Class 10 Exam  >  Class 10 Notes  >  सामाजिक विज्ञान कक्षा 10  >  NCERT पाठ्यपुस्तक पाठ 1 - यूरोप में राष्ट्रवाद का उदय, कक्षा 10, सामाजिक विज्ञान

NCERT पाठ्यपुस्तक पाठ 1 - यूरोप में राष्ट्रवाद का उदय, कक्षा 10, सामाजिक विज्ञान | सामाजिक विज्ञान कक्षा 10 - Class 10 PDF Download

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;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1848 eas] ,d I+kzQkafllh dykdkj I+kzsQfMªd lkWj;w us pkj fp=kksa dh ,d
Üka`[kyk cukbZA buesa mlus liuksa dk ,d lalkj jpk tks mlosQ 'kCnksa esa
^turkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kra=kksa* ls fey dj cuk FkkA bl  Üka`[kyk osQ
igys fp=k (ns[ksa fp=k 1) esa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk osQ yksx fn[kk, x,
gSa µ lHkh mez vkSj lkekftd oxks± osQ L=kh&iq#"k ,d yach drkj esa
Lora=krk dh izfrek dh oanuk djrs gq, tk jgs gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd
I+kzQaklhlh Økafr osQ nkSjku dykdkj Lora=krk dks efgyk dk :i iznku
fd;k djrs FksA ;gk¡ Hkh vki Kkuksn; dh e'kky dks igpku ldrs gSa tks
mlosQ ,d gkFk esa gS vkSj nwljs esa euq"; osQ vfèkdkjksa dk ?kks"k.kki=kA
izfrek osQ lkeus ”kehu ij fujaoqQ'k laLFkkuksa osQ èoLr vo'ks"k fc[kjs gq,
gSaA lkWj;w osQ dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) esa nqfu;k osQ yksx vyx jk"Vªksa osQ
lewgksa esa c¡Vs gq, gSa ftudh igpku muosQ diM+ksa vkSj jk"Vªh; iks'kkd ls
gksrh gSA Lora=krk dh ew£r ls dgha vkxs] bl tqywl dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSa
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM] tks rc rd jk"Vª&jkT; cu pqosQ
FksA I+kzQkal tks Økafrdkjh frjaxs ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS] izfrek osQ ikl
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
fp=k 1 & I+kzsQMfjd lkWj;w] fo'oO;kih iztkrkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kjkT;ksa dk LoIuµjk"Vªksa osQ chp lafèk] 1848
vè;k; 1
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
u, 'kCn
fujaoqQ'kokn (Absolutism) % ,slh ljdkj ;k 'kklu
O;oLFkk ftldh lÙkk ij fdlh çdkj dk dksbZ vaoqQ'k
ugha gksrkA bfrgkl esa ,slh jkt'kkgh ljdkjksa dks fujaoqQ'k
ljdkj dgk tkrk gS tks vR;ar dasæhÑr] lSU; cy ij
vk/kfjr vkSj neudkjh ljdkjsa gksrh FkhaA
dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) % ,d ,sls lekt dh dYiuk tks
bruk vkn'kZ gS fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxHkx vlaHko
gksrk gSA
xfrfof/
vkidh jk; esa fp=k 1 fdl çdkj ,d dYiukn'khZ n`f"V
dks çfr¯cfcr djrk gS\
Page 2


3
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1848 eas] ,d I+kzQkafllh dykdkj I+kzsQfMªd lkWj;w us pkj fp=kksa dh ,d
Üka`[kyk cukbZA buesa mlus liuksa dk ,d lalkj jpk tks mlosQ 'kCnksa esa
^turkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kra=kksa* ls fey dj cuk FkkA bl  Üka`[kyk osQ
igys fp=k (ns[ksa fp=k 1) esa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk osQ yksx fn[kk, x,
gSa µ lHkh mez vkSj lkekftd oxks± osQ L=kh&iq#"k ,d yach drkj esa
Lora=krk dh izfrek dh oanuk djrs gq, tk jgs gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd
I+kzQaklhlh Økafr osQ nkSjku dykdkj Lora=krk dks efgyk dk :i iznku
fd;k djrs FksA ;gk¡ Hkh vki Kkuksn; dh e'kky dks igpku ldrs gSa tks
mlosQ ,d gkFk esa gS vkSj nwljs esa euq"; osQ vfèkdkjksa dk ?kks"k.kki=kA
izfrek osQ lkeus ”kehu ij fujaoqQ'k laLFkkuksa osQ èoLr vo'ks"k fc[kjs gq,
gSaA lkWj;w osQ dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) esa nqfu;k osQ yksx vyx jk"Vªksa osQ
lewgksa esa c¡Vs gq, gSa ftudh igpku muosQ diM+ksa vkSj jk"Vªh; iks'kkd ls
gksrh gSA Lora=krk dh ew£r ls dgha vkxs] bl tqywl dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSa
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM] tks rc rd jk"Vª&jkT; cu pqosQ
FksA I+kzQkal tks Økafrdkjh frjaxs ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS] izfrek osQ ikl
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
fp=k 1 & I+kzsQMfjd lkWj;w] fo'oO;kih iztkrkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kjkT;ksa dk LoIuµjk"Vªksa osQ chp lafèk] 1848
vè;k; 1
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
u, 'kCn
fujaoqQ'kokn (Absolutism) % ,slh ljdkj ;k 'kklu
O;oLFkk ftldh lÙkk ij fdlh çdkj dk dksbZ vaoqQ'k
ugha gksrkA bfrgkl esa ,slh jkt'kkgh ljdkjksa dks fujaoqQ'k
ljdkj dgk tkrk gS tks vR;ar dasæhÑr] lSU; cy ij
vk/kfjr vkSj neudkjh ljdkjsa gksrh FkhaA
dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) % ,d ,sls lekt dh dYiuk tks
bruk vkn'kZ gS fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxHkx vlaHko
gksrk gSA
xfrfof/
vkidh jk; esa fp=k 1 fdl çdkj ,d dYiukn'khZ n`f"V
dks çfr¯cfcr djrk gS\
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
vHkh&vHkh igq¡pk gSA mlosQ ihNs teZuh osQ yksx gSa tks dkyk] yky vkSj
lqugjk >aMk Fkkes gSaA ;g fnypLi gS fd ftl le; lkWj;w us ;g Nfo
fu£er dh] teZu yksx rc rd ,d la;qDr jk"Vª dk fgLlk ugha cus FksA
tks >aMk os Fkkes gq, gSa] og 1848 dh mnkjoknh mEehnksa dh vfHkO;fDr
gS ftuesa vusd teZu&Hkk"kh fj;klrksa dks ,d iztkrkaf=kd lafoèkku osQ
varxZr ,d jk"Vª&jkT; esa xfBr djus dh pkg FkhA teZu yksxksa osQ ckn
vkWfLVª;k] nks flflfy;ksa dh jkt'kkgh] ykWEckMhZ] iksySaM] baXySaM] vk;jySaM]
gaxjh vkSj :l osQ yksx gSaA Åij LoxZ ls] bZlk elhg] lar vkSj I+kQfj'rs
bl n`'; ij viuh u”kjsa tek, gq, gSaA fp=kdkj us mudk bLrseky nqfu;k
osQ jk"Vªksa osQ chp HkkbZpkjs osQ izrhd osQ :i esa fd;k gSA
bl vè;k; esa ,sls dbZ fo"k; mBk, tk,¡xs ftudh dkYifud vfHkO;fDr
