
pVxk¡o f”kys esa xk¡o NksM+ dj tkrk gqvk ,d ifjokjA
Page 3


Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 41
4
vè;k;
4
fdlh vkink osQ le; [kk| lqj{kk oSQls izHkkfor gksrh
gS\ fdlh izkÑfrd vkink tSls] lw[ks osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu
dh oqQy mit esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA blls izHkkfor {ks=k esa
[kk| dh deh gks tkrh gSA [kk| dh deh osQ dkj.k dhersa
c<+ tkrh gSaA oqQN yksx Å¡ph dherksa ij [kk| inkFkZ ugha
[kjhn ldrsA vxj ;g vkink vfèkd foLr`r {ks=k esa vkrh
gS ;k vfèkd yacs le; rd cuh jgrh gS] rks Hkq[kejh dh
fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA O;kid Hkq[kejh ls vdky dh
fLFkfr cu ldrh gSA
1970 osQ n'kd esa [kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ Fkkµ^vkèkkfjd
[kk| inkFkks± dh lnSo i;kZIr miyCèkrk* (la- jk- 1975)A
veR;Z lsu us [kk| lqj{kk esa ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k vkSj
gdnkfj;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kk| rd igq¡p ij ”kksj fn;kA
gdnkfj;ksa dk vfHkçk; jkT; ;k lkekftd :i ls
miyCèk djkbZ xbZ vU; iwfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mu oLrqvksa
ls gS] ftudk mRiknu vkSj fofue; ck”kkj esa fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rnuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk
osQ vFkZ esa dkI
+
kQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA fo'o [kk| f'k[kj
lEesyu] 1995 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ^^oS;fDrd]
ikfjokfjd] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij [kk|
lqj{kk dk vfLrRo rHkh gS] tc lfØ; vkSj LoLFk thou
O;rhr djus osQ fy, vkgkj lacaèkh ”k:jrksa vkSj [kk|
inkFkks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr] lqjf{kr ,oa ikSf"Vd
[kk| rd lHkh yksxkas dh HkkSfrd ,oa vk£Fkd igq¡p lnSo
gks** ([kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu 1996] i`"B 3)A blosQ
vfrfjDr ?kks"k.kk esa ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd
^^[kk| rd igq¡p c<+kus esa fuèkZurk dk mUewyu fd;k
tkuk ijeko';d gSA**
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk
[kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ gS] lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, lnSo Hkkstu
dh miyCèkrk] igq¡p vkSj mls çkIr djus dk lkeF;ZA tc
Hkh vukt osQ mRiknu ;k mlosQ forj.k dh leL;k vkrh
gS] rks lgt gh fuèkZu ifjokj blls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs
gaSA [kk| lqj{kk lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh] 'kkldh;
lroZQrk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk osQ [krjs dh fLFkfr esa
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
[kk| lqj{kk D;k gS\
thou osQ fy, Hkkstu mruk gh vko';d gS ftruk fd lk¡l
ysus osQ fy, ok;qA ysfdu [kk| lqj{kk ek=k nks twu dh jksVh
ikuk ugha gS] cfYd mlls dgha vfèkd gSA [kk| lqj{kk osQ
fuEufyf[kr vk;ke gSa %
(d) [kk| miyCèkrk dk rkRi;Z ns'k esa [kk| mRiknu] [kk|
vk;kr vkSj ljdkjh vukt HkaMkjksa easa lafpr fiNys o"kks±
osQ LVkWd ls gSA
([k) igaq¡p dk vFkZ gS fd [kk| çR;sd O;fDr dks feyrk jgsA
(x) lkeF;Z dk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa osQ ikl viuh Hkkstu
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr vkSj
ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kjhnus osQ fy, èku miyCèk gksA
fdlh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk osQoy rHkh lqfuf'pr gksrh gS
tc (1) lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, i;kZIr [kk| miyCèk gks] (2)
lHkh yksxksa osQ ikl Lohdk;Z xq.koÙkk osQ [kk|&inkFkZ [kjhnus dh
{kerk gks vkSj (3) [kk| dh miyCèkrk esa dksbZ ckèkk ugha gksA
[kk| lqj{kk D;ksa\
lekt dk vfèkd xjhc oxZ rks gj le; [kk| vlqj{kk ls
xzLr gks ldrk gS ijarq tc ns'k HkwoaQi] lw[kk] ck<+] lqukeh]
iQlyksa osQ [kjkc gksus ls iSnk gq, vdky vkfn jk"Vªh;
vkinkvksa ls xq”kj jgk gks] rks fu/Zurk js[kk ls Åij osQ yksx
Hkh [kk| vlqj{kk ls xzLr gks ldrs gSaA
voyksdu
42 vFkZ'kkL=k
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• oqQN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd caxky dk vdky pkoy dh deh osQ dkj.k gqvk FkkA lkj.kh 4-1 dk vè;;u djsa vkSj
crk,¡ fd D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\
• fdl o"kZ esa [kk| miyCèkrk esa Hkkjh deh gqbZ\
D;k vkidks ekywwe gS fd caxky osQ vdky ls lcls
vfèkd dkSu yksx çHkkfor gq,\ pkoy dh dherksa esa
Hkkjh o`f¼ ls [ksfrgj e”knwj] eNqvkjs] ifjogudehZ
vkSj vU; vfu;fer Jfed lcls vfèkd izHkkfor
gq,A bl vdky esa lcls vfèkd ogh ejsA
o"kZ mRiknu vk;kr fu;kZr oqQy miyCèkrk
(yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu)
1938 85 & & 85
1939 79 04 & 83
1940 82 03 & 85
1941 68 02 & 70
1942 93 & 01 92
1943 76 03 & 79
lzksr % lsu] ,-osQ-] 1983] i`"B 61 (ns[ksa bl vè;k; dk ^lanHkZ*)
lkj.kh 4-1 % caxky çkar esa pkoy dh mit
vdky osQ nkSjku cM+s iSekus ij ekSrsa gksrh gSa tks Hkq[kejh
