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Overview: Control & Coordination - 2 - Class 10 PDF Download

Spinal Cord:

  • Protected by vertebral column within a canal in each vertebra.
  • Conducts sensory and motor impulses.
  • Center for reflex activities.

Human Spinal ChordHuman Spinal Chord

Reflex Action:

  • Nerve-mediated, automatic response without brain involvement.
  • Pathway: Reflex arc.
  • Role in preventing overinvolvement of the brain.

Nervous System and Muscles:

  • Muscles contract due to contractile proteins (actin and myosin).
  • Neurotransmitters sensitize muscle fibers' chemoreceptor sites.
  • Proteins change shape during muscle contraction.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination - 2
Try yourself:
Which component of the hind-brain controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, and vomiting?
View Solution

Plants and Coordination:

Lack a nervous system and muscles. Exhibit coordinated movements via plant growth regulators (hormones).

Overview: Control & Coordination - 2 - Class 10

Plant Growth Hormones:

  1. Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
  2. Auxin response to light causes stem bending.
  3. Gibberellins promote growth.
  4. Cytokinin promotes cell division.
  5. Ethylene induces ripening.
  6. Abscisic acid inhibits growth.

Tropisms:

  • Tropism is stimulus-oriented plant movement.
  • Types: phototropism (light), hydrotropism (water), geotropism (gravity), thigmotropism (contact), and chemotropism (chemicals).

Roots and Shoots:

  • Roots are positively geotropic and negatively phototropic.
  • Shoots are positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.

Nastic Movements:

  • Non-directional, growth-independent movements.
  • E.g., folding of sensitive plant leaves.
  • Due to changes in turgor pressure.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination - 2
Try yourself:
Which plant growth hormone is responsible for promoting growth?
View Solution

Chemical Coordination (Animals):

Apart from nervous coordination, chemical coordination via hormones. Hormones secreted by endocrine glands. Hormones act on specific target organs. Feedback mechanism regulates hormone secretion.

Endocrine Glands (in Humans):

Pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testis (males), and ovary (females).

Feedback Mechanism:

  • Regulatory mechanism based on substance levels.
  • E.g., insulin regulation of blood glucose.
  • Presence of excess glucose stimulates insulin secretion.

Adrenaline:

  • Secreted in response to fear, anger, joy, cold, and stress.
  • Target organs: heart and arteries.
  • Increases blood supply to heart and muscles, constricts arterioles.

Thyroxine:


  • Secreted by thyroid.
  • Regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
  • Requires iodine.

Growth Hormone (GH):

  • Secreted by anterior pituitary.
  • Over-secretion causes gigantism; under-secretion results in dwarfism.

Sex Hormones:

  • Testosterone (males) and estrogen (females) from testis and ovary.
  • Responsible for puberty-related body changes.

Question for Overview: Control & Coordination - 2
Try yourself:
Which gland secretes adrenaline in response to fear, anger, joy, cold, and stress?
View Solution

Hypothalamus:

  • Regulates hormone release via specific "release factors."
  • Controls growth hormone release.

    Table : Some important hormones and their functionsTable : Some important hormones and their functions
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FAQs on Overview: Control & Coordination - 2 - Class 10

1. What is chemical coordination in animals?
Ans. Chemical coordination in animals refers to the process by which hormones are released into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological activities and maintain homeostasis in the body.
2. How does chemical coordination differ from other types of coordination in animals?
Ans. Chemical coordination differs from other types of coordination in animals, such as nervous coordination, as it involves the release of chemical messengers called hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, whereas nervous coordination uses electrical impulses to transmit signals.
3. What are the main hormones involved in chemical coordination in animals?
Ans. The main hormones involved in chemical coordination in animals include insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, thyroxine, and growth hormone, among others.
4. How do hormones control and coordinate various physiological activities in animals?
Ans. Hormones control and coordinate various physiological activities in animals by binding to specific receptors on target cells or organs, initiating a series of biochemical reactions that ultimately lead to the desired response. These responses can include changes in metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and stress response, among others.
5. What are some examples of disorders related to chemical coordination in animals?
Ans. Some examples of disorders related to chemical coordination in animals include diabetes mellitus, caused by a deficiency or insensitivity to insulin; hyperthyroidism, caused by an overproduction of thyroxine; and acromegaly, caused by an excess of growth hormone, among others.
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