lkWj;w us fp=k 1 esa dh FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ nkSjku jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh
rko+Qr cu dj mHkjk ftlus ;wjksi osQ jktuhfrd vkSj ekufld txr esa Hkkjh
ifjorZu yk fn;sA bu ifjorZuksa ls varr% ;wjksi osQ cgq&jk"Vªh; oa'kh;
lkezkT;ksa osQ LFkku ij jk"Vª&jkT; dk mn; gqvkA ;wjksi esa yacs le; ls ,d
,sls vkèkqfud jkT; dh xfrfofèk;k¡ vkSj fopkj fodflr gks jgs Fks ftlesa
Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr {ks=k ij izHkqlÙkk ,d osaQnzh; 'kfDr dh FkhA ysfdu
jk"Vª&jkT; esa u osQoy mlosQ 'kkldksa cfYd mlosQ vfèkdka'k ukxfjdksa esa
,d lk>k igpku dk Hkko vkSj lk>k bfrgkl ;k fojklr dh Hkkouk FkhA
lk>siu dh ;g Hkkouk vuar dky ls ugha Fkh_ ;g la?k"kks± vkSj usrkvksa rFkk
vke yksxksa dh ljx£e;ksa ls fu£er gqbZ FkhA ;g vè;k; mu fofoèk
izfØ;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkysxk ftuosQ rgr mUuhloha lnh osQ ;wjksi esa
jk"Vª&jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn vfLrRo esa vk,A
vULVZ jsuu (Ernst Renan) ^jk"Vª D;k gS\*
I+kzQkalhlh nk'kZfud vULVZ jsuu (1823&92) us 1882 esa lkWckWu
(Sorbonne) fo'ofo|ky; esa fn, ,d O;k[;ku esa jk"Vª
dh viuh le> dks izLrqr fd;kA ckn esa ;g O;k[;ku ,d
izfl¼ fuca/ osQ :i esa Nik ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk (Qu'est-ce
qu' une nation?µjk"Vª D;k gSa\)A bl fucaèk esa jsuu vU;
yksxksa }kjk izLrkfor bl fopkj dh vkykspuk djrk gS fd jk"Vª
leku Hkk"kk] uLy] èkeZ ;k {ks=k ls curk gSA
,d jk"Vª yacs iz;klksa] R;kx vkSj fu"Bk dk pje fcanq gksrk gSA
'kkS;Z&ohjrk ls ;qDr vrhr] egku iq#"kksa osQ uke vkSj xkSjo &
;g og lkekftd iw¡th gS ftl ij ,d jk"Vªh; fopkj vkèkkfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA vrhr esa leku xkSjo dk gksuk] orZeku esa ,d
leku bPNk] ladYi dk gksuk] lkFk fey dj egku dke djuk
vkSj vkxs] ,sls dke vkSj djus dh bPNk & ,d tulewg gksus
dh ;g lc ”k:jh 'krs± gSaA vr% jk"Vª ,d cM+h vkSj O;kid
,drk (Large-Scale Solidarity) gS--- mldk vfLrRo
jks”k gksus okyk tuer&laxzg gS---A izkar mlosQ fuoklh gSa_ vxj
lykg fy, tkus dk fdlh dk vfèkdkj gS rks og fuoklh gh
gS] fdlh ns'k dk foy; djus ;k fdlh ns'k ij mldh bPNk
osQ fo#¼ O
+
kQCtk tek, j[kus esa ,d jk"Vª dh okLro esa dksbZ
fnypLih gksrh ugha gSA jk"Vªksa dk vfLrRo esa gksuk ,d vPNh
ckr gS] cfYd ;g ,d ”k:jr Hkh gSA mudk gksuk Lora=krk dh
xkjaVh gS vkSj vxj nqfu;k esa osQoy ,d O
+
kQkuwu vkSj mldk
osQoy ,d ekfyd gksrk rks Lora=krk dk yksi gks tk,xkA
Ïksr
Ïksr&d
jsuu dh le> osQ vuqlkj ,d jk"Vª dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk laf{kIr
fooj.k nsaA mlosQ erkuqlkj jk"Vª D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ gSa\
ppkZ djsa
u, 'kCn
tuer&laxzg % ,d izR;{k ernku ftlosQ ”kfj, ,d {ks=k osQ
lHkh yksxksa ls ,d izLrko dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus osQ
fy, iwNk tkrk gSA
Page 3


3
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1848 eas] ,d I+kzQkafllh dykdkj I+kzsQfMªd lkWj;w us pkj fp=kksa dh ,d
Üka`[kyk cukbZA buesa mlus liuksa dk ,d lalkj jpk tks mlosQ 'kCnksa esa
^turkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kra=kksa* ls fey dj cuk FkkA bl  Üka`[kyk osQ
igys fp=k (ns[ksa fp=k 1) esa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk osQ yksx fn[kk, x,
gSa µ lHkh mez vkSj lkekftd oxks± osQ L=kh&iq#"k ,d yach drkj esa
Lora=krk dh izfrek dh oanuk djrs gq, tk jgs gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd
I+kzQaklhlh Økafr osQ nkSjku dykdkj Lora=krk dks efgyk dk :i iznku
fd;k djrs FksA ;gk¡ Hkh vki Kkuksn; dh e'kky dks igpku ldrs gSa tks
mlosQ ,d gkFk esa gS vkSj nwljs esa euq"; osQ vfèkdkjksa dk ?kks"k.kki=kA
izfrek osQ lkeus ”kehu ij fujaoqQ'k laLFkkuksa osQ èoLr vo'ks"k fc[kjs gq,
gSaA lkWj;w osQ dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) esa nqfu;k osQ yksx vyx jk"Vªksa osQ
lewgksa esa c¡Vs gq, gSa ftudh igpku muosQ diM+ksa vkSj jk"Vªh; iks'kkd ls
gksrh gSA Lora=krk dh ew£r ls dgha vkxs] bl tqywl dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSa
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM] tks rc rd jk"Vª&jkT; cu pqosQ
FksA I+kzQkal tks Økafrdkjh frjaxs ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS] izfrek osQ ikl
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
fp=k 1 & I+kzsQMfjd lkWj;w] fo'oO;kih iztkrkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kjkT;ksa dk LoIuµjk"Vªksa osQ chp lafèk] 1848
vè;k; 1
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
u, 'kCn
fujaoqQ'kokn (Absolutism) % ,slh ljdkj ;k 'kklu
O;oLFkk ftldh lÙkk ij fdlh çdkj dk dksbZ vaoqQ'k
ugha gksrkA bfrgkl esa ,slh jkt'kkgh ljdkjksa dks fujaoqQ'k
ljdkj dgk tkrk gS tks vR;ar dasæhÑr] lSU; cy ij
vk/kfjr vkSj neudkjh ljdkjsa gksrh FkhaA
dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) % ,d ,sls lekt dh dYiuk tks
bruk vkn'kZ gS fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxHkx vlaHko
gksrk gSA
xfrfof/
vkidh jk; esa fp=k 1 fdl çdkj ,d dYiukn'khZ n`f"V
dks çfr¯cfcr djrk gS\
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
vHkh&vHkh igq¡pk gSA mlosQ ihNs teZuh osQ yksx gSa tks dkyk] yky vkSj
lqugjk >aMk Fkkes gSaA ;g fnypLi gS fd ftl le; lkWj;w us ;g Nfo
fu£er dh] teZu yksx rc rd ,d la;qDr jk"Vª dk fgLlk ugha cus FksA
tks >aMk os Fkkes gq, gSa] og 1848 dh mnkjoknh mEehnksa dh vfHkO;fDr
gS ftuesa vusd teZu&Hkk"kh fj;klrksa dks ,d iztkrkaf=kd lafoèkku osQ