rFkk foo'k gksdj nwf"kr ty ;k lM+s Hkkstu osQ iz;ksx ls
iSQyus okyh egkekfj;ksa rFkk Hkq[kejh ls mRi de”kksjh ls jksxksa
osQ izfr 'kjhj dh izfrjksèkh {kerk esa fxjkoV osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa tks lcls Hk;kud vdky iM+k Fkk] og 1943
dk caxky dk vdky FkkA bl vdky esa Hkkjr osQ caxky izkar
esa rhl yk[k yksx ekjs x, FksA
fp=k 4-1 % jkgr oasQnz ij Hkq[kejh ls ihfM+r yksx] 1945 fp=k 4-2 % 1943 osQ caxky osQ vdky osQ nkSjku iwohZ caxky osQ
pVxk¡o f”kys esa xk¡o NksM+ dj tkrk gqvk ,d ifjokjA
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 43
Hkkjr esa caxky tSlk vdky iqu% dHkh ugha iM+kA ysfdu
;g ¯prk dk fo"k; gS fd vkt Hkh mM+hlk esa dkykgkaMh rFkk
dk'khiqj tSls LFkku gSa] tgk¡ vdky tSlh n'kk,¡ vusd o"kks± ls
cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj ,slh Hkh lwpuk feyh gS fd ogk¡ Hkw[k osQ
dkj.k oqQN yksxksa dh e`R;q Hkh gqbZ gSA gky osQ oqQN o"kks± esa
jktLFkku osQ ckju f”kys] >kj[kaM osQ ikykew f”kys rFkk vU;
lqnwjorhZ {ks=kksa esa Hkw[k osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh e`R;q dh lwpuk
feyh gSA vr% fdlh Hkh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk vko';d gksrh
gS rkfd lnSo [kk| dh miyCèkrk lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA
[kk|&vlqjf{kr dkSu gSa\
;|fi Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk ,d cM+k oxZ [kk| ,oa iks"k.k dh
n`f"V ls vlqjf{kr gS] ijarq blls lokZfèkd çHkkfor oxks± esa
fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa % Hkwfeghu tks FkksM+h cgqr vFkok ux.;
Hkwfe ij fuHkZj gSa] ikjaifjd nLrdkj] ikjaifjd lsok,¡ çnku
djus okys yksx] viuk NksVk&eksVk dke djus okys dkexkj
vkSj fujkfJr rFkk fHk[kkjhA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls
vlqjf{kr os ifjokj gSa ftuosQ dkedkth lnL; çk;% de
osru okys O;olk;ksa vkSj vfu;r Je&ck”kkj esa dke djrs gaSA
;s dkexkj vfèkdrj ekSleh dk;ks± esa yxs gSa vkSj mudks bruh
de e”knwjh nh tkrh gS fd os ek=k thfor jg ldrs gSaA
lq>k, x, dk;Z
(d)fp=k 4-1 esa vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
([k)igys fp=k esa dkSu lk vk;q oxZ fn[k jgk gS\
(x) D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd fp=k 4-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k
ifjokj xjhc gS\ D;ksa\
(?k) D;k vki vdky iM+us ls igys (nksuksa fp=kksa esa fn[kk,
x,) yksxksa dh thfodk osQ lzksr osQ ckjs esa vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa\ (xk¡o osQ lanHkZ esa)
(Ä)Kkr djsa fd fdlh jkgr f'kfoj esa izkÑfrd vkink osQ
ihfM+rksa dks fdl rjg dh enn nh tkrh gSA
(p) D;k vkius bl rjg osQ ihfM+rksa dh dHkh (èku] [kk|]
diM+kass] nokvksa vkfn osQ :i esa) lgk;rk dh gS\
ifj;kstuk dk;Z % Hkkjr esa vdky laca èkh vkSj
lwpuk,¡ ,d=k djsaA
jkew dh dgkuh
jkew jk;iqj xk¡o esa Ñf"k {ks=k esa ,d vfu;r [ksfrgj
e”knwj osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA mldk lcls cM+k csVk
lksew nl o"kZ dk gSA og Hkh xk¡o osQ ljiap lriky
¯lg osQ i'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky djus okys ikyh osQ :i
esa dke djrk gSA lksew ljiap osQ ;gk¡ iwjs o"kZ dke
djrk gS vkSj mls bl dke osQ fy, ,d g”kkj #i;s
feyrs gaSA jkew osQ rhu vkSj csVs vkSj nks csfV;k¡ gSa]
ysfdu os vHkh cgqr de mez osQ gSa vkSj os [ksr esa
dke ugha dj ldrsA jkew dh iRuh lqugjh Hkh i'kqvksa
dh lI
+
kQkbZ djus vkSj xkscj gVkus dk dke (va'kdkfyd)
djrh gSA mls vius jks”kkuk dke osQ cnys vkèkk
yhVj nwèk vkSj lfC”k;ksa osQ lkFk oqQN idk [kkuk
feyrk gSA blosQ vykok O;Lr ekSle esa og vius ifr
osQ lkFk fey dj [ksrh esa dke djrh gS vkSj vkenuh
c<+k ysrh gSA Ñf"k ,d ekSleh dk;Z gS vkSj jkew dks
osQoy cqvkbZ] ikSèkk&jksi.k vkSj iQly dh dVkbZ osQ
le; dke feyrk gSA og o"kZ esa iQly rS;kj gksus vkSj
idus rd dh vofèk osQ nkSjku yxHkx pkj eghus
csjks”kxkj jgrk gSA rc og nwljs dk;ks± esa dke dh
ryk'k djrk gSA dHkh&dHkh mls b±V Hk^s esa ;k xk¡o esa
py jgs fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa dke fey tkrk gSA jkew vius
bu ç;klksa ls udn ;k fiQj oLrq :i esa bruk dek
ysrk gS] ftlls og vius ifjokj osQ nks twu osQ Hkkstu
osQ fy, ”k:jh ph”ksa tqVk losQA cgjgky] tc og
dgha dke ikus esa vliQy jgrk gS rks mls vkSj mlosQ
ifjokj dks okLro esa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS] vkSj dHkh&dHkh mlosQ NksVs cPpksa dks Hkw[ks
isV gh lksuk iM+rk gSA ifjokj dks nwèk rFkk lfC”k;k¡
Hkkstu osQ lkFk fu;fer :i ls ugha feyrh gSaA jkew
Ñf"k dk;Z dh ekSleh izÑfr osQ dkj.k viuh csjks”kxkjh
osQ pkj eghuksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqjf{kr jgrk gSA
Page 4


Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 41
4
vè;k;
4
fdlh vkink osQ le; [kk| lqj{kk oSQls izHkkfor gksrh
gS\ fdlh izkÑfrd vkink tSls] lw[ks osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu
dh oqQy mit esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA blls izHkkfor {ks=k esa
