Table of contents | |
Introduction | |
Degree of a Polynomial | |
Arithmetic Operations | |
Properties of Polynomial | |
Zeroes of a Polynomial |
Types of algebraic Expression
A monomial is an algebraic expression that has only one term.
Or we say a single term expression is a monomial.
The examples of monomials are: 12x, 12, -25x, 24y, 4a, xy
A binomial is an algebraic expression that has two unlike terms.
The examples of binomials are:
A trinomial is an algebraic expression that has three terms in it.
The examples of trinomials are:
The expression x + y + 3x is not a trinomial as the terms x and 3x are like terms.
There are 5 simple steps present to find the degree of a polynomial:
Example: 3x2 - 3x4 - 5 + 2x + 2x2 - x
Based on the degree of a polynomial, the polynomials in one variable are classified as follows:
If the degree of the polynomial is zero (0), then the polynomial is called zero or constant polynomial. Such kinds of polynomials have only constants. They don’t have variables.
The examples of constant polynomials are 2, 5, 7 and so on. Here, 2 can be written as 2x0, 5 can be written as 5x0, and so on.
If the degree of the polynomial is 1 (one), then the polynomial is called a linear polynomial. The linear polynomial in one variable has only one solution.
Examples of linear polynomials in one variable are:
A polynomial with the highest degree of 2 is called a quadratic polynomial. A quadratic polynomial in one variable has only two solutions. Some of the examples of quadratic polynomials in one variable are:
If the highest exponent of a variable in a polynomial is 3 (i.e. degree of a polynomial is 3), then the polynomial is called a cubic polynomial. A cubic polynomial in one variable has exactly 3 solutions. The examples of a cubic polynomial in one variable are:
For adding any two polynomials, we have to combine the like terms.
Example: Add 4 x² + 7 x - 6, x² - 3 x + 2
∵ Like terms are 4x² and x², 7x and -3x, -6 and 2
⇒ If we combine 4x² and x², we will get 5x²
⇒ If we combine 7x and -3x, we will get 4x
⇒ If we combine -6 and 2, we will get -4
Thus, the final answer is 5x² + 4x - 4.
(2 x³ - 2 x² + 4 x - 3) - (x³ + x² - 5 x + 4)
Step 1: Multiply the negative with inner terms i.e. 2x³ -2x² + 4x -3 - x³-x²+5x-4
Step 2: Combine the like terms i.e. 2x³ - x³ -2x²-x² + 4x + 5x - 3 - 4
Step 3: The answer i.e. x³ - 3x² + 9x - 7.
There are two formats for this: horizontal and vertical, like in addition.
The simplest case of the multiplication of polynomials is the multiplication of monomials.
Example: (5x²)(- 2x³)
For multiplying these two monomials, we have to just multiply the numbers and add the powers using the exponent rule.
⇒ (5x²)(-2x³) = -10x² ⁺ ³= -10x⁵
The division of polynomials involves two cases, the first one is a simplification, which is reducing the fraction and the second one is a long division.
Some of the important properties of polynomials along with some important polynomial theorems are as follows:
(i) Division Algorithm
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by a polynomial G(x) results in quotient Q(x) with remainder R(x), then, P(x) = G(x) • Q(x) + R(x)
(ii) Bezout’s Theorem
Polynomial P(x) is divisible by binomial (x – a) if and only if P(a) = 0.
(iii) Factor Theorem
A polynomial P(x) divided by Q(x) results in R(x) with zero remainders if and only if Q(x) is a factor of P(x).
(iv) The addition, subtraction and multiplication of polynomials P and Q result in a polynomial where,
Degree(P ± Q) ≤ Degree(P or Q)
Degree(P × Q) = Degree(P) + Degree(Q)
(v) If P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …… + anxn is a polynomial such that deg(P) = n ≥ 0 then, P has at most “n” distinct roots.
The zeros of a polynomial p(x) are all the x-values that make the polynomial equal to zero.
Let p(x) be a polynomial in x. If p(a) = 0, then we say that 'a' is a zero of the polynomial p(x).
Example 1. Find the zeros of the following linear polynomial
p(x) = 2x + 3
Solution: p(x) = 2x + 3
Now we have to think about the value of x, for which the given function will become zero.
For that let us factor out 2
p(x) = 2 (x + 3/2)
Instead of "x", if we substitute -3/2, p(x) will become zero.
Hence -3/2 is the zero of the given linear polynomial.
Example 2. Find the zeros of the following linear polynomial
Consider, P(x) = 4x + 5 to be a linear polynomial in one variable.
Solution: Let ‘a’ be zero of P(x), then,
P(a) = 4a+5 = 0
Therefore, a = -5/4
In general, if k is zero of the linear polynomial in one variable: P(x) = ax +b, then;
P(k) = ak+b = 0
k = -b/a
It can also be written as,
Zero of Polynomial (K) = -(Constant/ Coefficient of x)
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1. What is the degree of a polynomial? |
2. What are the arithmetic operations that can be performed on polynomials? |
3. What are the properties of polynomials? |
4. How do you find the zeroes of a polynomial? |
5. What are the zeroes of a linear polynomial? |
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