Sentence Types & Direct-Indirect, Active-Passive Speech | Business Correspondence and Reporting (Old Scheme) - CA Foundation PDF Download

 Page 1


To enable learners: 
1.  Recognize and understand the meaning of given grammatical structures in written and spoken form.
2. Analyze the grammatical structure of sentences, using grammatical terms correctly.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of grammatical structure of sentences contributing to the coherence of 
paragraphs and texts. 
4. Use grammatical structures meaningfully and accurately in oral and written work.
5. Identify and rectify their own errors when using targeted grammatical structures.
w Understand the importance of grammar in language learning.
w Distinguish between phrase, clause and sentence.
w Gain knowledge of types of clauses.
w Recognize components of a sentence.
w Identify types of sentences based on functionality and structure.
w Dierentiate between active and passive voice.
w Learn reported speech.
2
CHAPTER
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE 
VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
GOALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  INTRODUCTION
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and 
words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this eld includes 
phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. 
(Source: Wikipedia)’
The explanation of these terms is provided below: 
1. Syntax- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Page 2


To enable learners: 
1.  Recognize and understand the meaning of given grammatical structures in written and spoken form.
2. Analyze the grammatical structure of sentences, using grammatical terms correctly.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of grammatical structure of sentences contributing to the coherence of 
paragraphs and texts. 
4. Use grammatical structures meaningfully and accurately in oral and written work.
5. Identify and rectify their own errors when using targeted grammatical structures.
w Understand the importance of grammar in language learning.
w Distinguish between phrase, clause and sentence.
w Gain knowledge of types of clauses.
w Recognize components of a sentence.
w Identify types of sentences based on functionality and structure.
w Dierentiate between active and passive voice.
w Learn reported speech.
2
CHAPTER
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE 
VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
GOALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  INTRODUCTION
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and 
words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this eld includes 
phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. 
(Source: Wikipedia)’
The explanation of these terms is provided below: 
1. Syntax- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
2.2
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING
2. Morphology- the study of the forms of things, in a particular form, shape, or structure.
3. Semantics- the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical 
semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, 
and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them.
4. Phonology- the science of speech sounds including especially the history and theory of sound changes 
in a language or in two or more related languages.
5. Pragmatics - the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.
Grammar is the system of a language governed by rules. However, language development did not begin 
with formation of rules. People started communicating through sounds. Gradually words, phrases and 
sentences were formed and a language was created. No language is static. It evolves and changes over time. 
Grammar is simply a set of rules that people follow to interact at a particular time.
Knowledge of grammar of a language is not necessary to speak it. All of us speak a language or multiple 
languages without any awareness of its rules and structures. On the other hand, if we want to learn a 
foreign language, grammar helps us to attain competency in it more quickly and eciently. Familiarity with 
grammatical rules is an aid in building prociency in the written and spoken formats. 
  PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE
Phrase, clause and sentence are the three structural units that create meaning in language. They 
comprise of groups of words with meaning. Understanding these basic units is the foundation of learning 
English grammar.
Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that make sense but not complete sense. It cannot stand alone but 
can be used as a part of a sentence. For example-
1. in the north
2. a yellow dress
3. at ve o’clock
Clause: A group of words which contain a subject and a predicate are called a clause. A clause can make 
complete sense on its own or may form a part of a sentence.
There are two types of clauses-
Main or Independent clause: A main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand by itself as a 
complete sentence. 
Example:  
1. He has a chain of gold.
2. Reena lives in London.
Subordinate or dependent clause: A subordinate clause also consists of a subject and predicate but does 
not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause for the reader to understand it fully.
Example:
1. He has a chain which is made of gold.
2. This is the place where the accident happened.
Page 3


To enable learners: 
1.  Recognize and understand the meaning of given grammatical structures in written and spoken form.
2. Analyze the grammatical structure of sentences, using grammatical terms correctly.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of grammatical structure of sentences contributing to the coherence of 
paragraphs and texts. 
4. Use grammatical structures meaningfully and accurately in oral and written work.
5. Identify and rectify their own errors when using targeted grammatical structures.
w Understand the importance of grammar in language learning.
w Distinguish between phrase, clause and sentence.
w Gain knowledge of types of clauses.
w Recognize components of a sentence.
w Identify types of sentences based on functionality and structure.
w Dierentiate between active and passive voice.
w Learn reported speech.
