Non Conventional fuel :Nuclear energy - Sources Of Energy, Science, Class 10 Video Lecture

hello friends this video on source of
energy part 13 is brought to you by exam
form no move here from exam let us now
look at the next form of
non-conventional energy that is beauty
of energy so as the name suggests what
do you think it would be energy from
nucleus right so the energy obtained
from the nucleus of an atom is known as
nuclear energy so what do you think how
much energy will the nucleus of an atom
contain because what is atom atom Islay
whatever we see around us that is all
matter that is made up of small
substances but molecules each molecule
is made up of atoms and then each atom
consists of nucleus so you just imagine
how small that nucleus is so we see that
we can obtain energy from that nucleus
of the atom and that is known as nuclear
energy so this picture actually shows
the basic composition of an atom it has
nucleus at the center and the nucleus
consists of protons are positively
charged particles and neutrons the
neutral particles and around the nucleus
you have the negatively charged
electrons revolving in orders right so
this is the basic structure of the atom
so let us quickly talk about the
composition of the nucleus because
before we study about nuclear energy we
should have a quick review on the
composition of nucleus the nucleus
consists of protons and neutrons so
protons are the positively charged
particles and neutrons are neutral
particles right so what what do we mean
by atomic number of an atom atomic
number is nothing but the total number
of protons present in that atom
similarly when we talk about atomic mass
we mean the total number of protons and
neutrons that is off the load as mass
number so these are some of the small
scale terminologies related in
increasing atom and just mentioning it
because when we talk about nuclear
energy we will often you
these dumps so when I say atomic number
I mean the total number of protons
present in that atom similarly when I
talk about bass number I am talking
about the total number of protons plus
neutrons now why are we not considering
electrons here because electron is not a
part of the nucleus electrons are
dividing outside the nucleus so protons
and neutrons are sometimes together moon
as nucleons so this is a term which is
used for the protons and neutrons
collectively they are together known as
nucleons now let us look at what is
nuclear energy it is the energy obtained
from the nucleus by either breaking a
heavy nucleus into two relatively
lighter nuclei or by combining two
lighter nuclei to form a heavy nucleus
so that means there are two processes
during which a huge amount of energy is
released so one is when a heavy nucleus
splits up into two light immunity I the
second one is when two lighter nuclei
combine to form a heavy nucleus so in
both of these cases a huge amount of
energy is released and we call this
energy as nuclear energy why do I call
it maintenance oh that's because it is
in this entire process
the only things which are involved are
the nucleus so because of the splitting
of the nucleus or because of the joining
of the nucleus so much of energy is
giving Emme dead and that is why it is
known as nuclear energy so this nuclear
energy has become a possible solution to
the energy crisis of the present world
as I as I have been mentioning since the
beginning of this lesson that we need so
much of energy I mean since the
population of the world is growing the
needs of the people are increasing I
mean with each passing day Science and
Technology are making more improvements
so we are using more technical technical
devices in our life so we need and for
everything we need energy and for
everything you need electricity you
use your laptop you use your mobile
phones whether you use your computer's
so whatever you see around Jocelyn's
they all need electricity and for
electricity you need some energy some
source of energy so if we talk of fossil
fuels they are all non-renewable sources
that means they will get exhausted in a
period over a period of time because we
have limited stock so this nuclear
energy looks like a possible solution to
the energy crisis problem right so let
us now talk about the two types of
nuclear reactions that actually take
like just how I mentioned right there
are two ways by which a huge amount of
energy is produced now these two types
are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
now as the name suggests efficient means
breaking up so in fission what happens
there is one heavy nucleus and this
heavy nucleus will split up into two
lighter new here so with this process
and huge amount of energy will be
released and that energy will be
utilized for many useful purposes
similarly in case of nuclear fusion
fusion means when two things fuse
together when two things combined
together so in this case if you see two
hydrogen atoms they fuse together and
they form do tell even this deuterium
and this hydrogen fused together and
they form hydrogen three that is true
here then again this to eto industry
team combine together and then they form
helium right so this is how the reaction
takes place now another interesting fact
which I will tell you is that this
nuclear fusion reaction takes place
inside the Sun and this is how the
energy is produced in the Sun we receive
so much of sunlight right so you can
imagine how much energy is getting
produced inside the Sun so to your
surprise this huge amount of energy that
is getting produced inside the Sun is
because of the nuclear fusion reaction
which is taking place inside the Sun
okay so now let us quickly talk about
nuclear fission now when I talk of
nuclear fission reaction they are again
two categories of reaction one is fault
and
controlled chain reaction the other one
is controlled chain reaction chain
reaction means the reaction keeps
continuing so it is a chain of reaction
control and uncontrolled are the two
types of nuclear fission reaction and we
will see how a controlled reaction is
used for useful purposes and how an
uncontrolled reaction can be used for
destructive purposes so let us talk
about the uncontrolled chain reaction so
I am controlling an uncontrolled chain
reaction what happens the reaction is
uncontrolled and rapid the reaction
observe would like this you have one
heavy nucleus it splits up to form two
lighter nuclei now with each of each in
each of these process you get neutrons
now how will this reaction initiate in
order to initiate a reaction you need
some agent which we just initiate the
reaction and that agent is nothing but
this Neutron you will study about this