[kk| dh deh gks tkrh gSA [kk| dh deh osQ dkj.k dhersa
c<+ tkrh gSaA oqQN yksx Å¡ph dherksa ij [kk| inkFkZ ugha
[kjhn ldrsA vxj ;g vkink vfèkd foLr`r {ks=k esa vkrh
gS ;k vfèkd yacs le; rd cuh jgrh gS] rks Hkq[kejh dh
fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA O;kid Hkq[kejh ls vdky dh
fLFkfr cu ldrh gSA
1970 osQ n'kd esa [kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ Fkkµ^vkèkkfjd
[kk| inkFkks± dh lnSo i;kZIr miyCèkrk* (la- jk- 1975)A
veR;Z lsu us [kk| lqj{kk esa ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k vkSj
gdnkfj;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kk| rd igq¡p ij ”kksj fn;kA
gdnkfj;ksa dk vfHkçk; jkT; ;k lkekftd :i ls
miyCèk djkbZ xbZ vU; iwfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mu oLrqvksa
ls gS] ftudk mRiknu vkSj fofue; ck”kkj esa fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rnuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk
osQ vFkZ esa dkI
+
kQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA fo'o [kk| f'k[kj
lEesyu] 1995 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ^^oS;fDrd]
ikfjokfjd] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij [kk|
lqj{kk dk vfLrRo rHkh gS] tc lfØ; vkSj LoLFk thou
O;rhr djus osQ fy, vkgkj lacaèkh ”k:jrksa vkSj [kk|
inkFkks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr] lqjf{kr ,oa ikSf"Vd
[kk| rd lHkh yksxkas dh HkkSfrd ,oa vk£Fkd igq¡p lnSo
gks** ([kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu 1996] i`"B 3)A blosQ
vfrfjDr ?kks"k.kk esa ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd
^^[kk| rd igq¡p c<+kus esa fuèkZurk dk mUewyu fd;k
tkuk ijeko';d gSA**
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk
[kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ gS] lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, lnSo Hkkstu
dh miyCèkrk] igq¡p vkSj mls çkIr djus dk lkeF;ZA tc
Hkh vukt osQ mRiknu ;k mlosQ forj.k dh leL;k vkrh
gS] rks lgt gh fuèkZu ifjokj blls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs
gaSA [kk| lqj{kk lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh] 'kkldh;
lroZQrk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk osQ [krjs dh fLFkfr esa
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
[kk| lqj{kk D;k gS\
thou osQ fy, Hkkstu mruk gh vko';d gS ftruk fd lk¡l
ysus osQ fy, ok;qA ysfdu [kk| lqj{kk ek=k nks twu dh jksVh
ikuk ugha gS] cfYd mlls dgha vfèkd gSA [kk| lqj{kk osQ
fuEufyf[kr vk;ke gSa %
(d) [kk| miyCèkrk dk rkRi;Z ns'k esa [kk| mRiknu] [kk|
vk;kr vkSj ljdkjh vukt HkaMkjksa easa lafpr fiNys o"kks±
osQ LVkWd ls gSA
([k) igaq¡p dk vFkZ gS fd [kk| çR;sd O;fDr dks feyrk jgsA
(x) lkeF;Z dk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa osQ ikl viuh Hkkstu
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr vkSj
ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kjhnus osQ fy, èku miyCèk gksA
fdlh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk osQoy rHkh lqfuf'pr gksrh gS
tc (1) lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, i;kZIr [kk| miyCèk gks] (2)
lHkh yksxksa osQ ikl Lohdk;Z xq.koÙkk osQ [kk|&inkFkZ [kjhnus dh
{kerk gks vkSj (3) [kk| dh miyCèkrk esa dksbZ ckèkk ugha gksA
[kk| lqj{kk D;ksa\
lekt dk vfèkd xjhc oxZ rks gj le; [kk| vlqj{kk ls
xzLr gks ldrk gS ijarq tc ns'k HkwoaQi] lw[kk] ck<+] lqukeh]
iQlyksa osQ [kjkc gksus ls iSnk gq, vdky vkfn jk"Vªh;
vkinkvksa ls xq”kj jgk gks] rks fu/Zurk js[kk ls Åij osQ yksx
Hkh [kk| vlqj{kk ls xzLr gks ldrs gSaA
voyksdu
42 vFkZ'kkL=k
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• oqQN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd caxky dk vdky pkoy dh deh osQ dkj.k gqvk FkkA lkj.kh 4-1 dk vè;;u djsa vkSj
crk,¡ fd D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\
• fdl o"kZ esa [kk| miyCèkrk esa Hkkjh deh gqbZ\
D;k vkidks ekywwe gS fd caxky osQ vdky ls lcls
vfèkd dkSu yksx çHkkfor gq,\ pkoy dh dherksa esa
Hkkjh o`f¼ ls [ksfrgj e”knwj] eNqvkjs] ifjogudehZ
vkSj vU; vfu;fer Jfed lcls vfèkd izHkkfor
gq,A bl vdky esa lcls vfèkd ogh ejsA
o"kZ mRiknu vk;kr fu;kZr oqQy miyCèkrk
(yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu)
1938 85 & & 85
1939 79 04 & 83
1940 82 03 & 85
1941 68 02 & 70
1942 93 & 01 92
1943 76 03 & 79
lzksr % lsu] ,-osQ-] 1983] i`"B 61 (ns[ksa bl vè;k; dk ^lanHkZ*)
lkj.kh 4-1 % caxky çkar esa pkoy dh mit
vdky osQ nkSjku cM+s iSekus ij ekSrsa gksrh gSa tks Hkq[kejh
rFkk foo'k gksdj nwf"kr ty ;k lM+s Hkkstu osQ iz;ksx ls
iSQyus okyh egkekfj;ksa rFkk Hkq[kejh ls mRi de”kksjh ls jksxksa
osQ izfr 'kjhj dh izfrjksèkh {kerk esa fxjkoV osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa tks lcls Hk;kud vdky iM+k Fkk] og 1943
dk caxky dk vdky FkkA bl vdky esa Hkkjr osQ caxky izkar
esa rhl yk[k yksx ekjs x, FksA