varxZr ,d jk"Vª&jkT; esa xfBr djus dh pkg FkhA teZu yksxksa osQ ckn
vkWfLVª;k] nks flflfy;ksa dh jkt'kkgh] ykWEckMhZ] iksySaM] baXySaM] vk;jySaM]
gaxjh vkSj :l osQ yksx gSaA Åij LoxZ ls] bZlk elhg] lar vkSj I+kQfj'rs
bl n`'; ij viuh u”kjsa tek, gq, gSaA fp=kdkj us mudk bLrseky nqfu;k
osQ jk"Vªksa osQ chp HkkbZpkjs osQ izrhd osQ :i esa fd;k gSA
bl vè;k; esa ,sls dbZ fo"k; mBk, tk,¡xs ftudh dkYifud vfHkO;fDr
lkWj;w us fp=k 1 esa dh FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ nkSjku jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh
rko+Qr cu dj mHkjk ftlus ;wjksi osQ jktuhfrd vkSj ekufld txr esa Hkkjh
ifjorZu yk fn;sA bu ifjorZuksa ls varr% ;wjksi osQ cgq&jk"Vªh; oa'kh;
lkezkT;ksa osQ LFkku ij jk"Vª&jkT; dk mn; gqvkA ;wjksi esa yacs le; ls ,d
,sls vkèkqfud jkT; dh xfrfofèk;k¡ vkSj fopkj fodflr gks jgs Fks ftlesa
Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr {ks=k ij izHkqlÙkk ,d osaQnzh; 'kfDr dh FkhA ysfdu
jk"Vª&jkT; esa u osQoy mlosQ 'kkldksa cfYd mlosQ vfèkdka'k ukxfjdksa esa
,d lk>k igpku dk Hkko vkSj lk>k bfrgkl ;k fojklr dh Hkkouk FkhA
lk>siu dh ;g Hkkouk vuar dky ls ugha Fkh_ ;g la?k"kks± vkSj usrkvksa rFkk
vke yksxksa dh ljx£e;ksa ls fu£er gqbZ FkhA ;g vè;k; mu fofoèk
izfØ;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkysxk ftuosQ rgr mUuhloha lnh osQ ;wjksi esa
jk"Vª&jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn vfLrRo esa vk,A
vULVZ jsuu (Ernst Renan) ^jk"Vª D;k gS\*
I+kzQkalhlh nk'kZfud vULVZ jsuu (1823&92) us 1882 esa lkWckWu
(Sorbonne) fo'ofo|ky; esa fn, ,d O;k[;ku esa jk"Vª
dh viuh le> dks izLrqr fd;kA ckn esa ;g O;k[;ku ,d
izfl¼ fuca/ osQ :i esa Nik ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk (Qu'est-ce
qu' une nation?µjk"Vª D;k gSa\)A bl fucaèk esa jsuu vU;
yksxksa }kjk izLrkfor bl fopkj dh vkykspuk djrk gS fd jk"Vª
leku Hkk"kk] uLy] èkeZ ;k {ks=k ls curk gSA
,d jk"Vª yacs iz;klksa] R;kx vkSj fu"Bk dk pje fcanq gksrk gSA
'kkS;Z&ohjrk ls ;qDr vrhr] egku iq#"kksa osQ uke vkSj xkSjo &
;g og lkekftd iw¡th gS ftl ij ,d jk"Vªh; fopkj vkèkkfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA vrhr esa leku xkSjo dk gksuk] orZeku esa ,d
leku bPNk] ladYi dk gksuk] lkFk fey dj egku dke djuk
vkSj vkxs] ,sls dke vkSj djus dh bPNk & ,d tulewg gksus
dh ;g lc ”k:jh 'krs± gSaA vr% jk"Vª ,d cM+h vkSj O;kid
,drk (Large-Scale Solidarity) gS--- mldk vfLrRo
jks”k gksus okyk tuer&laxzg gS---A izkar mlosQ fuoklh gSa_ vxj
lykg fy, tkus dk fdlh dk vfèkdkj gS rks og fuoklh gh
gS] fdlh ns'k dk foy; djus ;k fdlh ns'k ij mldh bPNk
osQ fo#¼ O
+
kQCtk tek, j[kus esa ,d jk"Vª dh okLro esa dksbZ
fnypLih gksrh ugha gSA jk"Vªksa dk vfLrRo esa gksuk ,d vPNh
ckr gS] cfYd ;g ,d ”k:jr Hkh gSA mudk gksuk Lora=krk dh
xkjaVh gS vkSj vxj nqfu;k esa osQoy ,d O
+
kQkuwu vkSj mldk
osQoy ,d ekfyd gksrk rks Lora=krk dk yksi gks tk,xkA
Ïksr
Ïksr&d
jsuu dh le> osQ vuqlkj ,d jk"Vª dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk laf{kIr
fooj.k nsaA mlosQ erkuqlkj jk"Vª D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ gSa\
ppkZ djsa
u, 'kCn
tuer&laxzg % ,d izR;{k ernku ftlosQ ”kfj, ,d {ks=k osQ
lHkh yksxksa ls ,d izLrko dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus osQ
fy, iwNk tkrk gSA
5
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1 I+kzQkalhlh Økafr vkSj jk"Vª dk fopkj
jk"Vªokn dh igyh Li"V vfHkO;fDr 1789 esa iz+Qaklhlh
Økafr osQ lkFk gqbZA tSlk fd vkidks ;kn gksxk] 1789
esa I+kzQkal ,d ,slk jkT; Fkk ftlosQ laiw.kZ Hkw&Hkkx ij
,d fujaoqQ'k jktk dk vkfèkiR; FkkA iz+Qaklhlh Øakfr ls
tks jktuhfrd vkSj laoSèkkfud cnyko gq, muls izHkqlÙkk
jktra=k ls fudy dj I+kzQaklhlh ukxfjdksa osQ lewg esa
gLrkarfjr gks xbZA Økafr us ?kks"k.kk dh fd vc yksxkas
}kjk jk"Vª dk xBu gksxk vkSj os gh mldh fu;fr r;
djsaxsA
izkjaHk ls gh I+kzQaklhlh Økafrdkfj;ksa us ,sls vusd O+kQne
mBk, ftuls I+kzQaklhlh yksxksa esa ,d lkewfgd igpku
dh Hkkouk iSnk gks ldrh FkhA fir`Hkwfe (la patrie)
vkSj ukxfjd (le citoyen) tSls fopkjksa us ,d
la;qDr leqnk; osQ fopkj ij cy fn;k ftls ,d
lafoèkku osQ varxZr leku vfèkdkj izkIr FksA vr% ,d
u;k iz+Qaklhlh >aMk&frjaxk (the tricolour) pquk x;k ftlus igys osQ
jktèot dh txg ys yhA bLVsV tsujy dk pquko lfØ; ukxfjdksa osQ
lewg }kjk fd;k tkus yxk vkSj mldk uke cny dj us'kuy ,lsacyh
dj fn;k x;kA u;h Lrqfr;k¡ jph xb±] 'kiFksa yh xbZa] 'kghnksa dk xq.kxku
gqvk & vkSj ;g lc jk"Vª osQ uke ij gqvkA ,d osaQnzh; iz'kklfud
O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ ftlus vius Hkw&Hkkx esa jgus okys lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ
fy, leku O+kQkuwu cuk,A vkarfjd vk;kr&fu;kZr 'kqYd lekIr dj fn,
x, vkSj Hkkj rFkk ukius dh ,dleku O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA {ks=kh;
cksfy;ksa dks grksRlkfgr fd;k x;k vkSj isfjl esa iz+saQp tSlh cksyh vkSj
fy[kh tkrh Fkh] ogh jk"Vª dh lk>k Hkk"kk cu xbZA
Økafrdkfj;ksa us ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh fd I+kzQaklhlh jk"Vª dk ;g HkkX; vkSj
y{; Fkk fd og ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dks fujaoqQ'k 'kkldksa ls eqDr djk,A nwljs
'kCnksa esa] I+kzQkal ;wjksi osQ vU; yksxksa dks jk"Vªksa esa xfBr gksus esa enn nsxkA
tc I+kzQkal dh ?kVukvksa dh [+kcj ;wjksi osQ fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa igq¡ph rks Nk=k
rFkk f'kf{kr eè;&oxks± osQ vU; lnL; tSdksfcu Dycksa dh LFkkiuk djus
yxsA mudh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa us mu iz+saQp lsukvksa osQ fy, jkLrk