2
CHAPTER
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE 
VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
GOALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  INTRODUCTION
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and 
words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this eld includes 
phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. 
(Source: Wikipedia)’
The explanation of these terms is provided below: 
1. Syntax- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
2.2
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING
2. Morphology- the study of the forms of things, in a particular form, shape, or structure.
3. Semantics- the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical 
semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, 
and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them.
4. Phonology- the science of speech sounds including especially the history and theory of sound changes 
in a language or in two or more related languages.
5. Pragmatics - the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.
Grammar is the system of a language governed by rules. However, language development did not begin 
with formation of rules. People started communicating through sounds. Gradually words, phrases and 
sentences were formed and a language was created. No language is static. It evolves and changes over time. 
Grammar is simply a set of rules that people follow to interact at a particular time.
Knowledge of grammar of a language is not necessary to speak it. All of us speak a language or multiple 
languages without any awareness of its rules and structures. On the other hand, if we want to learn a 
foreign language, grammar helps us to attain competency in it more quickly and eciently. Familiarity with 
grammatical rules is an aid in building prociency in the written and spoken formats. 
  PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE
Phrase, clause and sentence are the three structural units that create meaning in language. They 
comprise of groups of words with meaning. Understanding these basic units is the foundation of learning 
English grammar.
Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that make sense but not complete sense. It cannot stand alone but 
can be used as a part of a sentence. For example-
1. in the north
2. a yellow dress
3. at ve o’clock
Clause: A group of words which contain a subject and a predicate are called a clause. A clause can make 
complete sense on its own or may form a part of a sentence.
There are two types of clauses-
Main or Independent clause: A main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand by itself as a 
complete sentence. 
Example:  
1. He has a chain of gold.
2. Reena lives in London.
Subordinate or dependent clause: A subordinate clause also consists of a subject and predicate but does 
not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause for the reader to understand it fully.
Example:
1. He has a chain which is made of gold.
2. This is the place where the accident happened.
2.3
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
The words in italics are the subordinate clauses.
Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that make complete sense to a reader. It typically contains a 
subject and predicate. It may be a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consists of a main 
clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full 
stop. A nite verb is an essential component of a sentence. 
A sentence can be short and sweet, or long and complicated. Adding objects, complements, phrases and 
clauses to sentences can lengthen them and make them structurally and semantically complicated
Example:
1. I like lms.
2. I like horror lms.
3. I like horror lms which are based on true stories.
4. I like horror lms which are based on true stories and terrify me completely.
All four examples above are sentences.
Subject and predicate are the two primary structures on which a sentence stands. However, it is imperative 
to understand all the components of a sentence to grasp the basics of grammar.   
The basic parts of a sentence are:
•	 Subjec t
•	 P r edica t e
•	 Dir ec t	objec t
•	 I ndir ec t	objec t
•	 Objec t	of	the	pr eposition
•	 V er bs	
•	 phr ases
•	 C omplemen ts
Subject: The subject is the person or thing about which something is stated.
Predicate: The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells us something about the subject
Examples-
1. My brother works in Dubai.
2. The train arrived late.
3. The old woman was walking down the street.
4. This is my bag.
5. The weather in Mumbai is hot and humid.
The words in bold tell names a person, place or thing about which/ whom something is being said. They are 
the subjects. 
The second part of the sentence which states something about the subject is the predicate.
Page 4


To enable learners: 
1.  Recognize and understand the meaning of given grammatical structures in written and spoken form.
2. Analyze the grammatical structure of sentences, using grammatical terms correctly.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of grammatical structure of sentences contributing to the coherence of 
paragraphs and texts. 
4. Use grammatical structures meaningfully and accurately in oral and written work.
5. Identify and rectify their own errors when using targeted grammatical structures.
w Understand the importance of grammar in language learning.
w Distinguish between phrase, clause and sentence.
w Gain knowledge of types of clauses.
w Recognize components of a sentence.
w Identify types of sentences based on functionality and structure.
w Dierentiate between active and passive voice.
w Learn reported speech.
2
CHAPTER
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE 
VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
GOALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  INTRODUCTION
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and 
words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this eld includes 
phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. 
