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Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download

Q1: A canal supplies water to an area growing wheat over 100 hectares. The duration between the first and last watering is 120 days, and the total depth of water required by the crop is 35 cm. The most intense watering is required over a period of 30 days and requires a total depth of water equal to 12 cm. Assuming precipitation to be negligible and neglecting all losses, the minimum discharge (in m3/s, rounded off to three decimal places) in the canal to satisfy the crop requirement is _____    [2023, Set-1]
Ans: 0.045 to 0.047
Sol:
Area⁡(A) = 100 ha
Total duration of irrigation = 120 days
Total depth of water required = 35 cm
Intense irrigation (A)
Time (BA) = 30 days
Depth of water (ΔA) = 12 cm
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
DA = 2160ha / cumec
Discharge required,
Q= A/DA
QA = 100 / 2160 = 0.0463 m3/s
Remaining irrigation (B)
Duration (BB) = 90 days
Depth of water (ΔB) = 23 cm
Duty (DB) = 8.64 × 900.23
DB = 3380.87ha/ cumec 
Discharge required (QB) = A/DB
⇒ QB = 0.0296 m3/s
Hence, minimum capacity required = 0.0463 m3/s.


Q1: During a particular stage of the growth of a crop, the consumptive use of water is 2.8 mm/day. The amount of water available in the soil is 50% of the maximum depth of available water in the root zone. Consider the maximum root zone depth of the crop as 80 mm and the irrigation efficiency as 70%.
The interval between irrigation (in days) will be ________. (round off to the nearest integer)    [2022, Set-1]
Ans: 14.28
Sol: MTA-Marks to ALL
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)


Q1: A reservoir with a live storage of 300 million cubic metre irrigates 40000 hectares ( 1 hectare = 10m2 ) of a crop with two fillings of the reservoir. If the base period of the crop is 120 days, the duty for this crop (in hectares per cumec, round off to integer) will then be ________.    [2021, Set-2]
Ans: 689 to 693
Sol:
Live storage = 300Mm3  
Area = 40000 hectare  
Since 2 filling, so volume of water needed,
= 600 Mm3
B = 120days
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)


Q1: Crops are grown in a field having soil, which has field capacity of 30% and permanent wilting point of 13%. The effective depth of root zone is 80 cm. Irrigation water is supplied when the average soil moisture drops to 20%. Consider density of the soil as 1500 kg/m3 and density of water as 1000 kg/m3. If the daily consumptive use of water for the crops is 2 mm, the frequency of irrigating the crops (in days), is    [2020, Set-2]
(a) 7
(b) 10
(c) 11 
(d) 13
Ans: 
No option is correct
Sol: As per GATE Official Answer Key MTA (Marks to All)
FC = 30%
PWP = 13%
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

= 12cm  = 120mm
Consumptive use = 2 mm/day
So, frequency of irrigation =120/2 = 60day


Q2: The data for an agricultural field for a specific month are given below:    [2020, Set-1]
Pan Evaporation = 100 mm
Effective Rainfall = 20 mm (after deducting losses due to runoff and deep percolation)
Crop Coefficient = 0.4
Irrigation Efficiency = 0.5
The amount of irrigation water (in mm ) to be applied to the field in that month, is
(a) 0
(b) 20
(c) 40
(d) 80
Ans: 
(c)
Sol: Water required by the crop = 100 × 0.4 = 40 mm
Effective rainfall = 20 mm
Additional water required = 20 mm
Amount of water required after accounting irrigation efficiency = 20/0.5 = 40 mm


Q1: The command area of a canal grows only one crop, i.e., wheat. The base period of wheat is 120 days and its total water requirement, A, is 40 cm. If the canal discharge is 2 m3/s, the area, in hectares, rounded off to the nearest integer, which could be irrigated (neglecting all losses) is______    [2019, Set-2]
Ans: 5180 to 5190
Sol:

Given data:
Base period, B = 120 days
Delta of crop, Δ = 40 cm
Discharge, Q = 2 m3/s
Area to be irrigated, A = ?
∴ Duty of water,Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
and Area to be irrigated; A = Q x D
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)


Q1: The intensity of irrigation for the Kharif season is 50% for an irrigation project with culturable command area of 50,000 hectares. The duty for the Kharif season is 1000 hectare cumec. Assuming transmission loss of 10%, the required discharge (in cumec, up to two decimal places) at the head of the canal is __________ .    [2018, Set-2]
Ans: 27 to 28
Sol: Culturable command area = 50000 ha
Intensity of irrigation for kharif season = 50%
∴ Area under kharif = 25000 ha
Duty for kharif season = 1000 ha/cumec
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
∴ Discharge at the head of field
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Transmission/conveyance loss = 10%

Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Discharge at the head of canal
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)


Q1: The culturable command area of a canal is 10000 ha. The area grows only two crops-rice in the Kharif season and wheat in the Rabi season. The design discharge of the canal is based on the rice requirements, which has an irrigated area of 2500 ha, base period of 150 days and delta of 130 cm. The maximum permissible irrigated area (in ha) for wheat, with a base period of 120 days and delta of 50 cm, i s _________ .    [2017 : 2 Marks, Set-II]
Ans: 5199.966 ha ≈ 5200 ha

Method I
CCA = 10000 ha
For rice, Δr = 130 cm = 1.3 m
Ar = 2500ha
Br = 150 days

Duty, 

Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

For wheat also, discharge is 2.5077 m3/s,
Bw = 120days
Δ = 50 cm
Aw = Qx Dw
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
∴ Aw = 2.5077 x 2073.6
= 5199.966 ha ≈ 5200 ha

Method II
Dischage,
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Now, equate Q for ricve and wheat
Hence, Qr = Qw
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Q. 4 Field channel has cultivable commanded area of 2000 hectares. The intensities of irrigation for gram and wheat are 30% and 50% respectively. Gram has a kor period of 18 days, kor depth of 12 cm, while wheat has a kor period of 18 days and a kor depth of 15 cm. The discharge (in m3/s) required in the field channel to supply water to the commanded area during the kor period is ___________.   [2015 : 2 Marks, Set-II]
Ans: 1.4275 m3/s

Gram and wheat are Rabi crops.

So both are grown in the same period.

Discharge required for gram,
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Discharge required for wheat,
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Q. 5 The two columns below show some parameters and their possible values.

Parameter: 
P. Gross Command Area
Q. Permanent Wilting Point
R. Duty of canal water
S. Delta of wheat
Value:
I. 100 hectares/cumec
II. 6°C
III. 1000 hectares
IV. 1000 cm
V. 40 cm
VI. 0.12

Which of the following options matches the parameters and the values correctly?
(a) P-I, Q-ll, R-lll, S-IV
(b) P-lll, Q-VI, R-I, S-V
(c) P-I, Q-V, R-VI, S-ll
(d) P-lll, Q-ll, R-V, S-IV
    [2015 : 1 Mark, Set-I]
Ans: (B)

Gross Command Area is measured in hectares. (P-III)

Duty has a unit of ha/cumec. (R-I)
Delta of wheat can be practically 40 cm ( S - V )

Q. 6 Irrigation water is to be provided to a crop in a field to bring the moisture content of the soil from the existing 18% to the field capacity of the soil at 28%. The effective root zone of the crop is 70 cm. It the densities of the soil and water are 1.3 g/cm3 and 1.0 g/cm3 respectively, the depth of irrigation water (in mm) required for irrigating the crop i s ________ .    [2014 : 2 Marks, Set-II]
Ans:91mm
Given,
Root zone depth,
d = 70 cm
Field capacity,
Fc = 28%
Existing moisture content,
w = 18%
Density of soil,
γ = 1.3 gm/cm3
Density of water,
γw = 1.0 gm/cm3
Depth of irrigation water required,
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Note:It is to be understood that Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE),  but as it is not mentioned clearly in the question that the density of 1.3 g/cc is computed at which moisture content, hence, assuming the given density of 1.3 g/cc to be the dry density.

If it would have been given that density of 1.3 g/cc is at moisture content 18%, then we would have computed the dry density from the formula Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Q. 7  The transplantation of rice requires 10 days and total depth of water required during transplantation is 48 cm. During trans-plantation there is an effective rainfall (useful for irrigation) of 8 cm. The duty of irrigation water in hectare/cumecs is
(a) 612
(b) 216
(c) 300
(d) 108    [2013 : 2 Marks]
Ans:(b)
Δ= Total water depth required - Effective rainfall = 48 - 8 = 40 cm
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Q. 8 Wheat crop requires 55 cm of water during 120 days of base period. The total rainfall during this period is 100 mm. Assume the irrigation efficiency to be 60%. The area (in ha) of the land which can be irrigated with a canal flow of 0.01 m3/s is
(a) 13.82
(b) 18.85
(c) 23.04
(d) 230.40     [2012 : 2 Marks]