rS;kj fd;k tks 1790 osQ n'kd esa gkWySaM] csfYt;e] fLoV~”kjySaM vkSj
bVyh osQ cM+s bykO+ksQ esa ?kqlhaA Økafrdkjh ;q¼ksa osQ 'kq: gksus osQ lkFk gh
I+kzQaklhlh lsuk,¡ jk"Vªokn osQ fopkj dks fons'kksa esa ys tkus yxhaA
usiksfy;u osQ fu;a=k.k esa tks fo'kky {ks=k vk;k ogk¡ mlus ,sls vusd
lqèkkjksa dh 'kq#vkr dh ftUgsa I+kzQkal esa igys gh vkjaHk fd;k tk pqdk FkkA
I+kzQkal esa jktra=k okil ykdj usiksfy;u us fu%lansg ogk¡ iztkra=k dks u"V
fp=k 2 & ,d teZu iapk¡x (;k frfFki=k) dk eq[ki`"B
ftls i=kdkj ,safMª;kl jsceku (Rebmann) us 1798
esa fM”kkbu fd;kA
izsaQp ckLVhy esa Økafrdkjh HkhM+ osQ izos'k osQ fp=k dks mlls
feyrs&tqyrs fO+kQys dh cX+ky esa cuk;k x;k gSA ;g fO+kQyk
teZu izkar oSQlsy (Kassel) esa fujaoqQ'k 'kklu osQ x<+ osQ
:i esa fpf=kr gSA bl fp=k osQ lkFk ,d ukjk fn;k x;k %
^^yksxksa dks viuh vk”kknh eqV~Bh esa dj ysuh pkfg,A**
jsceku ,d i=kdkj Fkk tks esa”k uked 'kgj esa jgrk FkkA
og teZu tsdksfcu xqV dk lnL; FkkA
Page 4


3
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1848 eas] ,d I+kzQkafllh dykdkj I+kzsQfMªd lkWj;w us pkj fp=kksa dh ,d
Üka`[kyk cukbZA buesa mlus liuksa dk ,d lalkj jpk tks mlosQ 'kCnksa esa
^turkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kra=kksa* ls fey dj cuk FkkA bl  Üka`[kyk osQ
igys fp=k (ns[ksa fp=k 1) esa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk osQ yksx fn[kk, x,
gSa µ lHkh mez vkSj lkekftd oxks± osQ L=kh&iq#"k ,d yach drkj esa
Lora=krk dh izfrek dh oanuk djrs gq, tk jgs gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd
I+kzQaklhlh Økafr osQ nkSjku dykdkj Lora=krk dks efgyk dk :i iznku
fd;k djrs FksA ;gk¡ Hkh vki Kkuksn; dh e'kky dks igpku ldrs gSa tks
mlosQ ,d gkFk esa gS vkSj nwljs esa euq"; osQ vfèkdkjksa dk ?kks"k.kki=kA
izfrek osQ lkeus ”kehu ij fujaoqQ'k laLFkkuksa osQ èoLr vo'ks"k fc[kjs gq,
gSaA lkWj;w osQ dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) esa nqfu;k osQ yksx vyx jk"Vªksa osQ
lewgksa esa c¡Vs gq, gSa ftudh igpku muosQ diM+ksa vkSj jk"Vªh; iks'kkd ls
gksrh gSA Lora=krk dh ew£r ls dgha vkxs] bl tqywl dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSa
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM] tks rc rd jk"Vª&jkT; cu pqosQ
FksA I+kzQkal tks Økafrdkjh frjaxs ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS] izfrek osQ ikl
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
fp=k 1 & I+kzsQMfjd lkWj;w] fo'oO;kih iztkrkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kjkT;ksa dk LoIuµjk"Vªksa osQ chp lafèk] 1848
vè;k; 1
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
u, 'kCn
fujaoqQ'kokn (Absolutism) % ,slh ljdkj ;k 'kklu
O;oLFkk ftldh lÙkk ij fdlh çdkj dk dksbZ vaoqQ'k
ugha gksrkA bfrgkl esa ,slh jkt'kkgh ljdkjksa dks fujaoqQ'k
ljdkj dgk tkrk gS tks vR;ar dasæhÑr] lSU; cy ij
vk/kfjr vkSj neudkjh ljdkjsa gksrh FkhaA
dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) % ,d ,sls lekt dh dYiuk tks
bruk vkn'kZ gS fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxHkx vlaHko
gksrk gSA
xfrfof/
vkidh jk; esa fp=k 1 fdl çdkj ,d dYiukn'khZ n`f"V
dks çfr¯cfcr djrk gS\
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
vHkh&vHkh igq¡pk gSA mlosQ ihNs teZuh osQ yksx gSa tks dkyk] yky vkSj
lqugjk >aMk Fkkes gSaA ;g fnypLi gS fd ftl le; lkWj;w us ;g Nfo
fu£er dh] teZu yksx rc rd ,d la;qDr jk"Vª dk fgLlk ugha cus FksA
tks >aMk os Fkkes gq, gSa] og 1848 dh mnkjoknh mEehnksa dh vfHkO;fDr
gS ftuesa vusd teZu&Hkk"kh fj;klrksa dks ,d iztkrkaf=kd lafoèkku osQ
varxZr ,d jk"Vª&jkT; esa xfBr djus dh pkg FkhA teZu yksxksa osQ ckn
vkWfLVª;k] nks flflfy;ksa dh jkt'kkgh] ykWEckMhZ] iksySaM] baXySaM] vk;jySaM]
gaxjh vkSj :l osQ yksx gSaA Åij LoxZ ls] bZlk elhg] lar vkSj I+kQfj'rs
bl n`'; ij viuh u”kjsa tek, gq, gSaA fp=kdkj us mudk bLrseky nqfu;k
osQ jk"Vªksa osQ chp HkkbZpkjs osQ izrhd osQ :i esa fd;k gSA
bl vè;k; esa ,sls dbZ fo"k; mBk, tk,¡xs ftudh dkYifud vfHkO;fDr
lkWj;w us fp=k 1 esa dh FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ nkSjku jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh
rko+Qr cu dj mHkjk ftlus ;wjksi osQ jktuhfrd vkSj ekufld txr esa Hkkjh
ifjorZu yk fn;sA bu ifjorZuksa ls varr% ;wjksi osQ cgq&jk"Vªh; oa'kh;
lkezkT;ksa osQ LFkku ij jk"Vª&jkT; dk mn; gqvkA ;wjksi esa yacs le; ls ,d
,sls vkèkqfud jkT; dh xfrfofèk;k¡ vkSj fopkj fodflr gks jgs Fks ftlesa
Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr {ks=k ij izHkqlÙkk ,d osaQnzh; 'kfDr dh FkhA ysfdu
jk"Vª&jkT; esa u osQoy mlosQ 'kkldksa cfYd mlosQ vfèkdka'k ukxfjdksa esa
,d lk>k igpku dk Hkko vkSj lk>k bfrgkl ;k fojklr dh Hkkouk FkhA
lk>siu dh ;g Hkkouk vuar dky ls ugha Fkh_ ;g la?k"kks± vkSj usrkvksa rFkk
vke yksxksa dh ljx£e;ksa ls fu£er gqbZ FkhA ;g vè;k; mu fofoèk
izfØ;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkysxk ftuosQ rgr mUuhloha lnh osQ ;wjksi esa
jk"Vª&jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn vfLrRo esa vk,A
vULVZ jsuu (Ernst Renan) ^jk"Vª D;k gS\*
I+kzQkalhlh nk'kZfud vULVZ jsuu (1823&92) us 1882 esa lkWckWu
(Sorbonne) fo'ofo|ky; esa fn, ,d O;k[;ku esa jk"Vª
dh viuh le> dks izLrqr fd;kA ckn esa ;g O;k[;ku ,d
izfl¼ fuca/ osQ :i esa Nik ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk (Qu'est-ce
qu' une nation?µjk"Vª D;k gSa\)A bl fucaèk esa jsuu vU;
yksxksa }kjk izLrkfor bl fopkj dh vkykspuk djrk gS fd jk"Vª
leku Hkk"kk] uLy] èkeZ ;k {ks=k ls curk gSA
,d jk"Vª yacs iz;klksa] R;kx vkSj fu"Bk dk pje fcanq gksrk gSA