(Source: Wikipedia)’
The explanation of these terms is provided below: 
1. Syntax- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
2.2
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING
2. Morphology- the study of the forms of things, in a particular form, shape, or structure.
3. Semantics- the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical 
semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, 
and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them.
4. Phonology- the science of speech sounds including especially the history and theory of sound changes 
in a language or in two or more related languages.
5. Pragmatics - the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.
Grammar is the system of a language governed by rules. However, language development did not begin 
with formation of rules. People started communicating through sounds. Gradually words, phrases and 
sentences were formed and a language was created. No language is static. It evolves and changes over time. 
Grammar is simply a set of rules that people follow to interact at a particular time.
Knowledge of grammar of a language is not necessary to speak it. All of us speak a language or multiple 
languages without any awareness of its rules and structures. On the other hand, if we want to learn a 
foreign language, grammar helps us to attain competency in it more quickly and eciently. Familiarity with 
grammatical rules is an aid in building prociency in the written and spoken formats. 
  PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE
Phrase, clause and sentence are the three structural units that create meaning in language. They 
comprise of groups of words with meaning. Understanding these basic units is the foundation of learning 
English grammar.
Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that make sense but not complete sense. It cannot stand alone but 
can be used as a part of a sentence. For example-
1. in the north
2. a yellow dress
3. at ve o’clock
Clause: A group of words which contain a subject and a predicate are called a clause. A clause can make 
complete sense on its own or may form a part of a sentence.
There are two types of clauses-
Main or Independent clause: A main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand by itself as a 
complete sentence. 
Example:  
1. He has a chain of gold.
2. Reena lives in London.
Subordinate or dependent clause: A subordinate clause also consists of a subject and predicate but does 
not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause for the reader to understand it fully.
Example:
1. He has a chain which is made of gold.
2. This is the place where the accident happened.
2.3
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
The words in italics are the subordinate clauses.
Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that make complete sense to a reader. It typically contains a 
subject and predicate. It may be a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consists of a main 
clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full 
stop. A nite verb is an essential component of a sentence. 
A sentence can be short and sweet, or long and complicated. Adding objects, complements, phrases and 
clauses to sentences can lengthen them and make them structurally and semantically complicated
Example:
1. I like lms.
2. I like horror lms.
3. I like horror lms which are based on true stories.
4. I like horror lms which are based on true stories and terrify me completely.
All four examples above are sentences.
Subject and predicate are the two primary structures on which a sentence stands. However, it is imperative 
to understand all the components of a sentence to grasp the basics of grammar.   
The basic parts of a sentence are:
•	 Subjec t
•	 P r edica t e
•	 Dir ec t	objec t
•	 I ndir ec t	objec t
•	 Objec t	of	the	pr eposition
•	 V er bs	
•	 phr ases
•	 C omplemen ts
Subject: The subject is the person or thing about which something is stated.
Predicate: The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells us something about the subject
Examples-
1. My brother works in Dubai.
2. The train arrived late.
3. The old woman was walking down the street.
4. This is my bag.
5. The weather in Mumbai is hot and humid.
The words in bold tell names a person, place or thing about which/ whom something is being said. They are 
the subjects. 
The second part of the sentence which states something about the subject is the predicate.
2.4
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING
Direct object: A direct object is a person or thing that is aected by the action(verb) of the subject. Y ou 
could say that the direct object “receives the action of the verb. ” It follows the verb and answers the question 
‘what’ .
Examples-
1. Ram kicked the ball.
2. The ball hit Sheila.
3. Ruhi repaired the computer yesterday.
4. We built a castle on the beach.
5. I have baked a cake.
The ball, Sheila, computer, castle and cake receive the action from the subject. The sentence structure is 
Subject, verb, object.
Indirect Object: An indirect object is a person or thing that the action is done to or for.
The indirect object usually comes just before the direct object and can be called the receiver of the direct 
object. It directly follows the verb and answers the question ‘whom’ . The structure is Subject, Verb, Indirect 
Object, and Direct Object.
Examples- 
1. I made Neha pasta for lunch.
2. We built him a castle on the beach.
3. Preeti  is writing me a letter right now.
4. I have made my mom a promise.
5. Ms. Nair teaches us English grammar.
Neha, him, me, my mom, and us are the ones for ‘whom’ something is done. They are the indirect objects.