Ans:(a)
Base period, 6 = 120 days
Δ = Net water required by the crop during base period
= Total water requirement - Rainfall
= 55 - 10 = 45 cm = 0.45 m
Now,
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
⇒ D - 2304 ha/cumec
and Q= 0.01 m3/s
∴ Area = A = D x Q
= 2304 x 0.01 ha
= 23.04 ha
Efficiencyof irrigation = 60%
∴ Area which can be irrigated
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Q. 9  The moisture holding capacity of the soil in a 100 hectare farm is 18 cm/m. The field is to be irrigated when 50 percent of the available moisture in the root zone is depleted. The irrigation water is to be supplied by a pump working for 10 hours a day, and water application efficiency is 75 percent. Details of crops planned for cultivation are as follows:
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

The area of crop 'Y’ that can be irrigated when the available capacity of irrigation system is 40 litres/sec is 
(a) 40 hectares 
(b) 36 hectares
(c) 30 hectares
(d) 27 hectares     [2010 : 2 Marks]

Ans: (d)
Moisture holding capacity of soil for crop
Y = 18 x 0.8 = 14.4 cm
Allowable depletion of moisture
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Consumptive use of water for crop,
Y = 0.4 cm/day
∴ Frequency of irrigation Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Thus 7.2 cm depth of water is to be applied to the crop Y in the next 18 days.
Irrigation requirement = Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Quantity of water required = Discharge through pump when pump works @ 10 hrs per day
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

Q. 10
The moisture holding capacity of the soil in a 100 hectare farm is 18 cm/m. The field is to be irrigated when 50 percent of the available moisture in the root zone is depleted. The irrigation water is to be supplied by a pump working for 10 hours a day, and water application efficiency is 75 per cent. Details of crops planned for cultivation are as follows:
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

The capacity of irrigation system required to irrigate crop ‘X in 36 hectares is 
(a) 83 litres/sec
(b) 67 litres/sec
(c) 57 litres/sec
(d) 53 litres/sec    [2010 : 2 Marks]

Ans: (b)
Moisture holding capacity of soil = 18 cm /m
Root zone depth of crop X = 1.0 m
Moisture holding capacity of soil for crop
X = 18 x 1 = 18cm
Allowable depletion of moisture
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Consumptive use of water for crop
X = 0.5 cm/day
∴ Frequency of irrigation Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Thus 9 cm depth of water is to be applied to the crop Xin the next 18 days.

Irrigation requirement
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
Quantity of water required
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)
∴ Discharge through pump (if pump works for 10 hrs per day)
Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

The document Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops | Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE) is a part of the Civil Engineering (CE) Course Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering.
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FAQs on Past Year Questions: Water Requirements of Crops - Topic wise GATE Past Year Papers for Civil Engineering - Civil Engineering (CE)

1. What are the water requirements of crops?
Ans. The water requirements of crops refer to the amount of water needed for optimal growth and development. It includes factors such as the crop type, stage of growth, climate, soil conditions, and management practices. Water requirements vary among different crops, with some requiring more water than others to achieve maximum yield.
2. How can I determine the water requirements of a specific crop?
Ans. The water requirements of a specific crop can be determined through various methods. One common approach is to use crop coefficient values, which are multiplied by reference evapotranspiration (ET0) to estimate crop water use. ET0 is calculated based on weather data, and the crop coefficient takes into account the crop's growth stage and other factors. Another method is to use soil moisture sensors or other irrigation scheduling tools to monitor the crop's water needs.
3. What are the consequences of under-watering crops?
Ans. Under-watering crops can have several negative consequences. It can lead to reduced crop growth and development, lower yields, and poor quality produce. Insufficient water can also make crops more susceptible to pests and diseases. Additionally, under-watering can cause stress to the plants, resulting in wilting, leaf curling, and ultimately plant death in severe cases.
4. What are the consequences of over-watering crops?
Ans. Over-watering crops can also have detrimental effects. Excessive water can lead to waterlogging, which deprives the roots of oxygen and hinders nutrient uptake. This can cause root rot and other root-related diseases. Over-watering can also leach nutrients from the soil, leading to nutrient deficiencies. Furthermore, it can contribute to soil erosion and wastage of water resources.
5. How can I efficiently manage water for crop irrigation?
Ans. Efficient water management for crop irrigation involves several strategies. It is essential to use irrigation methods that minimize water loss, such as drip irrigation or precision sprinklers. Monitoring soil moisture levels and using irrigation scheduling tools can help ensure that crops receive adequate water without over-watering. Implementing water-saving practices such as mulching, using cover crops, and optimizing irrigation timing can also contribute to efficient water management. Additionally, incorporating water-saving technologies like rainwater harvesting or using recycled water can further enhance water efficiency in crop irrigation.
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