'kkS;Z&ohjrk ls ;qDr vrhr] egku iq#"kksa osQ uke vkSj xkSjo &
;g og lkekftd iw¡th gS ftl ij ,d jk"Vªh; fopkj vkèkkfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA vrhr esa leku xkSjo dk gksuk] orZeku esa ,d
leku bPNk] ladYi dk gksuk] lkFk fey dj egku dke djuk
vkSj vkxs] ,sls dke vkSj djus dh bPNk & ,d tulewg gksus
dh ;g lc ”k:jh 'krs± gSaA vr% jk"Vª ,d cM+h vkSj O;kid
,drk (Large-Scale Solidarity) gS--- mldk vfLrRo
jks”k gksus okyk tuer&laxzg gS---A izkar mlosQ fuoklh gSa_ vxj
lykg fy, tkus dk fdlh dk vfèkdkj gS rks og fuoklh gh
gS] fdlh ns'k dk foy; djus ;k fdlh ns'k ij mldh bPNk
osQ fo#¼ O
+
kQCtk tek, j[kus esa ,d jk"Vª dh okLro esa dksbZ
fnypLih gksrh ugha gSA jk"Vªksa dk vfLrRo esa gksuk ,d vPNh
ckr gS] cfYd ;g ,d ”k:jr Hkh gSA mudk gksuk Lora=krk dh
xkjaVh gS vkSj vxj nqfu;k esa osQoy ,d O
+
kQkuwu vkSj mldk
osQoy ,d ekfyd gksrk rks Lora=krk dk yksi gks tk,xkA
Ïksr
Ïksr&d
jsuu dh le> osQ vuqlkj ,d jk"Vª dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk laf{kIr
fooj.k nsaA mlosQ erkuqlkj jk"Vª D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ gSa\
ppkZ djsa
u, 'kCn
tuer&laxzg % ,d izR;{k ernku ftlosQ ”kfj, ,d {ks=k osQ
lHkh yksxksa ls ,d izLrko dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus osQ
fy, iwNk tkrk gSA
5
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1 I+kzQkalhlh Økafr vkSj jk"Vª dk fopkj
jk"Vªokn dh igyh Li"V vfHkO;fDr 1789 esa iz+Qaklhlh
Økafr osQ lkFk gqbZA tSlk fd vkidks ;kn gksxk] 1789
esa I+kzQkal ,d ,slk jkT; Fkk ftlosQ laiw.kZ Hkw&Hkkx ij
,d fujaoqQ'k jktk dk vkfèkiR; FkkA iz+Qaklhlh Øakfr ls
tks jktuhfrd vkSj laoSèkkfud cnyko gq, muls izHkqlÙkk
jktra=k ls fudy dj I+kzQaklhlh ukxfjdksa osQ lewg esa
gLrkarfjr gks xbZA Økafr us ?kks"k.kk dh fd vc yksxkas
}kjk jk"Vª dk xBu gksxk vkSj os gh mldh fu;fr r;
djsaxsA
izkjaHk ls gh I+kzQaklhlh Økafrdkfj;ksa us ,sls vusd O+kQne
mBk, ftuls I+kzQaklhlh yksxksa esa ,d lkewfgd igpku
dh Hkkouk iSnk gks ldrh FkhA fir`Hkwfe (la patrie)
vkSj ukxfjd (le citoyen) tSls fopkjksa us ,d
la;qDr leqnk; osQ fopkj ij cy fn;k ftls ,d
lafoèkku osQ varxZr leku vfèkdkj izkIr FksA vr% ,d
u;k iz+Qaklhlh >aMk&frjaxk (the tricolour) pquk x;k ftlus igys osQ
jktèot dh txg ys yhA bLVsV tsujy dk pquko lfØ; ukxfjdksa osQ
lewg }kjk fd;k tkus yxk vkSj mldk uke cny dj us'kuy ,lsacyh
dj fn;k x;kA u;h Lrqfr;k¡ jph xb±] 'kiFksa yh xbZa] 'kghnksa dk xq.kxku
gqvk & vkSj ;g lc jk"Vª osQ uke ij gqvkA ,d osaQnzh; iz'kklfud
O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ ftlus vius Hkw&Hkkx esa jgus okys lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ
fy, leku O+kQkuwu cuk,A vkarfjd vk;kr&fu;kZr 'kqYd lekIr dj fn,
x, vkSj Hkkj rFkk ukius dh ,dleku O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA {ks=kh;
cksfy;ksa dks grksRlkfgr fd;k x;k vkSj isfjl esa iz+saQp tSlh cksyh vkSj
fy[kh tkrh Fkh] ogh jk"Vª dh lk>k Hkk"kk cu xbZA
Økafrdkfj;ksa us ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh fd I+kzQaklhlh jk"Vª dk ;g HkkX; vkSj
y{; Fkk fd og ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dks fujaoqQ'k 'kkldksa ls eqDr djk,A nwljs
'kCnksa esa] I+kzQkal ;wjksi osQ vU; yksxksa dks jk"Vªksa esa xfBr gksus esa enn nsxkA
tc I+kzQkal dh ?kVukvksa dh [+kcj ;wjksi osQ fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa igq¡ph rks Nk=k
rFkk f'kf{kr eè;&oxks± osQ vU; lnL; tSdksfcu Dycksa dh LFkkiuk djus
yxsA mudh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa us mu iz+saQp lsukvksa osQ fy, jkLrk
rS;kj fd;k tks 1790 osQ n'kd esa gkWySaM] csfYt;e] fLoV~”kjySaM vkSj
bVyh osQ cM+s bykO+ksQ esa ?kqlhaA Økafrdkjh ;q¼ksa osQ 'kq: gksus osQ lkFk gh
I+kzQaklhlh lsuk,¡ jk"Vªokn osQ fopkj dks fons'kksa esa ys tkus yxhaA
usiksfy;u osQ fu;a=k.k esa tks fo'kky {ks=k vk;k ogk¡ mlus ,sls vusd
lqèkkjksa dh 'kq#vkr dh ftUgsa I+kzQkal esa igys gh vkjaHk fd;k tk pqdk FkkA
I+kzQkal esa jktra=k okil ykdj usiksfy;u us fu%lansg ogk¡ iztkra=k dks u"V
fp=k 2 & ,d teZu iapk¡x (;k frfFki=k) dk eq[ki`"B
ftls i=kdkj ,safMª;kl jsceku (Rebmann) us 1798
esa fM”kkbu fd;kA
izsaQp ckLVhy esa Økafrdkjh HkhM+ osQ izos'k osQ fp=k dks mlls
feyrs&tqyrs fO+kQys dh cX+ky esa cuk;k x;k gSA ;g fO+kQyk
teZu izkar oSQlsy (Kassel) esa fujaoqQ'k 'kklu osQ x<+ osQ
:i esa fpf=kr gSA bl fp=k osQ lkFk ,d ukjk fn;k x;k %
^^yksxksa dks viuh vk”kknh eqV~Bh esa dj ysuh pkfg,A**
jsceku ,d i=kdkj Fkk tks esa”k uked 'kgj esa jgrk FkkA
og teZu tsdksfcu xqV dk lnL; FkkA
6
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 3 µ fo;uk dkaxzsl 1815
osQ ckn dk ;wjksiA
fd;k FkkA exj iz'kklfud {ks=k esa mlus Økafrdkjh fl¼karksa dk lekos'k
fd;k Fkk rkfd iwjh O;oLFkk vfèkd roZQlaxr vkSj oqQ'ky cu losQA
1804 dh ukxfjd lafgrk ftls vkerkSj ij usiksfy;u dh lafgrk osQ uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS] us tUe ij vkèkkfjr fo'ks"kkfèkdkj lekIr dj fn, FksA
mlus O+kQkuwu osQ le{k cjkcjh vkSj laifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dks lqjf{kr cuk;kA
bl lafgrk dks I+kzQaklhlh fu;a=k.k osQ vèkhu {ks=kksa esa Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kA
Mp x.kra=k] fLoV~”kjySaM] bVyh vkSj teZuh esa usiksfy;u us iz'kklfud
foHkktuksa dks ljy cuk;k] lkearh O;oLFkk dks [kRe fd;k vkSj fdlkuksa
dks Hkw&nklRo vkSj tkxhjnkjh 'kqYdksa ls eqfDr fnykbZA 'kgjksa esa Hkh
dkjhxjksa osQ Js.kh&la?kksa osQ fu;a=k.kksa dks gVk fn;k x;kA ;krk;kr vkSj