fp=k 4-1 % jkgr oasQnz ij Hkq[kejh ls ihfM+r yksx] 1945 fp=k 4-2 % 1943 osQ caxky osQ vdky osQ nkSjku iwohZ caxky osQ
pVxk¡o f”kys esa xk¡o NksM+ dj tkrk gqvk ,d ifjokjA
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 43
Hkkjr esa caxky tSlk vdky iqu% dHkh ugha iM+kA ysfdu
;g ¯prk dk fo"k; gS fd vkt Hkh mM+hlk esa dkykgkaMh rFkk
dk'khiqj tSls LFkku gSa] tgk¡ vdky tSlh n'kk,¡ vusd o"kks± ls
cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj ,slh Hkh lwpuk feyh gS fd ogk¡ Hkw[k osQ
dkj.k oqQN yksxksa dh e`R;q Hkh gqbZ gSA gky osQ oqQN o"kks± esa
jktLFkku osQ ckju f”kys] >kj[kaM osQ ikykew f”kys rFkk vU;
lqnwjorhZ {ks=kksa esa Hkw[k osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh e`R;q dh lwpuk
feyh gSA vr% fdlh Hkh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk vko';d gksrh
gS rkfd lnSo [kk| dh miyCèkrk lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA
[kk|&vlqjf{kr dkSu gSa\
;|fi Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk ,d cM+k oxZ [kk| ,oa iks"k.k dh
n`f"V ls vlqjf{kr gS] ijarq blls lokZfèkd çHkkfor oxks± esa
fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa % Hkwfeghu tks FkksM+h cgqr vFkok ux.;
Hkwfe ij fuHkZj gSa] ikjaifjd nLrdkj] ikjaifjd lsok,¡ çnku
djus okys yksx] viuk NksVk&eksVk dke djus okys dkexkj
vkSj fujkfJr rFkk fHk[kkjhA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls
vlqjf{kr os ifjokj gSa ftuosQ dkedkth lnL; çk;% de
osru okys O;olk;ksa vkSj vfu;r Je&ck”kkj esa dke djrs gaSA
;s dkexkj vfèkdrj ekSleh dk;ks± esa yxs gSa vkSj mudks bruh
de e”knwjh nh tkrh gS fd os ek=k thfor jg ldrs gSaA
lq>k, x, dk;Z
(d)fp=k 4-1 esa vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
([k)igys fp=k esa dkSu lk vk;q oxZ fn[k jgk gS\
(x) D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd fp=k 4-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k
ifjokj xjhc gS\ D;ksa\
(?k) D;k vki vdky iM+us ls igys (nksuksa fp=kksa esa fn[kk,
x,) yksxksa dh thfodk osQ lzksr osQ ckjs esa vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa\ (xk¡o osQ lanHkZ esa)
(Ä)Kkr djsa fd fdlh jkgr f'kfoj esa izkÑfrd vkink osQ
ihfM+rksa dks fdl rjg dh enn nh tkrh gSA
(p) D;k vkius bl rjg osQ ihfM+rksa dh dHkh (èku] [kk|]
diM+kass] nokvksa vkfn osQ :i esa) lgk;rk dh gS\
ifj;kstuk dk;Z % Hkkjr esa vdky laca èkh vkSj
lwpuk,¡ ,d=k djsaA
jkew dh dgkuh
jkew jk;iqj xk¡o esa Ñf"k {ks=k esa ,d vfu;r [ksfrgj
e”knwj osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA mldk lcls cM+k csVk
lksew nl o"kZ dk gSA og Hkh xk¡o osQ ljiap lriky
¯lg osQ i'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky djus okys ikyh osQ :i
esa dke djrk gSA lksew ljiap osQ ;gk¡ iwjs o"kZ dke
djrk gS vkSj mls bl dke osQ fy, ,d g”kkj #i;s
feyrs gaSA jkew osQ rhu vkSj csVs vkSj nks csfV;k¡ gSa]
ysfdu os vHkh cgqr de mez osQ gSa vkSj os [ksr esa
dke ugha dj ldrsA jkew dh iRuh lqugjh Hkh i'kqvksa
dh lI
+
kQkbZ djus vkSj xkscj gVkus dk dke (va'kdkfyd)
djrh gSA mls vius jks”kkuk dke osQ cnys vkèkk
yhVj nwèk vkSj lfC”k;ksa osQ lkFk oqQN idk [kkuk
feyrk gSA blosQ vykok O;Lr ekSle esa og vius ifr
osQ lkFk fey dj [ksrh esa dke djrh gS vkSj vkenuh
c<+k ysrh gSA Ñf"k ,d ekSleh dk;Z gS vkSj jkew dks
osQoy cqvkbZ] ikSèkk&jksi.k vkSj iQly dh dVkbZ osQ
le; dke feyrk gSA og o"kZ esa iQly rS;kj gksus vkSj
idus rd dh vofèk osQ nkSjku yxHkx pkj eghus
csjks”kxkj jgrk gSA rc og nwljs dk;ks± esa dke dh
ryk'k djrk gSA dHkh&dHkh mls b±V Hk^s esa ;k xk¡o esa
py jgs fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa dke fey tkrk gSA jkew vius
bu ç;klksa ls udn ;k fiQj oLrq :i esa bruk dek
ysrk gS] ftlls og vius ifjokj osQ nks twu osQ Hkkstu
osQ fy, ”k:jh ph”ksa tqVk losQA cgjgky] tc og
dgha dke ikus esa vliQy jgrk gS rks mls vkSj mlosQ
ifjokj dks okLro esa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS] vkSj dHkh&dHkh mlosQ NksVs cPpksa dks Hkw[ks
isV gh lksuk iM+rk gSA ifjokj dks nwèk rFkk lfC”k;k¡
Hkkstu osQ lkFk fu;fer :i ls ugha feyrh gSaA jkew
Ñf"k dk;Z dh ekSleh izÑfr osQ dkj.k viuh csjks”kxkjh
osQ pkj eghuksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqjf{kr jgrk gSA
44 vFkZ'kkL=k
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• Ñf"k ,d ekSleh fØ;k D;ksa gS\
• jkew o"kZ osQ yxHkx pkj eghus csjks”kxkj D;ksa jgrk gS\
• tc jkew csjks”kxkj gksrk gS] rks og D;k djrk gS\
• jkew osQ ifjokj esa iwjd vk; dkSu çnku djrk gS\
• dksbZ dke ikus esa vleFkZ gksus ij jkew dks dfBukbZ D;ksa
gksrh gS\
• jkew [kk| dh n`f"V ls dc vlqjf{kr gksrk gSSS\
vgen caxyksj esa fjD'kk pykrk gSA og vius rhu Hkkb;ksa]
nks cguksa vkSj cw<+s ek¡&cki osQ lkFk >qejh ryS;k ls vk;k
gSA og ,d >qXxh esa jgrk gSA mlosQ ifjokj osQ leLr
lnL;ksa dk thou fjD'kk pykus ls gksus okyh mldh
çfrfnu dh vk; ij fuHkZj gSA cgjgky] mldk jks”kxkj
