Volcanism Video Lecture | Geography for UPSC CSE

Ans. Volcanism refers to the process of volcanic activity, which involves the eruption of molten rock, gases, and other materials from a volcano onto the Earth's surface. It includes various volcanic phenomena such as lava flows, volcanic ash, pyroclastic flows, and volcanic gases.

Ans. Volcanism is primarily caused by the movement of tectonic plates. The Earth's crust is divided into several large plates, and when these plates collide or separate, it creates a pathway for molten rock, known as magma, to rise to the surface. The pressure and heat from the mantle beneath the Earth's crust also play a significant role in triggering volcanic activity.

Ans. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes (also known as composite volcanoes), and cinder cone volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are broad and have gentle slopes, formed by multiple eruptions of fluid basaltic lava. Stratovolcanoes are tall and steep, composed of alternating layers of ash, lava, and rock fragments. Cinder cone volcanoes are small, conical-shaped volcanoes formed by the accumulation of loose volcanic debris.

Ans. While scientists can monitor volcanic activity and make predictions based on certain indicators, the precise timing and scale of volcanic eruptions remain challenging to predict accurately. Monitoring techniques, such as seismic activity, gas emissions, ground deformation, and thermal anomalies, help in assessing volcanic behavior and providing warnings. However, volcanic eruptions can still occur with little or no warning, making them unpredictable natural phenomena.

Ans. Volcanic eruptions can have both short-term and long-term impacts on the environment and human life. In the short term, volcanic ash and gases can contaminate the air, making it hazardous to breathe and causing respiratory problems. Ashfall can also damage crops, disrupt transportation systems, and lead to the closure of schools and businesses. In the long term, volcanic eruptions can alter landscapes, create new landforms, and even affect global climate by releasing large amounts of ash and gases into the atmosphere. However, volcanic activity also contributes to the formation of fertile soils and can attract tourists to volcanic areas, boosting local economies.