Table of contents | |
The IQTA system, Revenue and Administration | |
Revenue | |
Administrative and Agrarian Terms |
Iqta System
Revenue Management and Salaries:
Troop Payment and Royal Officials:
Royal Intervention Peak:
Firuz Tughlaq's Reforms:
Agrarian Conditions:
Ala-ud-din's Anti-Middlemen Measures:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's Regulations:
Firuz Tughlaq's Agricultural Reforms:
Points To Be Remembered
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Primary Source of Income:
Land Revenue Collection:
Categories of Taxes:
Distinct Taxation for 'People of Scripture':
Abolition of Cesses and Land Taxes by Firuz Tughlaq:
Impact on Distinctions in India:
Sadar-Jahan: Title of the central officer of the Delhi Sultanate responsible for religious and charitable endowments.
Sera-i-Adl: Ala-ud-din Khalji’s market in Delhi for the sale of specified commodities, particularly cloth.
Shashgani: A small silver coin equivalent to six jitals or copper coins.
Shamshi: Pertaining to Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish.
Shiqdar: Officer in charge of land measuring a shiq.
Shuhna-imandi: Officer in charge of the grain market.
Sipahsalar: Commander of the troops.
Tanka: Silver coin used in the Delhi Sultanate.
Zabita: Secular rule or law made by the state.
Ain: State laws distinguished from the laws of the shariat (Islamic law).
Akhurbek: Master of the horse.
Alai tanka: The tanka (silver or gold coin) of Ala-ud-din Khalji.
Alamatha-i-Sultani: Insignia of royalty.
Amil: Revenue officer.
Amir: Commander; the third-highest official grade in the Delhi Sultanate.
Amiri-dad: Officer in charge of justice; the public prosecutor.
Amir-i-akhur: Amir or officer commanding the horse.
Amir-i-hajib: Officer in charge of the royal court; also called barbek in Turkish.
Amir-i-koh: Officer in charge of agriculture.
Amir-i-shikar: Officer in charge of the royal hunt.
Ariz: Officer in charge of the muster, equipment of the soldiers, and their horses.
Arz-i-mammalik: Minister in charge of the army of the whole country.
Barbek: Officer in charge of the royal court; also called amir-i-hajib in Persian.
Barid: Intelligence officer appointed by the state to collect information.
Barid-i-mammalik: Head of the state intelligence service.
Dabir: Secretary.
Dabir-i-mamalik: Chief secretary for the whole kingdom.
Dagh: Mark of branding.
Diwan: Office; the central secretariat.
Diwan-i-Arz: Office of the minister of war.
Diwan-i-insha: Office of the chief secretary.
Diwan-i-riyasat: Office of the minister of trade and commerce.
Diwan-i-wizarat: Office of the wazir.
Diwanul mustakhraj: Office for collecting taxes.
Doab: Land between the Yamuna and the Ganga.
Fatwa: A legal decision; a decision according to the shariat or religious law.
Faujdar: Commander of an army unit.
Haqq-i-Shurb: Water-right; profits from canal irrigation.
Hukm-i-hasil: Assessment (of land revenue) according to produce.
Hukm-i-masahat: Assessment (of land revenue) according to measurement.
Hukm-i-mushahida: Assessment (of land revenue) by inspection only.
Iqtadar: Governor; a person in whose charge an iqta has been placed.
Jagir: A piece of land assigned to a government officer by the state.
Jitals: Copper coins of the Delhi Sultanate.
Jzaih: Personal and yearly tax on non-Muslims, or any tax not Kharaj or land tax.
Karkhana: Royal factory or enterprise, ratbi (for animals) and ghair-ratbi (for commodities).
Khalisa: Land controlled directly by the king and not assigned to any zamindar or officer.
Khan: Highest independent ruler among Mongols and Turks; highest group of officers of state.
Khidmati: Service due.
Kharaj: Land revenue; also tribute paid by a subordinate ruler.
Khuts: Class of village headmen.
Madad-i-mash: Grant of land or pension to religious or deserving persons.
Madad-i-khas: A meeting of the king and his high officers.
Majlis-i-khilwat: A confidential and secret meeting of the king and his high officers.
Mal: Money; revenue; land revenue.
Malik: Owner; proprietor; in the Delhi Sultanate, it meant the second-highest grade of officers, below khan and above amir.
Malik naib: Regent of the kingdom; an officer authorized to act on behalf of the king.
Muhtasib: An officer appointed to maintain law and order in a municipality.
Muqaddam: Village headman; literally the first or senior man.
Muqta: Governor; person-in-charge of an iqta or a medieval province.
Mushrif-i-mamalik: Accountant for all provinces.
Naib-i-arz: Minister of war; or deputy of minister of war.
Naib-i-barbek: Deputy of barbek (officer in charge of the royal court).
Naib-i-mamlakat: Regent or the king’s representative for the whole kingdom, authorized to act on behalf of the king.
Naib-i-mulk: Regent of the kingdom.
Naib-i-wazir: Deputy of the wazir.
Qazi-i-mamalik: The qazi or judge for the whole country.
Quzi-ul-qazzat: The quzi of quzis; the chief quzi.
Points To Be Remembered
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1. What is the IQTA system? |
2. How did the IQTA system help in revenue collection? |
3. When was the IQTA system prevalent in the Delhi Sultanate? |
4. What was the role of revenue collectors in the IQTA system? |
5. How did the IQTA system contribute to the administration of the Delhi Sultanate? |
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