lqjf{kr ugha gS vkSj mldh vk; çfrfnu ?kVrh&c<+rh
jgrh gSA dbZ fnuksa esa og bruk dek ysrk gS fd leLr
nSfud vko';drkvksa dh ph”ksa [kjhnus osQ i'pkr~ viuh
vk; esa ls oqQN cpk ysrk gSA vU; fnuksa essa og eqf'dy
ls bruk gh dek ikrk gS] ftlls og nSfud vko';drk
dh oLrq,¡ gh [kjhn losQA lkSHkkX;o'k] vgen dks ,d
ihyk dkMZ çkIr gS] tks fuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps osQ yksxksa dk
ih-Mh-,l- dkMZ gSA bl dkMZ ls vgen viuh nSfud
”k:jrksa osQ miHkksx osQ fy, i;kZIr ek=kk essa xsgw¡] pkoy]
phuh vkSj fe^h dk rsy çkIr dj ysrk gSA og bu ph”kksa
dks ck”kkj dh dher ls vkèkh dher ij çkIr dj ysrk
gSA og viuk ekfld HkaMkj ml fo'ks"k fnu [kjhnrk gS]
ftl fnu nqdku fuèkZurk js[kk osQ uhps osQ yksxksa osQ fy,
[kqyrh gSA bl rjg vgen viuh bl vi;kZIr vk; ls
vius cM+s ifjokj dk fdlh rjg ikyu&iks"k.k dj jgk gS]
tgk¡ og vosQyk dekus okyk lnL; gSA
[kk| inkFkZ [kjhnus esa vleZFkrk osQ lkFk lkekftd
lajpuk Hkh [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqj{kk esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa
osQ oqQN oxk±s (buesa ls fupyh tkfr;k¡) dk ;k rks Hkwfe dk
vkèkkj de”kksj gksrk gS ;k fiQj mudh Hkwfe dh mRikndrk
cgqr de gksrh gS] os [kk| dh n`f"V ls 'kh?kz vlqjf{kr gks
tkrs gSaA os yksx Hkh [kk| dh n`f"V ls lokZfèkd vlqjf{kr gksrs
gaS] tks izkÑfrd vkinkvksa ls izHkkfor gSa vkSj ftUgsa dke dh
ryk'k esa nwljh txg tkuk iM+rk gSA oqQiks"k.k ls lcls vfèkd
efgyk,¡ çHkkfor gksrh gSaA ;g xaHkhj ¯prk dk fo"k; gS D;ksafd
blls vtUes cPpksa dks Hkh oqQiks"k.k dk [krjk jgrk gSA [kk|
vlqj{kk ls xzLr vkcknh dk cM+k Hkkx xHkZorh rFkk nwèk fiyk
jgh efgykvksa rFkk ik¡p o"kZ ls de mez osQ cPpksa dk gSA
ns'k osQ oqQN {ks=kksa] tSls] vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s jkT; tgk¡
jk"Vªh; LokLF; ,oa ikfjokfjd losZ{k.k (,u-,p-,I
+
kQ-,l-)
1998&99 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ,slh efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa
dh la[;k 11 djksM+ osQ yxHkx gSA
xjhch vfèkd gS] vkfnoklh vkSj lqnwj&{ks=k] izkÑfrd vkinkvksa
ls ckj&ckj izHkkfor gksus okys {ks=k vkfn esa [kk| dh n`f"V
ls vlqjf{kr yksxksa dh la[;k vkuqikfrd :i ls cgqr vfèkd
gSA okLro esa] mÙkj izns'k (iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ fgLls)]
fcgkj] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk] if'pe caxky] NÙkhlx<+] eè;
izns'k vkSj egkjk"Vª osQ oqQN Hkkxksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls
vlqjf{kr yksxksa dh lokZfèkd la[;k gSA
Hkq[kejh [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqj{kk dks bafxr djus okyk
,d nwljk igyw gSA Hkq[kejh xjhch dh ,d vfHkO;fDr ek=k
ugha gS] ;g xjhch ykrh gSA bl rjg [kk| dh n`f"V ls
lqjf{kr gksus ls orZeku esa Hkq[kejh lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj
Hkfo"; esa Hkq[kejh dk [krjk de gks tkrk gSA Hkq[kejh osQ
nh?kZdkfyd vkSj ekSleh vk;ke gksrs gSaA nh?kZdkfyd Hkq[kejh
ek=kk ,oa @ ;k xq.koÙkk osQ vkèkkj ij vi;kZIr vkgkj xzg.k
djus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA xjhc yksx viuh vR;ar fuEu vk;
vkSj thfor jgus osQ fy, [kk| inkFkZ [kjhnus esa v{kerk osQ
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• D;k fjD'kk pykus ls vgen dks fu;fer vk; gksrh gS\
• fjD'kk pykus ls gksus okyh FkksM+h lh vk; osQ ckotwn
ihyk dkMZ vgen dks viuk ifjokj pykus esa oSQls enn
dj jgk gS\
• jkew [kk| dh n`f"V ls dc vlqjf{kr gksrk gS\
vgen dh dgkuh
Page 5


Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 41
4
vè;k;
4
fdlh vkink osQ le; [kk| lqj{kk oSQls izHkkfor gksrh
gS\ fdlh izkÑfrd vkink tSls] lw[ks osQ dkj.k [kk|kUu
dh oqQy mit esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA blls izHkkfor {ks=k esa
[kk| dh deh gks tkrh gSA [kk| dh deh osQ dkj.k dhersa
c<+ tkrh gSaA oqQN yksx Å¡ph dherksa ij [kk| inkFkZ ugha
[kjhn ldrsA vxj ;g vkink vfèkd foLr`r {ks=k esa vkrh
gS ;k vfèkd yacs le; rd cuh jgrh gS] rks Hkq[kejh dh
fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA O;kid Hkq[kejh ls vdky dh
fLFkfr cu ldrh gSA
1970 osQ n'kd esa [kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ Fkkµ^vkèkkfjd
[kk| inkFkks± dh lnSo i;kZIr miyCèkrk* (la- jk- 1975)A
veR;Z lsu us [kk| lqj{kk esa ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+k vkSj
gdnkfj;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij [kk| rd igq¡p ij ”kksj fn;kA
gdnkfj;ksa dk vfHkçk; jkT; ;k lkekftd :i ls
miyCèk djkbZ xbZ vU; iwfrZ;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk mu oLrqvksa
ls gS] ftudk mRiknu vkSj fofue; ck”kkj esa fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA rnuqlkj] [kk| lqj{kk
osQ vFkZ esa dkI
+
kQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA fo'o [kk| f'k[kj
lEesyu] 1995 esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ^^oS;fDrd]
ikfjokfjd] {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij [kk|