The Object of the Preposition: The object of the preposition is a noun or a pronoun that completes its 
meaning.
Example 1:
•	 T he	dog	is	look ing	at 	….
This sentence is incomplete. We don’t know what the dog is looking at.
The complete sentence is –
•	 T he	dog	is	look ing	at 	the mouse.
“the mouse” is the object of the preposition “at. ”
Example 2:
•	 Y ou	are 	going	t o …..
This sentence is incomplete. We don’t know where you are going.
The complete sentence is-
•	 Y ou	are 	going	to 	Kolk a ta.	
 “Kolkata” is the object of the preposition “to. ”
Page 5


To enable learners: 
1.  Recognize and understand the meaning of given grammatical structures in written and spoken form.
2. Analyze the grammatical structure of sentences, using grammatical terms correctly.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of grammatical structure of sentences contributing to the coherence of 
paragraphs and texts. 
4. Use grammatical structures meaningfully and accurately in oral and written work.
5. Identify and rectify their own errors when using targeted grammatical structures.
w Understand the importance of grammar in language learning.
w Distinguish between phrase, clause and sentence.
w Gain knowledge of types of clauses.
w Recognize components of a sentence.
w Identify types of sentences based on functionality and structure.
w Dierentiate between active and passive voice.
w Learn reported speech.
2
CHAPTER
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE 
VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
GOALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
  INTRODUCTION
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and 
words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this eld includes 
phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. 
(Source: Wikipedia)’
The explanation of these terms is provided below: 
1. Syntax- the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
2.2
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING
2. Morphology- the study of the forms of things, in a particular form, shape, or structure.
3. Semantics- the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical 
semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, 
and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them.
4. Phonology- the science of speech sounds including especially the history and theory of sound changes 
in a language or in two or more related languages.
5. Pragmatics - the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used.
Grammar is the system of a language governed by rules. However, language development did not begin 
with formation of rules. People started communicating through sounds. Gradually words, phrases and 
sentences were formed and a language was created. No language is static. It evolves and changes over time. 
Grammar is simply a set of rules that people follow to interact at a particular time.
Knowledge of grammar of a language is not necessary to speak it. All of us speak a language or multiple 
languages without any awareness of its rules and structures. On the other hand, if we want to learn a 
foreign language, grammar helps us to attain competency in it more quickly and eciently. Familiarity with 
grammatical rules is an aid in building prociency in the written and spoken formats. 
  PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE
Phrase, clause and sentence are the three structural units that create meaning in language. They 
comprise of groups of words with meaning. Understanding these basic units is the foundation of learning 
English grammar.
Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that make sense but not complete sense. It cannot stand alone but 
can be used as a part of a sentence. For example-
1. in the north
2. a yellow dress
3. at ve o’clock
Clause: A group of words which contain a subject and a predicate are called a clause. A clause can make 
complete sense on its own or may form a part of a sentence.
There are two types of clauses-
Main or Independent clause: A main clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand by itself as a 
complete sentence. 
Example:  
1. He has a chain of gold.
2. Reena lives in London.
Subordinate or dependent clause: A subordinate clause also consists of a subject and predicate but does 
not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on the main clause for the reader to understand it fully.
Example:
1. He has a chain which is made of gold.
2. This is the place where the accident happened.
2.3
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
The words in italics are the subordinate clauses.
Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that make complete sense to a reader. It typically contains a 
subject and predicate. It may be a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consists of a main 
clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full 
stop. A nite verb is an essential component of a sentence. 
A sentence can be short and sweet, or long and complicated. Adding objects, complements, phrases and 
clauses to sentences can lengthen them and make them structurally and semantically complicated
Example:
1. I like lms.
2. I like horror lms.
3. I like horror lms which are based on true stories.
4. I like horror lms which are based on true stories and terrify me completely.
All four examples above are sentences.
Subject and predicate are the two primary structures on which a sentence stands. However, it is imperative 
to understand all the components of a sentence to grasp the basics of grammar.   
The basic parts of a sentence are:
•	 Subjec t
•	 P r edica t e
•	 Dir ec t	objec t
•	 I ndir ec t	objec t
•	 Objec t	of	the	pr eposition
•	 V er bs	
•	 phr ases
•	 C omplemen ts
Subject: The subject is the person or thing about which something is stated.
