PPT: Basic Concepts of OS | Operating System - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) PDF Download

 Page 1


Operating System
An operating system serves as the critical intermediary between users 
and computer hardware, creating an environment where programs 
can run effectively. It supervises hardware components while 
preventing user programs from causing system disruptions.
Page 2


Operating System
An operating system serves as the critical intermediary between users 
and computer hardware, creating an environment where programs 
can run effectively. It supervises hardware components while 
preventing user programs from causing system disruptions.
Definition and Core Functions
Definition
Software that manages application execution while serving as an 
intermediary between users and hardware. Often referred to as the kernel - 
the singular program persistently running on the computer.
Resource Management
Allocates and manages resources including memory, processors, devices, 
and information through specific programs like traffic controllers, 
schedulers, and memory management modules.
Key Objectives
Enhances convenience by improving user-friendliness, ensures efficiency 
through optimal resource utilization, and enables evolution by allowing 
seamless development of new functions without disrupting services.
Page 3


Operating System
An operating system serves as the critical intermediary between users 
and computer hardware, creating an environment where programs 
can run effectively. It supervises hardware components while 
preventing user programs from causing system disruptions.
Definition and Core Functions
Definition
Software that manages application execution while serving as an 
intermediary between users and hardware. Often referred to as the kernel - 
the singular program persistently running on the computer.
Resource Management
Allocates and manages resources including memory, processors, devices, 
and information through specific programs like traffic controllers, 
schedulers, and memory management modules.
Key Objectives
Enhances convenience by improving user-friendliness, ensures efficiency 
through optimal resource utilization, and enables evolution by allowing 
seamless development of new functions without disrupting services.
Major Functionalities of Operating System
Security/Privacy
Password protection and 
authentication
Memory Management
Allocation and monitoring of 
primary memory
Storage Management
File systems and disk resource 
management
Process Management
Scheduling and executing multiple tasks
Resource Management
Allocating hardware resources to users
The operating system creates an environment where other programs can perform practical tasks. It manages I/O systems 
through device handlers and controllers, facilitates program creation and modification, provides access to compilers, and 
offers loader programs to transfer compiled code to memory.
Page 4


Operating System
An operating system serves as the critical intermediary between users 
and computer hardware, creating an environment where programs 
can run effectively. It supervises hardware components while 
preventing user programs from causing system disruptions.
Definition and Core Functions
Definition
Software that manages application execution while serving as an 
intermediary between users and hardware. Often referred to as the kernel - 
the singular program persistently running on the computer.
Resource Management
Allocates and manages resources including memory, processors, devices, 
and information through specific programs like traffic controllers, 
schedulers, and memory management modules.
Key Objectives
Enhances convenience by improving user-friendliness, ensures efficiency 
through optimal resource utilization, and enables evolution by allowing 
seamless development of new functions without disrupting services.
Major Functionalities of Operating System
Security/Privacy
Password protection and 
authentication
Memory Management
Allocation and monitoring of 
primary memory
Storage Management
File systems and disk resource 
management
Process Management
Scheduling and executing multiple tasks
Resource Management
Allocating hardware resources to users
The operating system creates an environment where other programs can perform practical tasks. It manages I/O systems 
through device handlers and controllers, facilitates program creation and modification, provides access to compilers, and 
offers loader programs to transfer compiled code to memory.
Evolution and Types of Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems
Batch OS: Executes jobs without manual intervention
Time-sharing OS: Enables multiple users to share 
resources
Distributed OS: Manages diverse computers as a 
unified system
Network OS: Facilitates collaboration of computers 
with different OS
Real-time OS: Designed for applications with strict 
deadlines
Popular Operating Systems
Windows: GUI-based, for personal computers
GNU/Linux: For personal use, workstations, servers
macOS: For Apple's personal computers
Android: Google's OS for mobile devices
iOS: Apple's OS for mobile devices
High-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL are processed through compilers (generating equivalent object 
programs) or interpreters (simulating execution). Loaders position programs into memory and prepare them for execution, 
maximizing core availability for user programs.
Page 5


Operating System
An operating system serves as the critical intermediary between users 
and computer hardware, creating an environment where programs 
can run effectively. It supervises hardware components while 
preventing user programs from causing system disruptions.
Definition and Core Functions
Definition
Software that manages application execution while serving as an 
intermediary between users and hardware. Often referred to as the kernel - 
the singular program persistently running on the computer.
Resource Management
Allocates and manages resources including memory, processors, devices, 
and information through specific programs like traffic controllers, 
schedulers, and memory management modules.
Key Objectives
Enhances convenience by improving user-friendliness, ensures efficiency 
through optimal resource utilization, and enables evolution by allowing 
seamless development of new functions without disrupting services.
Major Functionalities of Operating System
Security/Privacy
Password protection and 
authentication
Memory Management
Allocation and monitoring of 
primary memory
Storage Management
File systems and disk resource 
management
Process Management
Scheduling and executing multiple tasks
Resource Management
Allocating hardware resources to users
The operating system creates an environment where other programs can perform practical tasks. It manages I/O systems 
through device handlers and controllers, facilitates program creation and modification, provides access to compilers, and 
offers loader programs to transfer compiled code to memory.
Evolution and Types of Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems
Batch OS: Executes jobs without manual intervention
Time-sharing OS: Enables multiple users to share 
resources
Distributed OS: Manages diverse computers as a 
unified system
Network OS: Facilitates collaboration of computers 
with different OS
Real-time OS: Designed for applications with strict 
deadlines
Popular Operating Systems
Windows: GUI-based, for personal computers
GNU/Linux: For personal use, workstations, servers
macOS: For Apple's personal computers
Android: Google's OS for mobile devices
iOS: Apple's OS for mobile devices
High-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL are processed through compilers (generating equivalent object 
programs) or interpreters (simulating execution). Loaders position programs into memory and prepare them for execution, 
maximizing core availability for user programs.
Booting and Dual Booting of 
Operating System
Power On
System initialization begins when computer is powered on
BIOS Sequence
BIOS attempts to boot from CD drive first, then hard disk, then 
network
Bootstrap Loader
Locates the kernel, loads it into main memory, and initiates execution
OS Initialization
Kernel loads and system becomes operational