lqj{kk dk vfLrRo rHkh gS] tc lfØ; vkSj LoLFk thou
O;rhr djus osQ fy, vkgkj lacaèkh ”k:jrksa vkSj [kk|
inkFkks± dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr] lqjf{kr ,oa ikSf"Vd
[kk| rd lHkh yksxkas dh HkkSfrd ,oa vk£Fkd igq¡p lnSo
gks** ([kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu 1996] i`"B 3)A blosQ
vfrfjDr ?kks"k.kk esa ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd
^^[kk| rd igq¡p c<+kus esa fuèkZurk dk mUewyu fd;k
tkuk ijeko';d gSA**
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk
[kk| lqj{kk dk vFkZ gS] lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, lnSo Hkkstu
dh miyCèkrk] igq¡p vkSj mls çkIr djus dk lkeF;ZA tc
Hkh vukt osQ mRiknu ;k mlosQ forj.k dh leL;k vkrh
gS] rks lgt gh fuèkZu ifjokj blls vfèkd çHkkfor gksrs
gaSA [kk| lqj{kk lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh] 'kkldh;
lroZQrk vkSj [kk| lqj{kk osQ [krjs dh fLFkfr esa
ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
[kk| lqj{kk D;k gS\
thou osQ fy, Hkkstu mruk gh vko';d gS ftruk fd lk¡l
ysus osQ fy, ok;qA ysfdu [kk| lqj{kk ek=k nks twu dh jksVh
ikuk ugha gS] cfYd mlls dgha vfèkd gSA [kk| lqj{kk osQ
fuEufyf[kr vk;ke gSa %
(d) [kk| miyCèkrk dk rkRi;Z ns'k esa [kk| mRiknu] [kk|
vk;kr vkSj ljdkjh vukt HkaMkjksa easa lafpr fiNys o"kks±
osQ LVkWd ls gSA
([k) igaq¡p dk vFkZ gS fd [kk| çR;sd O;fDr dks feyrk jgsA
(x) lkeF;Z dk vFkZ gS fd yksxksa osQ ikl viuh Hkkstu
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr vkSj
ikSf"Vd Hkkstu [kjhnus osQ fy, èku miyCèk gksA
fdlh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk osQoy rHkh lqfuf'pr gksrh gS
tc (1) lHkh yksxksa osQ fy, i;kZIr [kk| miyCèk gks] (2)
lHkh yksxksa osQ ikl Lohdk;Z xq.koÙkk osQ [kk|&inkFkZ [kjhnus dh
{kerk gks vkSj (3) [kk| dh miyCèkrk esa dksbZ ckèkk ugha gksA
[kk| lqj{kk D;ksa\
lekt dk vfèkd xjhc oxZ rks gj le; [kk| vlqj{kk ls
xzLr gks ldrk gS ijarq tc ns'k HkwoaQi] lw[kk] ck<+] lqukeh]
iQlyksa osQ [kjkc gksus ls iSnk gq, vdky vkfn jk"Vªh;
vkinkvksa ls xq”kj jgk gks] rks fu/Zurk js[kk ls Åij osQ yksx
Hkh [kk| vlqj{kk ls xzLr gks ldrs gSaA
voyksdu
42 vFkZ'kkL=k
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• oqQN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd caxky dk vdky pkoy dh deh osQ dkj.k gqvk FkkA lkj.kh 4-1 dk vè;;u djsa vkSj
crk,¡ fd D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\
• fdl o"kZ esa [kk| miyCèkrk esa Hkkjh deh gqbZ\
D;k vkidks ekywwe gS fd caxky osQ vdky ls lcls
vfèkd dkSu yksx çHkkfor gq,\ pkoy dh dherksa esa
Hkkjh o`f¼ ls [ksfrgj e”knwj] eNqvkjs] ifjogudehZ
vkSj vU; vfu;fer Jfed lcls vfèkd izHkkfor
gq,A bl vdky esa lcls vfèkd ogh ejsA
o"kZ mRiknu vk;kr fu;kZr oqQy miyCèkrk
(yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu) (yk[k Vu)
1938 85 & & 85
1939 79 04 & 83
1940 82 03 & 85
1941 68 02 & 70
1942 93 & 01 92
1943 76 03 & 79
lzksr % lsu] ,-osQ-] 1983] i`"B 61 (ns[ksa bl vè;k; dk ^lanHkZ*)
lkj.kh 4-1 % caxky çkar esa pkoy dh mit
vdky osQ nkSjku cM+s iSekus ij ekSrsa gksrh gSa tks Hkq[kejh
rFkk foo'k gksdj nwf"kr ty ;k lM+s Hkkstu osQ iz;ksx ls
iSQyus okyh egkekfj;ksa rFkk Hkq[kejh ls mRi de”kksjh ls jksxksa
osQ izfr 'kjhj dh izfrjksèkh {kerk esa fxjkoV osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa tks lcls Hk;kud vdky iM+k Fkk] og 1943
dk caxky dk vdky FkkA bl vdky esa Hkkjr osQ caxky izkar
esa rhl yk[k yksx ekjs x, FksA
fp=k 4-1 % jkgr oasQnz ij Hkq[kejh ls ihfM+r yksx] 1945 fp=k 4-2 % 1943 osQ caxky osQ vdky osQ nkSjku iwohZ caxky osQ
pVxk¡o f”kys esa xk¡o NksM+ dj tkrk gqvk ,d ifjokjA
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 43
Hkkjr esa caxky tSlk vdky iqu% dHkh ugha iM+kA ysfdu
;g ¯prk dk fo"k; gS fd vkt Hkh mM+hlk esa dkykgkaMh rFkk
dk'khiqj tSls LFkku gSa] tgk¡ vdky tSlh n'kk,¡ vusd o"kks± ls
cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj ,slh Hkh lwpuk feyh gS fd ogk¡ Hkw[k osQ
dkj.k oqQN yksxksa dh e`R;q Hkh gqbZ gSA gky osQ oqQN o"kks± esa
jktLFkku osQ ckju f”kys] >kj[kaM osQ ikykew f”kys rFkk vU;
lqnwjorhZ {ks=kksa esa Hkw[k osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh e`R;q dh lwpuk
feyh gSA vr% fdlh Hkh ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk vko';d gksrh
gS rkfd lnSo [kk| dh miyCèkrk lqfuf'pr dh tk losQA
[kk|&vlqjf{kr dkSu gSa\
;|fi Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk ,d cM+k oxZ [kk| ,oa iks"k.k dh
n`f"V ls vlqjf{kr gS] ijarq blls lokZfèkd çHkkfor oxks± esa
fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa % Hkwfeghu tks FkksM+h cgqr vFkok ux.;
Hkwfe ij fuHkZj gSa] ikjaifjd nLrdkj] ikjaifjd lsok,¡ çnku
djus okys yksx] viuk NksVk&eksVk dke djus okys dkexkj
vkSj fujkfJr rFkk fHk[kkjhA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls
vlqjf{kr os ifjokj gSa ftuosQ dkedkth lnL; çk;% de