lapkj&O;oLFkkvksa dks lqèkkjk x;kA fdlkuksa] dkjhxjksa] e”knwjksa vkSj u,
m|ksxifr;ksa us u;h&u;h feyh vk”kknh p[khA m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj [+kklrkSj
ij leku cukus okys y?kq mRiknd ;g le>us yxs fd ,dleku O+kQkuwu]
vkblySaM
(MsuekoZQ)
ukWosZ
(LohMu)
LohMu
MsuekoZQ
gcksoj
(xzsV fczVsu)
uhnjySaM~l
baXySaM
osYl
vk;jySaM
xzsV
fczVsu
LdkWVySaM
I+kzQkal
Lisu
iqrZxky
eksjDdks vYthfj;k
V~;wful
felz
fiQyhLrhu
lhfj;k
lkbizl
eslksiksVkfe;k
vkehZfu;k
vkWVkseu
lkezkT;
oszQrs
;wuku (xzhl)
cqYxkfj;k
jksekfu;k
lfcZ;k
gaxjh
vkWfLVª;kbZ lkezkT;
vkWfLVª;k
xkyhfl;k ckosfj;k
fLoV~”kjySaM
iz'kk
iksySaM
:lh lkezkT;
lkMhZfu;k
dksflZdk
y?kq
jkT;
nksuksa
flflfy;ksa
dk jktra=k
tkWftZ;k
i+Qkjl
Hkweè; lkxj
vVykafVd lkxj
Page 5


3
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1848 eas] ,d I+kzQkafllh dykdkj I+kzsQfMªd lkWj;w us pkj fp=kksa dh ,d
Üka`[kyk cukbZA buesa mlus liuksa dk ,d lalkj jpk tks mlosQ 'kCnksa esa
^turkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kra=kksa* ls fey dj cuk FkkA bl  Üka`[kyk osQ
igys fp=k (ns[ksa fp=k 1) esa ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk osQ yksx fn[kk, x,
gSa µ lHkh mez vkSj lkekftd oxks± osQ L=kh&iq#"k ,d yach drkj esa
Lora=krk dh izfrek dh oanuk djrs gq, tk jgs gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd
I+kzQaklhlh Økafr osQ nkSjku dykdkj Lora=krk dks efgyk dk :i iznku
fd;k djrs FksA ;gk¡ Hkh vki Kkuksn; dh e'kky dks igpku ldrs gSa tks
mlosQ ,d gkFk esa gS vkSj nwljs esa euq"; osQ vfèkdkjksa dk ?kks"k.kki=kA
izfrek osQ lkeus ”kehu ij fujaoqQ'k laLFkkuksa osQ èoLr vo'ks"k fc[kjs gq,
gSaA lkWj;w osQ dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) esa nqfu;k osQ yksx vyx jk"Vªksa osQ
lewgksa esa c¡Vs gq, gSa ftudh igpku muosQ diM+ksa vkSj jk"Vªh; iks'kkd ls
gksrh gSA Lora=krk dh ew£r ls dgha vkxs] bl tqywl dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSa
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM] tks rc rd jk"Vª&jkT; cu pqosQ
FksA I+kzQkal tks Økafrdkjh frjaxs ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS] izfrek osQ ikl
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
fp=k 1 & I+kzsQMfjd lkWj;w] fo'oO;kih iztkrkaf=kd vkSj lkekftd x.kjkT;ksa dk LoIuµjk"Vªksa osQ chp lafèk] 1848
vè;k; 1
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
u, 'kCn
fujaoqQ'kokn (Absolutism) % ,slh ljdkj ;k 'kklu
O;oLFkk ftldh lÙkk ij fdlh çdkj dk dksbZ vaoqQ'k
ugha gksrkA bfrgkl esa ,slh jkt'kkgh ljdkjksa dks fujaoqQ'k
ljdkj dgk tkrk gS tks vR;ar dasæhÑr] lSU; cy ij
vk/kfjr vkSj neudkjh ljdkjsa gksrh FkhaA
dYiukn'kZ (;qVksfi;k) % ,d ,sls lekt dh dYiuk tks
bruk vkn'kZ gS fd mldk lkdkj gksuk yxHkx vlaHko
gksrk gSA
xfrfof/
vkidh jk; esa fp=k 1 fdl çdkj ,d dYiukn'khZ n`f"V
dks çfr¯cfcr djrk gS\
4
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
vHkh&vHkh igq¡pk gSA mlosQ ihNs teZuh osQ yksx gSa tks dkyk] yky vkSj
lqugjk >aMk Fkkes gSaA ;g fnypLi gS fd ftl le; lkWj;w us ;g Nfo
fu£er dh] teZu yksx rc rd ,d la;qDr jk"Vª dk fgLlk ugha cus FksA
tks >aMk os Fkkes gq, gSa] og 1848 dh mnkjoknh mEehnksa dh vfHkO;fDr
gS ftuesa vusd teZu&Hkk"kh fj;klrksa dks ,d iztkrkaf=kd lafoèkku osQ
varxZr ,d jk"Vª&jkT; esa xfBr djus dh pkg FkhA teZu yksxksa osQ ckn
vkWfLVª;k] nks flflfy;ksa dh jkt'kkgh] ykWEckMhZ] iksySaM] baXySaM] vk;jySaM]
gaxjh vkSj :l osQ yksx gSaA Åij LoxZ ls] bZlk elhg] lar vkSj I+kQfj'rs
bl n`'; ij viuh u”kjsa tek, gq, gSaA fp=kdkj us mudk bLrseky nqfu;k
osQ jk"Vªksa osQ chp HkkbZpkjs osQ izrhd osQ :i esa fd;k gSA
bl vè;k; esa ,sls dbZ fo"k; mBk, tk,¡xs ftudh dkYifud vfHkO;fDr
lkWj;w us fp=k 1 esa dh FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ nkSjku jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh
rko+Qr cu dj mHkjk ftlus ;wjksi osQ jktuhfrd vkSj ekufld txr esa Hkkjh
ifjorZu yk fn;sA bu ifjorZuksa ls varr% ;wjksi osQ cgq&jk"Vªh; oa'kh;
lkezkT;ksa osQ LFkku ij jk"Vª&jkT; dk mn; gqvkA ;wjksi esa yacs le; ls ,d
,sls vkèkqfud jkT; dh xfrfofèk;k¡ vkSj fopkj fodflr gks jgs Fks ftlesa
Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr {ks=k ij izHkqlÙkk ,d osaQnzh; 'kfDr dh FkhA ysfdu
jk"Vª&jkT; esa u osQoy mlosQ 'kkldksa cfYd mlosQ vfèkdka'k ukxfjdksa esa
,d lk>k igpku dk Hkko vkSj lk>k bfrgkl ;k fojklr dh Hkkouk FkhA
lk>siu dh ;g Hkkouk vuar dky ls ugha Fkh_ ;g la?k"kks± vkSj usrkvksa rFkk
vke yksxksa dh ljx£e;ksa ls fu£er gqbZ FkhA ;g vè;k; mu fofoèk
izfØ;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkysxk ftuosQ rgr mUuhloha lnh osQ ;wjksi esa
jk"Vª&jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn vfLrRo esa vk,A
vULVZ jsuu (Ernst Renan) ^jk"Vª D;k gS\*
I+kzQkalhlh nk'kZfud vULVZ jsuu (1823&92) us 1882 esa lkWckWu
(Sorbonne) fo'ofo|ky; esa fn, ,d O;k[;ku esa jk"Vª
dh viuh le> dks izLrqr fd;kA ckn esa ;g O;k[;ku ,d
izfl¼ fuca/ osQ :i esa Nik ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk (Qu'est-ce
qu' une nation?µjk"Vª D;k gSa\)A bl fucaèk esa jsuu vU;
yksxksa }kjk izLrkfor bl fopkj dh vkykspuk djrk gS fd jk"Vª
leku Hkk"kk] uLy] èkeZ ;k {ks=k ls curk gSA
,d jk"Vª yacs iz;klksa] R;kx vkSj fu"Bk dk pje fcanq gksrk gSA
'kkS;Z&ohjrk ls ;qDr vrhr] egku iq#"kksa osQ uke vkSj xkSjo &
;g og lkekftd iw¡th gS ftl ij ,d jk"Vªh; fopkj vkèkkfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA vrhr esa leku xkSjo dk gksuk] orZeku esa ,d
leku bPNk] ladYi dk gksuk] lkFk fey dj egku dke djuk
vkSj vkxs] ,sls dke vkSj djus dh bPNk & ,d tulewg gksus