nuclear fission and fusion in detail in
class 12 but for now just to make you
understand the basic concept I'm
mentioning this fact so in order to
start this reaction a neutron is needed
now what happens when this heavy nucleus
makes due to like 2 nucleons 3 neutrons
are also emitted now each of these
neutrons are again capable of initiating
one more fission reaction so each of
this Neutron will again initiate one one
fission reaction so now what happened
see so now you got had three neutrons
that means see fission reaction happen
as a result now each of this reaction
again gave birth to 3 neutrons so that
means earlier you have you started with
just one Neutron then you got 3 neutrons
and now you got 9 neutrons right now
again each of these neutrons will
initiate the reaction so what is
happening in this case the amount of
energy which was released in the first
step if you compare it with the total
energy which is released in the second
step what you see the amount of energy
is increasing so that means with each
step the amount of energy will keep on
in
reasons that is why this reaction is
called uncontrolled there is no control
to this reaction with passage of time
the amount of energy will increase and
the energy is also uncontrolled so this
kind of chain reaction actually takes
place inside an atom bomb so that is the
destructive form because when your
energy is not in a controlled manner
what will happen it will that the bomb
blast with it is because energy is
uncontrolled so this will not be of much
use instead it is for destruction net so
that is an uncontrolled chain reaction
now let us look at the controlled chain
reaction in a controlled chain reaction
the reaction is controlled and steady
how in this reaction what do they do
they they have implemented some
mechanism by which the three neutrons in
this case also three neutrons are
produced because here you started with
one Neutron this Neutron will give rise
to three neutrons but here they have
implemented a mechanism by which two of
these neutrons will get absorbed I mean
they will put some such elements which
are capable of absorbing neutrons so
those substances which absorb the extra
neutrons such that only one Neutron is
left over so again one Neutron has legs
letting the same reaction will be please
three neutrons will be formed again the
extra two neutrons will be absorbed by
them neutron absorbing substance so that
is how the reaction will be in a
controlled manner because every time
only one Neutron will be produced and
one Neutron will be capable of
initiating one Fischer right so the
amount of energy released in this case
is also controlled so this kind of
control chain reaction control fission
reaction takes place in a nuclear
reactor so what does a nuclear reactor
like how we have the ocean thermal
energy conversion plants how we have the
hydroelectric power station similarly we
have nuclear in that reactor which
actually converts the ore which actually
helps us to harness the nuclear energy
and then this nuclear energy is used for
many different purposes like electricity
and so on nuclear reactor is basically
an apparatus or an arrangement wherein
your nuclear energy is harnessed in a
controlled manner so as I mentioned
before nuclear reactors application is
it is used to produce electricity at the
same time you have different destructive
applications as well for example your
atom bombs let us quickly talk about a
nuclear reactor however I will not talk
about it in detail needs to be about it
in class 12 so nuclear reactor is an
arrangement to generate electricity
making use of nuclear fission to be very
specific making use of controlled
nuclear fission so how do you make the
nuclear fission control I mean the
requirements for controlling nuclear
fission is that you should have some
substance which should be able to absorb
that excess neutrons right so the first
thing is that one thing is neutrons to
the slowdown the second thing is excess
neutrons to be absorbed the neutrons
which are getting immediate they have
extremely high speed in that case also
they really ship the next series of
reactions very fast right so the first
thing is you should slow down the
neutrons secondly you should absorb the
excess neutrons so these two things are
taken care of in the construction of a
nuclear reactor the nuclear reactor has
been constructed in as actually there
the excess neutrons get absorbed I mean
they have introduced some neutron
absorbing substance and also they have
introduced some substances which slow
down the fast-moving neutrons let us now
look at the advantages and disadvantages
of nuclear reactor let us talk of the
advantages first the energy release is
extremely large and that is why we say
that it looks like as if nuclear energy
can be a possible solution to the
present energy crisis of this world need
you will in extremely small quantity in
this case as I mentioned you saw we were
using that uranium atom
education was taking hills so the amount
of uranium which you need is very small
so with very small amount of fuel you
are able to generate huge amount of
energy now let us look at these
advantages spent fuel is highly
radioactive and extremely hazardous to
all life-forms even though we need
uranium in very small quantity but
uranium is extremely harmful to all
forms of life to all kinds of life it is
really harmful
so now dealing with that harmful and
poisonous fuel in itself is a
disadvantage right accumulation of
radioactive waste if you look at a
beauty a reactor very well you have the
nuclear reactor the waste products which
get emitted by the nuclear reactor they
are all radioactive wastes what is
radioactive radioactivity is basically a
phenomenon in which a heavy nucleus
splits up into smaller noodles so that
phenomenon is known as radioactivity so
anyways a radioactive waste means these
radioactive wastes will again have the
capability of throwing radioactive
radiation and these radiations are not
good for life forms high cost of
installation of nuclear power plant it
is not very reasonable so a Jewish
amount of money has also to be involved
in order to do the setup of the nuclear
power plant limited availability of
uranium in this case the generation of
electricity is completely dependent on
the small amount of fuel so even though
we need the fuel and small amount but
that that much amount of fuel has to be
there it see we see that uranium in
itself is very has very limited
abundance in nature so it is already
present in small quantity so even though
we need very small amount of uranium
sometimes getting that also becomes
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