osru okys O;olk;ksa vkSj vfu;r Je&ck”kkj esa dke djrs gaSA
;s dkexkj vfèkdrj ekSleh dk;ks± esa yxs gSa vkSj mudks bruh
de e”knwjh nh tkrh gS fd os ek=k thfor jg ldrs gSaA
lq>k, x, dk;Z
(d)fp=k 4-1 esa vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
([k)igys fp=k esa dkSu lk vk;q oxZ fn[k jgk gS\
(x) D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd fp=k 4-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k
ifjokj xjhc gS\ D;ksa\
(?k) D;k vki vdky iM+us ls igys (nksuksa fp=kksa esa fn[kk,
x,) yksxksa dh thfodk osQ lzksr osQ ckjs esa vuqeku yxk
ldrs gSa\ (xk¡o osQ lanHkZ esa)
(Ä)Kkr djsa fd fdlh jkgr f'kfoj esa izkÑfrd vkink osQ
ihfM+rksa dks fdl rjg dh enn nh tkrh gSA
(p) D;k vkius bl rjg osQ ihfM+rksa dh dHkh (èku] [kk|]
diM+kass] nokvksa vkfn osQ :i esa) lgk;rk dh gS\
ifj;kstuk dk;Z % Hkkjr esa vdky laca èkh vkSj
lwpuk,¡ ,d=k djsaA
jkew dh dgkuh
jkew jk;iqj xk¡o esa Ñf"k {ks=k esa ,d vfu;r [ksfrgj
e”knwj osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA mldk lcls cM+k csVk
lksew nl o"kZ dk gSA og Hkh xk¡o osQ ljiap lriky
¯lg osQ i'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky djus okys ikyh osQ :i
esa dke djrk gSA lksew ljiap osQ ;gk¡ iwjs o"kZ dke
djrk gS vkSj mls bl dke osQ fy, ,d g”kkj #i;s
feyrs gaSA jkew osQ rhu vkSj csVs vkSj nks csfV;k¡ gSa]
ysfdu os vHkh cgqr de mez osQ gSa vkSj os [ksr esa
dke ugha dj ldrsA jkew dh iRuh lqugjh Hkh i'kqvksa
dh lI
+
kQkbZ djus vkSj xkscj gVkus dk dke (va'kdkfyd)
djrh gSA mls vius jks”kkuk dke osQ cnys vkèkk
yhVj nwèk vkSj lfC”k;ksa osQ lkFk oqQN idk [kkuk
feyrk gSA blosQ vykok O;Lr ekSle esa og vius ifr
osQ lkFk fey dj [ksrh esa dke djrh gS vkSj vkenuh
c<+k ysrh gSA Ñf"k ,d ekSleh dk;Z gS vkSj jkew dks
osQoy cqvkbZ] ikSèkk&jksi.k vkSj iQly dh dVkbZ osQ
le; dke feyrk gSA og o"kZ esa iQly rS;kj gksus vkSj
idus rd dh vofèk osQ nkSjku yxHkx pkj eghus
csjks”kxkj jgrk gSA rc og nwljs dk;ks± esa dke dh
ryk'k djrk gSA dHkh&dHkh mls b±V Hk^s esa ;k xk¡o esa
py jgs fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa dke fey tkrk gSA jkew vius
bu ç;klksa ls udn ;k fiQj oLrq :i esa bruk dek
ysrk gS] ftlls og vius ifjokj osQ nks twu osQ Hkkstu
osQ fy, ”k:jh ph”ksa tqVk losQA cgjgky] tc og
dgha dke ikus esa vliQy jgrk gS rks mls vkSj mlosQ
ifjokj dks okLro esa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS] vkSj dHkh&dHkh mlosQ NksVs cPpksa dks Hkw[ks
isV gh lksuk iM+rk gSA ifjokj dks nwèk rFkk lfC”k;k¡
Hkkstu osQ lkFk fu;fer :i ls ugha feyrh gSaA jkew
Ñf"k dk;Z dh ekSleh izÑfr osQ dkj.k viuh csjks”kxkjh
osQ pkj eghuksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqjf{kr jgrk gSA
44 vFkZ'kkL=k
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• Ñf"k ,d ekSleh fØ;k D;ksa gS\
• jkew o"kZ osQ yxHkx pkj eghus csjks”kxkj D;ksa jgrk gS\
• tc jkew csjks”kxkj gksrk gS] rks og D;k djrk gS\
• jkew osQ ifjokj esa iwjd vk; dkSu çnku djrk gS\
• dksbZ dke ikus esa vleFkZ gksus ij jkew dks dfBukbZ D;ksa
gksrh gS\
• jkew [kk| dh n`f"V ls dc vlqjf{kr gksrk gSSS\
vgen caxyksj esa fjD'kk pykrk gSA og vius rhu Hkkb;ksa]
nks cguksa vkSj cw<+s ek¡&cki osQ lkFk >qejh ryS;k ls vk;k
gSA og ,d >qXxh esa jgrk gSA mlosQ ifjokj osQ leLr
lnL;ksa dk thou fjD'kk pykus ls gksus okyh mldh
çfrfnu dh vk; ij fuHkZj gSA cgjgky] mldk jks”kxkj
lqjf{kr ugha gS vkSj mldh vk; çfrfnu ?kVrh&c<+rh
jgrh gSA dbZ fnuksa esa og bruk dek ysrk gS fd leLr
nSfud vko';drkvksa dh ph”ksa [kjhnus osQ i'pkr~ viuh
vk; esa ls oqQN cpk ysrk gSA vU; fnuksa essa og eqf'dy
ls bruk gh dek ikrk gS] ftlls og nSfud vko';drk
dh oLrq,¡ gh [kjhn losQA lkSHkkX;o'k] vgen dks ,d
ihyk dkMZ çkIr gS] tks fuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps osQ yksxksa dk
ih-Mh-,l- dkMZ gSA bl dkMZ ls vgen viuh nSfud
”k:jrksa osQ miHkksx osQ fy, i;kZIr ek=kk essa xsgw¡] pkoy]
phuh vkSj fe^h dk rsy çkIr dj ysrk gSA og bu ph”kksa
dks ck”kkj dh dher ls vkèkh dher ij çkIr dj ysrk
gSA og viuk ekfld HkaMkj ml fo'ks"k fnu [kjhnrk gS]
ftl fnu nqdku fuèkZurk js[kk osQ uhps osQ yksxksa osQ fy,
[kqyrh gSA bl rjg vgen viuh bl vi;kZIr vk; ls
vius cM+s ifjokj dk fdlh rjg ikyu&iks"k.k dj jgk gS]
tgk¡ og vosQyk dekus okyk lnL; gSA
[kk| inkFkZ [kjhnus esa vleZFkrk osQ lkFk lkekftd
lajpuk Hkh [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqj{kk esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr vkSj vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa
osQ oqQN oxk±s (buesa ls fupyh tkfr;k¡) dk ;k rks Hkwfe dk
vkèkkj de”kksj gksrk gS ;k fiQj mudh Hkwfe dh mRikndrk
cgqr de gksrh gS] os [kk| dh n`f"V ls 'kh?kz vlqjf{kr gks
tkrs gSaA os yksx Hkh [kk| dh n`f"V ls lokZfèkd vlqjf{kr gksrs
gaS] tks izkÑfrd vkinkvksa ls izHkkfor gSa vkSj ftUgsa dke dh
ryk'k esa nwljh txg tkuk iM+rk gSA oqQiks"k.k ls lcls vfèkd