dh ;g lc ”k:jh 'krs± gSaA vr% jk"Vª ,d cM+h vkSj O;kid
,drk (Large-Scale Solidarity) gS--- mldk vfLrRo
jks”k gksus okyk tuer&laxzg gS---A izkar mlosQ fuoklh gSa_ vxj
lykg fy, tkus dk fdlh dk vfèkdkj gS rks og fuoklh gh
gS] fdlh ns'k dk foy; djus ;k fdlh ns'k ij mldh bPNk
osQ fo#¼ O
+
kQCtk tek, j[kus esa ,d jk"Vª dh okLro esa dksbZ
fnypLih gksrh ugha gSA jk"Vªksa dk vfLrRo esa gksuk ,d vPNh
ckr gS] cfYd ;g ,d ”k:jr Hkh gSA mudk gksuk Lora=krk dh
xkjaVh gS vkSj vxj nqfu;k esa osQoy ,d O
+
kQkuwu vkSj mldk
osQoy ,d ekfyd gksrk rks Lora=krk dk yksi gks tk,xkA
Ïksr
Ïksr&d
jsuu dh le> osQ vuqlkj ,d jk"Vª dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk laf{kIr
fooj.k nsaA mlosQ erkuqlkj jk"Vª D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ gSa\
ppkZ djsa
u, 'kCn
tuer&laxzg % ,d izR;{k ernku ftlosQ ”kfj, ,d {ks=k osQ
lHkh yksxksa ls ,d izLrko dks Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus osQ
fy, iwNk tkrk gSA
5
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
1 I+kzQkalhlh Økafr vkSj jk"Vª dk fopkj
jk"Vªokn dh igyh Li"V vfHkO;fDr 1789 esa iz+Qaklhlh
Økafr osQ lkFk gqbZA tSlk fd vkidks ;kn gksxk] 1789
esa I+kzQkal ,d ,slk jkT; Fkk ftlosQ laiw.kZ Hkw&Hkkx ij
,d fujaoqQ'k jktk dk vkfèkiR; FkkA iz+Qaklhlh Øakfr ls
tks jktuhfrd vkSj laoSèkkfud cnyko gq, muls izHkqlÙkk
jktra=k ls fudy dj I+kzQaklhlh ukxfjdksa osQ lewg esa
gLrkarfjr gks xbZA Økafr us ?kks"k.kk dh fd vc yksxkas
}kjk jk"Vª dk xBu gksxk vkSj os gh mldh fu;fr r;
djsaxsA
izkjaHk ls gh I+kzQaklhlh Økafrdkfj;ksa us ,sls vusd O+kQne
mBk, ftuls I+kzQaklhlh yksxksa esa ,d lkewfgd igpku
dh Hkkouk iSnk gks ldrh FkhA fir`Hkwfe (la patrie)
vkSj ukxfjd (le citoyen) tSls fopkjksa us ,d
la;qDr leqnk; osQ fopkj ij cy fn;k ftls ,d
lafoèkku osQ varxZr leku vfèkdkj izkIr FksA vr% ,d
u;k iz+Qaklhlh >aMk&frjaxk (the tricolour) pquk x;k ftlus igys osQ
jktèot dh txg ys yhA bLVsV tsujy dk pquko lfØ; ukxfjdksa osQ
lewg }kjk fd;k tkus yxk vkSj mldk uke cny dj us'kuy ,lsacyh
dj fn;k x;kA u;h Lrqfr;k¡ jph xb±] 'kiFksa yh xbZa] 'kghnksa dk xq.kxku
gqvk & vkSj ;g lc jk"Vª osQ uke ij gqvkA ,d osaQnzh; iz'kklfud
O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ ftlus vius Hkw&Hkkx esa jgus okys lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ
fy, leku O+kQkuwu cuk,A vkarfjd vk;kr&fu;kZr 'kqYd lekIr dj fn,
x, vkSj Hkkj rFkk ukius dh ,dleku O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA {ks=kh;
cksfy;ksa dks grksRlkfgr fd;k x;k vkSj isfjl esa iz+saQp tSlh cksyh vkSj
fy[kh tkrh Fkh] ogh jk"Vª dh lk>k Hkk"kk cu xbZA
Økafrdkfj;ksa us ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh fd I+kzQaklhlh jk"Vª dk ;g HkkX; vkSj
y{; Fkk fd og ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dks fujaoqQ'k 'kkldksa ls eqDr djk,A nwljs
'kCnksa esa] I+kzQkal ;wjksi osQ vU; yksxksa dks jk"Vªksa esa xfBr gksus esa enn nsxkA
tc I+kzQkal dh ?kVukvksa dh [+kcj ;wjksi osQ fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa igq¡ph rks Nk=k
rFkk f'kf{kr eè;&oxks± osQ vU; lnL; tSdksfcu Dycksa dh LFkkiuk djus
yxsA mudh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa us mu iz+saQp lsukvksa osQ fy, jkLrk
rS;kj fd;k tks 1790 osQ n'kd esa gkWySaM] csfYt;e] fLoV~”kjySaM vkSj
bVyh osQ cM+s bykO+ksQ esa ?kqlhaA Økafrdkjh ;q¼ksa osQ 'kq: gksus osQ lkFk gh
I+kzQaklhlh lsuk,¡ jk"Vªokn osQ fopkj dks fons'kksa esa ys tkus yxhaA
usiksfy;u osQ fu;a=k.k esa tks fo'kky {ks=k vk;k ogk¡ mlus ,sls vusd
lqèkkjksa dh 'kq#vkr dh ftUgsa I+kzQkal esa igys gh vkjaHk fd;k tk pqdk FkkA
I+kzQkal esa jktra=k okil ykdj usiksfy;u us fu%lansg ogk¡ iztkra=k dks u"V
fp=k 2 & ,d teZu iapk¡x (;k frfFki=k) dk eq[ki`"B
ftls i=kdkj ,safMª;kl jsceku (Rebmann) us 1798
esa fM”kkbu fd;kA
izsaQp ckLVhy esa Økafrdkjh HkhM+ osQ izos'k osQ fp=k dks mlls
feyrs&tqyrs fO+kQys dh cX+ky esa cuk;k x;k gSA ;g fO+kQyk
teZu izkar oSQlsy (Kassel) esa fujaoqQ'k 'kklu osQ x<+ osQ
:i esa fpf=kr gSA bl fp=k osQ lkFk ,d ukjk fn;k x;k %
^^yksxksa dks viuh vk”kknh eqV~Bh esa dj ysuh pkfg,A**
jsceku ,d i=kdkj Fkk tks esa”k uked 'kgj esa jgrk FkkA
og teZu tsdksfcu xqV dk lnL; FkkA
6
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 3 µ fo;uk dkaxzsl 1815
osQ ckn dk ;wjksiA
fd;k FkkA exj iz'kklfud {ks=k esa mlus Økafrdkjh fl¼karksa dk lekos'k
fd;k Fkk rkfd iwjh O;oLFkk vfèkd roZQlaxr vkSj oqQ'ky cu losQA
1804 dh ukxfjd lafgrk ftls vkerkSj ij usiksfy;u dh lafgrk osQ uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS] us tUe ij vkèkkfjr fo'ks"kkfèkdkj lekIr dj fn, FksA
mlus O+kQkuwu osQ le{k cjkcjh vkSj laifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dks lqjf{kr cuk;kA
bl lafgrk dks I+kzQaklhlh fu;a=k.k osQ vèkhu {ks=kksa esa Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kA
Mp x.kra=k] fLoV~”kjySaM] bVyh vkSj teZuh esa usiksfy;u us iz'kklfud
foHkktuksa dks ljy cuk;k] lkearh O;oLFkk dks [kRe fd;k vkSj fdlkuksa
dks Hkw&nklRo vkSj tkxhjnkjh 'kqYdksa ls eqfDr fnykbZA 'kgjksa esa Hkh
dkjhxjksa osQ Js.kh&la?kksa osQ fu;a=k.kksa dks gVk fn;k x;kA ;krk;kr vkSj
lapkj&O;oLFkkvksa dks lqèkkjk x;kA fdlkuksa] dkjhxjksa] e”knwjksa vkSj u,
m|ksxifr;ksa us u;h&u;h feyh vk”kknh p[khA m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj [+kklrkSj
ij leku cukus okys y?kq mRiknd ;g le>us yxs fd ,dleku O+kQkuwu]
vkblySaM
(MsuekoZQ)
ukWosZ
(LohMu)
LohMu
MsuekoZQ
gcksoj
(xzsV fczVsu)
uhnjySaM~l
baXySaM
osYl
