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Nitration of Benzene
Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid at 323-333K in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form nitrobenzene. This reaction is known as nitration of benzene.
The mechanism for nitration of benzene:
Step 1: Nitric acid accepts a proton from sulphuric acid and then dissociates to form nitronium ion.
Step 2: The nitronium ion acts as an electrophile in the process which further reacts with benzene to form an arenium ion.
Step 3: The arenium ion then loses its proton to Lewis base forming nitrobenzene.
Sulphonation of Benzene:
Sulphonation of benzene is a process of heating benzene with fuming sulphuric acid (H2SO4 +SO3) to produce benzenesulphonic acid. The reaction is reversible in nature.
The mechanism for Sulphonation of benzene:
Due to higher electronegativity, oxygen present in sulphuric acid pulls an electron towards itself, generating an electrophile. This attacks the benzene ring, leading to the formation of benzenesulphonic acid.
Halogenation of Benzene
Benzene reacts with halogens in the presence of Lewis acid like FeCl3, FeBr3 to form aryl halides. This reaction is termed as halogenation of benzene.
The mechanism for halogenation of benzene:
Step 1: Being a Lewis acid, FeBr3 helps in the generation of electrophile bromine ion by combining with the attacking reagent.
Step 2: The bromine ion acts as an electrophile in the process which further reacts with benzene to form arenium ion which finally converts to bromobenzene.
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FAQs on Nitration, Sulphonation and Halogenation - Chemistry for JEE Main & Advanced
| 1. What is nitration? |  |
Ans. Nitration is a chemical reaction in which a nitro group (-NO2) is introduced into a molecule. It is commonly used in the production of explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. In this process, a compound is reacted with a mixture of nitric acid and a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, to replace one or more hydrogen atoms with a nitro group.
| 2. What is sulphonation? | |
Ans. Sulphonation is a chemical process in which a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) is introduced into a molecule. It is widely utilized in the production of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. In this reaction, a compound is reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in the substitution of a hydrogen atom with a sulfonic acid group.
| 3. What is halogenation? | |
Ans. Halogenation refers to the introduction of halogen atoms, such as chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I), into a molecule. It is commonly used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, plastics, and water treatment. During halogenation, a compound reacts with a halogen gas or a halogenating agent to replace one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.
| 4. How are nitration, sulphonation, and halogenation useful in the production of pharmaceuticals? | |
Ans. Nitration, sulphonation, and halogenation play crucial roles in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Nitration can introduce functional groups that enhance the biological activity of drugs, while sulphonation can improve the water solubility and stability of pharmaceutical compounds. Halogenation, on the other hand, can alter the properties of drugs, such as their bioavailability and metabolism. These chemical reactions allow chemists to modify drug molecules to optimize their therapeutic effects.
| 5. Are there any safety concerns associated with nitration, sulphonation, and halogenation processes? | |
Ans. Yes, there are safety concerns associated with nitration, sulphonation, and halogenation processes. These reactions often involve the use of strong acids and reactive compounds, which can be corrosive, toxic, or even explosive. It is vital to follow proper safety protocols, such as wearing protective clothing, working in a well-ventilated area, and using appropriate equipment to minimize the risk of accidents or exposure to hazardous substances. Additionally, waste management and disposal of byproducts from these reactions must be handled with care to avoid environmental contamination.
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