efgyk,¡ çHkkfor gksrh gSaA ;g xaHkhj ¯prk dk fo"k; gS D;ksafd
blls vtUes cPpksa dks Hkh oqQiks"k.k dk [krjk jgrk gSA [kk|
vlqj{kk ls xzLr vkcknh dk cM+k Hkkx xHkZorh rFkk nwèk fiyk
jgh efgykvksa rFkk ik¡p o"kZ ls de mez osQ cPpksa dk gSA
ns'k osQ oqQN {ks=kksa] tSls] vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s jkT; tgk¡
jk"Vªh; LokLF; ,oa ikfjokfjd losZ{k.k (,u-,p-,I
+
kQ-,l-)
1998&99 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ,slh efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa
dh la[;k 11 djksM+ osQ yxHkx gSA
xjhch vfèkd gS] vkfnoklh vkSj lqnwj&{ks=k] izkÑfrd vkinkvksa
ls ckj&ckj izHkkfor gksus okys {ks=k vkfn esa [kk| dh n`f"V
ls vlqjf{kr yksxksa dh la[;k vkuqikfrd :i ls cgqr vfèkd
gSA okLro esa] mÙkj izns'k (iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ fgLls)]
fcgkj] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk] if'pe caxky] NÙkhlx<+] eè;
izns'k vkSj egkjk"Vª osQ oqQN Hkkxksa esa [kk| dh n`f"V ls
vlqjf{kr yksxksa dh lokZfèkd la[;k gSA
Hkq[kejh [kk| dh n`f"V ls vlqj{kk dks bafxr djus okyk
,d nwljk igyw gSA Hkq[kejh xjhch dh ,d vfHkO;fDr ek=k
ugha gS] ;g xjhch ykrh gSA bl rjg [kk| dh n`f"V ls
lqjf{kr gksus ls orZeku esa Hkq[kejh lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj
Hkfo"; esa Hkq[kejh dk [krjk de gks tkrk gSA Hkq[kejh osQ
nh?kZdkfyd vkSj ekSleh vk;ke gksrs gSaA nh?kZdkfyd Hkq[kejh
ek=kk ,oa @ ;k xq.koÙkk osQ vkèkkj ij vi;kZIr vkgkj xzg.k
djus osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA xjhc yksx viuh vR;ar fuEu vk;
vkSj thfor jgus osQ fy, [kk| inkFkZ [kjhnus esa v{kerk osQ
vkb, ppkZ djsa
• D;k fjD'kk pykus ls vgen dks fu;fer vk; gksrh gS\
• fjD'kk pykus ls gksus okyh FkksM+h lh vk; osQ ckotwn
ihyk dkMZ vgen dks viuk ifjokj pykus esa oSQls enn
dj jgk gS\
• jkew [kk| dh n`f"V ls dc vlqjf{kr gksrk gS\
vgen dh dgkuh
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk 45
dkj.k nh?kZdkfyd Hkq[kejh ls xzLr gksrs gSaA ekSleh Hkq[kejh
iQly mitkus vkSj dkVus osQ pØ ls lac¼ gSA ;g xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa dh Ñf"k fØ;kvksa dh ekSleh izÑfr osQ dkj.k rFkk
uxjh; {ks=kksa esa vfu;fer Je osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA tSls] cjlkr
osQ ekSle esa vfu;r fuekZ.k Jfed dks de dke jgrk gSA
bl rjg dh Hkq[kejh rc gksrh gS] tc dksbZ O;fDr iwjs o"kZ
dke ikus esa v{ke jgrk gSA
lkj.kh 4-2 eas fn[kk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa ekSleh vkSj
lkFk gh nh?kZdkfyd Hkq[kejh osQ izfr'kr esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
Lora=krk osQ ckn [kk|kUuksa esa vkRefuHkZj gksuk Hkkjr
dk y{; jgk gSA
Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; uhfr&fuekZrkvksa us [kk|kUuksa
eas vkRefuHkZjrk çkIr djus osQ lHkh mik; fd,A Hkkjr us Ñf"k
esa ,d u;h j.kuhfr viukbZ] ftldh ifj.kfr gfjr Økafr esa
gqbZ] fo'ks"kdj xsgw¡ vkSj pkoy osQ mRiknu esaA
rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh bafnjk xkaèkh us tqykbZ] 1968 essa ^xsgw¡
Økafr* 'kh"kZd ls ,d fo'ks"k Mkd fVdV tkjh dj Ñf"k osQ
{ks=k esa gfjr Økafr dh izHkko'kkyh izxfr dks vkfèkdkfjd :i
ls ntZ fd;kA xsgw¡ dh liQyrk osQ ckn pkoy osQ {ks=k esa bl
liQyrk dh iqujko`fÙk gqbZA cgjgky] vukt dh mit esa o`f¼
lekuqikfrd ugha FkhA iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk esa lokZfèkd
lkj.kh 4-2 % Hkkjr esa ^Hkq[kejh* ls xzLr ifjokjksa dk izfr'kr
Hkq[kejh osQ izdkj
o"kZ ekSleh nh?kZdkfyd oqQy
xzkeh.k
1983 16-2 2-3 18-5
1993&94 4-2 0-9 5-1
1999&2000 2-6 0-7 3-3
'kgjh
1983 5-6 0-8 6-4
1993&94 1-1 0-5 1-6
1999&2000 0-6 0-3 0-9
lzksr % lkxj 2004] fo|k (ns[ksa bl vè;k; dk ^lanHkZ*)
o`f¼&nj ntZ dh xbZ] tgk¡ vuktksa dk mRiknu 1964&65 osQ
72-3 yk[k Vu dh rqyuk esa c<+dj dj 1995&96 esa
3-03 djksM+ Vu ij igq¡p x;k] tks vc rd dk lokZfèkd
Å¡pk fjdkMZ FkkA egkjk"Vª] eè; çns'k] fcgkj] mM+hlk vkSj
iwokZsÙkj jkT;ksa esa mRiknu dk Lrj fiNM+rk jgkA nwljh rjiQ]
rfeyukMq vkSj vkaèkz izns'k esa pkoy osQ mRiknu esa mYys[kuh;
o`f¼ gqbZA
lq>kbZ xbZ fØ;k,¡
• fudV osQ fdlh xk¡o esa oqQN [ksrksa ij tk,¡ vkSj fdlkuksa
}kjk mitkbZ xbZ [kk| iQlyksa dk C;kSjk ,df=kr djsaA
Hkkjr esa [kk| lqj{kk
70 osQ n'kd osQ çkjaHk esa gfjr Økafr osQ vkus osQ ckn ls
ekSle dh foijhr n'kkvksa osQ nkSjku Hkh ns'k esa vdky ugha
iM+k gSA
ns'k Hkj esa mitkbZ tkus okyh fofoèk iQlyksa osQ dkj.k
Hkkjr fiNys rhl o"kks± osQ nkSjku [kk|kUuksa osQ ekeys esa
vkRefuHkZj cu x;k gSA ljdkj }kjk lkoèkkuhiwoZd rS;kj dh
xbZ [kk| lqj{kk O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k ns'k esa ([kjkc ekSle
fLFkfr;ksa osQ ckotwn vFkok fdlh vU; dkj.k ls) vukt dh
miyCèkrk vkSj Hkh lqfuf'pr gks xbZA bl O;oLFkk osQ nks
?kVd gSa%  (d) cI
+
kQj LVkWd vkSj ([k) lkoZtfud forj.k
iz.kkyhA
fp=k 4-3 % iatkc dk ,d fdlku ,p-okbZ-oh- çdkjksa okys
xsgw¡ osQ ,d [ksr osQ lkeus] ftl ij gfjr Økafr vkèkkfjr gS