vk;jySaM
xzsV
fczVsu
LdkWVySaM
I+kzQkal
Lisu
iqrZxky
eksjDdks vYthfj;k
V~;wful
felz
fiQyhLrhu
lhfj;k
lkbizl
eslksiksVkfe;k
vkehZfu;k
vkWVkseu
lkezkT;
oszQrs
;wuku (xzhl)
cqYxkfj;k
jksekfu;k
lfcZ;k
gaxjh
vkWfLVª;kbZ lkezkT;
vkWfLVª;k
xkyhfl;k ckosfj;k
fLoV~”kjySaM
iz'kk
iksySaM
:lh lkezkT;
lkMhZfu;k
dksflZdk
y?kq
jkT;
nksuksa
flflfy;ksa
dk jktra=k
tkWftZ;k
i+Qkjl
Hkweè; lkxj
vVykafVd lkxj
7
;wjksi esa jk"Vªokn dk mn;
fp=k 4 & ”osczosQu] ”keZuh esa] Lora=krk osQ o`{k dk jksi.kA
teZu fp=kdkj dkyZoSQLij fiz+QV~”k }kjk cuk, x, bl jaxhu fp=k dk fo"k; iz+saQp lsukvksa }kjk ”osczosQu 'kgj ij O+kQC”kk gSA viuh uhyh] li+sQn vkSj
yky iks'kkdksa ls igpkus tkus okys I+kzQkalhlh lSfudksa dks neudkfj;ksa osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gS tks ,d fdlku dh xkM+h (ck,¡) Nhurs gq, oqQN ;qok
efgykvksa dks rax dj jgs gSa (chp dk vxzHkkx) vkSj ,d fdlku dks ?kqVus Vsdus ij etcwj dj jgs gSaA Lora=krk osQ o`{k ij yxkbZ tk jgh iêðh ij
teZu esa fy[kk gS] mldk vuqokn gS % ^^gels vk”kknh vkSj lekurk ys yks & ;g ekuork dk vkn'kZ :i gSA** ;g iz+Qkalhfl;ksa osQ bl nkos ij O;aX;
gS fd os ftu bykO
+
kQksa esa tkrs Fks ogk¡ jktra=k dk fojks/ dj eqfDrnkrk cu tkrs FksA
fp=k 5 µ jkbuySaM dk Mkfd;k ykbfIRlx ls vkrs gq,
lc oqQN x¡ok nsrk gSA
;gk¡ usiksfy;u dks 1813 essa ykbfIRlx dh yM+kbZ gkjdj
i+zQkal ykSVrs gq, Mkfd, osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA mlosQ
>ksys ls fxjrh gj fpV~Bh ij mu HkwHkkxksa osQ uke fy[ks gSa
ftUgsa vc og gkj pqdk gSA
ekud Hkkj rFkk uki vkSj ,d jk"Vªh; eqnzk ls ,d bykO+ksQ ls nwljs bykO+ksQ
esa oLrqvksa vkSj iw¡th osQ vkokxeu esa lgwfy;r gksxhA
ysfdu thrs gq, bykO+kQksa eas LFkkuh; yksxksa dh I+kzQaklhlh 'kklu osQ izfr
feyh&tqyh izfrfØ;k,¡ FkhaA 'kq#vkr esa vusd LFkkuksa tSls gkWySaM vkSj
fLoV~”kjySaM vkSj lkFk gh dbZ 'kgjksa tSls µ czlsYl] esa”k] feyku vkSj
okWjlk esa I+kzQaklhlh lsukvksa dk Lora=krk dk rksgI+kQk nsus okyksa dh rjg
Lokxr fd;k x;kA exj ;g 'kq#vkrh mRlkg 'kh?kz gh nq'euh esa cny x;k
tc ;g lkI+kQ gksus yxk fd u;h iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,¡ jktuhfrd Lora=krk
osQ vuq:i ugha FkhaA c<+s gq, dj] lsaljf'ki vkSj ckO+kQh ;wjksi dks thrus
osQ fy, iz+saQp lsuk esa tcju HkrhZ ls gks jgs uqdlku iz'kklfud ifjorZuksa
ls feys I+kQk;nksa ls dgha ”;knk u”kj vkus yxsA
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FAQs on NCERT पाठ्यपुस्तक पाठ 1 - यूरोप में राष्ट्रवाद का उदय, कक्षा 10, सामाजिक विज्ञान - सामाजिक विज्ञान कक्षा 10 - Class 10

1. What is nationalism and how did it spread in Europe during the 19th century?
Ans. Nationalism refers to the idea of identifying oneself as a part of a nation or a country. Nationalism became popular in Europe during the 19th century and was driven by a sense of pride in one's country's culture, language, history, and traditions. It spread through various means such as literature, music, art, and political movements that aimed at unifying people based on a common national identity.
2. What were the reasons behind the rise of nationalism in Europe?
Ans. There were several reasons behind the rise of nationalism in Europe. Firstly, the spread of education and literacy, which led to an increased sense of awareness and interest in one's national identity. Secondly, the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars challenged the traditional order of Europe, leading to the rise of new ideas and political systems. Thirdly, the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the middle class, which became an important driving force behind nationalism.
3. What were the challenges faced by the nationalists in Europe during the 19th century?
Ans. The nationalists in Europe faced several challenges during the 19th century. Firstly, the concept of nationalism was relatively new, and many people were still loyal to their traditional regional or religious identities. Secondly, the existing political and social systems were dominated by monarchies and aristocracies that were resistant to change. Thirdly, the diverse ethnic and linguistic groups in Europe posed a challenge to the creation of a unified national identity.
4. How did nationalism lead to the formation of new nation-states in Europe?
Ans. Nationalism led to the formation of new nation-states in Europe as people began to demand the right to self-determination and the creation of independent states based on their national identity. This led to the breakup of empires such as the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires and the creation of new states such as Italy and Germany. The movement for national self-determination also paved the way for the creation of new political ideologies such as liberalism and democracy.
5. How did the rise of nationalism in Europe impact the rest of the world?
Ans. The rise of nationalism in Europe had a significant impact on the rest of the world. It led to the spread of nationalist movements in other parts of the world, such as India, Africa, and Latin America. These movements aimed at overthrowing colonial rule and creating independent nation-states based on their national identity. The impact of European nationalism also spread through imperialism and colonialism, which led to the creation of artificial national boundaries and the suppression of local cultures and identities.
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