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Summary
- Lenin headed the Soviet Union till his death in 1924. Joseph Stalin took over the reins from him. There was acute shortage of grain in 1927. The government had fixed the price of grain but the peasants did not want to sell to the government at these prices.
- Rich peasants or ‘kulaks’ were raided and grain stocks confiscated. Stalin enforced collectivization of farms as solution to grain shortage.
- Peasants were forced to work in collective farms called ‘kolkhoz’ sharing the profits equally.
- This was not entirely successful as the production of grain did not increase immediately. In 1930, the Soviet Union faced one of the worst famines in history leaving over 4 million people dead.
About Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme
- The Collectivisation programme began in 1929.
- All peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms (Kolkhoz) by the Party.
- The ownership of collective farms received the implements and bulk of land.
- Kolkhoz profit was shared and peasants worked on the land.
- Livestock was destroyed and the authorities were resisted by the enraged peasants.
- The number of cattle fell by one-third, between 1929 and 1931.
- People were severely punished, if they resisted collectivisation.
- People were sent to exile or deported, although peasants argued that they were not against socialism and that they were not rich, they were simply against collective farms due to various reasons.
- Although independent cultivation was allowed by Stalin, these cultivators were treated without any sympathy.
- Production did not increase immediately, despite collectivisation.
- 4 million people died in the worst famine of the Soviet history due to bad harvests of 1930-33.
- The consequences of collectivisation and confusion in industrial production under planned economy was criticised by many within the party.
- By 1939, over 2 million were put in labour camps or prisons by Stalin and his sympathisers as they faced criticism.
- Critics were accused as conspirators against Socialism.
FAQs on Stalinism and collectivisation - Class 9
| 1. What is Stalinism and how did it influence collectivization in Russia? |  |
Stalinism refers to the political ideology and policies implemented by Joseph Stalin during his leadership of the Soviet Union. It emphasized centralization of power, state control of the economy, and suppression of political opposition. Stalinism greatly influenced collectivization in Russia by advocating for the transformation of small-scale individual farms into large collective farms. This process aimed to increase agricultural productivity and consolidate control over the agricultural sector under the state.
| 2. What were the goals of collectivization in the Soviet Union under Stalin? | |
The goals of collectivization in the Soviet Union under Stalin were primarily aimed at modernizing and industrializing the country's agricultural sector. The government sought to increase food production, improve efficiency, and achieve self-sufficiency in agricultural resources. Additionally, collectivization aimed to consolidate control over the rural population, establish state control over agricultural resources, and eliminate private land ownership.
| 3. How did collectivization impact the peasants in Russia? | |
Collectivization had a significant impact on the peasants in Russia. Many peasants, who had previously owned their own small plots of land, were forced to join collective farms. This led to the loss of their land, livestock, and individual farming autonomy. The state-controlled collective farms imposed strict production targets and quotas, often leading to food shortages and famine. Peasants faced harsh working conditions, low wages, and limited personal freedoms under collectivization.
| 4. What were the consequences of collectivization in terms of agricultural production? | |
The consequences of collectivization on agricultural production were mixed. In the short term, collectivization resulted in a drastic decline in agricultural output due to the disruption caused by forced collectivization, resistance from peasants, and the loss of experienced farmers. The implementation of collectivization also led to widespread famine and food shortages. However, in the long term, collectivization helped to increase agricultural productivity and output, albeit at the cost of significant human suffering.
| 5. How did collectivization impact the political landscape of the Soviet Union? | |
Collectivization had a profound impact on the political landscape of the Soviet Union. It strengthened Stalin's control over the country by eliminating potential sources of opposition and consolidating power in the hands of the state. The implementation of collectivization also resulted in the suppression of dissent, with anyone who resisted or criticized the policy being labeled as enemies of the state. This further solidified Stalin's authoritarian rule and set the stage for the establishment of a totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union.
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