Predicate: The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells us something about the subject
Examples-
1. My brother works in Dubai.
2. The train arrived late.
3. The old woman was walking down the street.
4. This is my bag.
5. The weather in Mumbai is hot and humid.
The words in bold tell names a person, place or thing about which/ whom something is being said. They are 
the subjects. 
The second part of the sentence which states something about the subject is the predicate.
2.4
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTING
Direct object: A direct object is a person or thing that is aected by the action(verb) of the subject. Y ou 
could say that the direct object “receives the action of the verb. ” It follows the verb and answers the question 
‘what’ .
Examples-
1. Ram kicked the ball.
2. The ball hit Sheila.
3. Ruhi repaired the computer yesterday.
4. We built a castle on the beach.
5. I have baked a cake.
The ball, Sheila, computer, castle and cake receive the action from the subject. The sentence structure is 
Subject, verb, object.
Indirect Object: An indirect object is a person or thing that the action is done to or for.
The indirect object usually comes just before the direct object and can be called the receiver of the direct 
object. It directly follows the verb and answers the question ‘whom’ . The structure is Subject, Verb, Indirect 
Object, and Direct Object.
Examples- 
1. I made Neha pasta for lunch.
2. We built him a castle on the beach.
3. Preeti  is writing me a letter right now.
4. I have made my mom a promise.
5. Ms. Nair teaches us English grammar.
Neha, him, me, my mom, and us are the ones for ‘whom’ something is done. They are the indirect objects.
The Object of the Preposition: The object of the preposition is a noun or a pronoun that completes its 
meaning.
Example 1:
•	 T he	dog	is	look ing	at 	….
This sentence is incomplete. We don’t know what the dog is looking at.
The complete sentence is –
•	 T he	dog	is	look ing	at 	the mouse.
“the mouse” is the object of the preposition “at. ”
Example 2:
•	 Y ou	are 	going	t o …..
This sentence is incomplete. We don’t know where you are going.
The complete sentence is-
•	 Y ou	are 	going	to 	Kolk a ta.	
 “Kolkata” is the object of the preposition “to. ”
2.5
SENTENCE TYPES ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Do not confuse the indirect object with the object of the preposition!
Have a look at the following examples:
1. Lalit gave Rima the pen.
2. Lalit gave the pen to Rima.
In the rst sentence Rima is the indirect object.
In the second sentence Rima is the object of the preposition ‘to’.
The two sentences basically have the same meaning but are structurally dierent.
How can you distinguish between an indirect object and the object of the preposition?
•	 T he	objec t	of	the	pr eposition	c omes	immedia t ely	af t er	the	pr eposition.
•	 T he 	indir ec t	objec t	does	not	c ome	immedia t ely	af t er	a	pr eposition.
•	 T he	 indir ec t	 objec t	 is	 usually	 f ollo w ed	 b y	 the	 dir ec t	 objec t, 	 wher eas	 the	 objec t	 of	 the	 pr eposition	 does	
not follow this principle.
Verbs: A verb is customarily dened as a part of speech that describes an action or occurrence or indicates 
a state of being. In every sentence the most important word is the verb. 
There are various types of verbs, according to their function, in the structure of the sentence.
1. Finite verbs: A nite verb is limited by its subject. It agrees with its subject in number and person. It 
also changes according to the tense of the sentence. It forms the main clause.
Examples-
 a. I am a teacher.
 b. He is a teacher.
 c. She goes to school every day.
 d. They go to school every day.
2. Non – Finite verbs: A nonnite verb is a form of the verb that does not change according to the person, 
number or tense of the sentence. It cannot stand alone as the main verb in a sentence. There are three 
kinds of non nite verbs-
 i. Innitive: It is a form of the verb used generally like a noun. The word ‘to’ is frequently used with an 
innitive.
  To err is human.
  Sunita loves to dance.
 ii. Participle-(past and present)-A participle is that form of the verb which has the nature of both a 
verb and an adjective. Present participle ends with ing, whereas the past participle ends with –ed 
(walked) or past form of the verb (burnt).
  He sat on a broken chair.
  We met a girl carrying a bag of fruit.
 iii. Gerunds – A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in –ing, and has the features of a noun and 
a verb.
  Playing cricket is not allowed here.
  I like reading religious texts.