Weekly Current Affairs (1st to 7th October 2024) Part - 2 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

GS2/Governance

Social Media Regulation for Children

Why in News?

• Recently, the Australian Prime Minister announced a plan to enforce a minimum age requirement for social media usage, aiming to protect children from possible online dangers. This initiative arises from growing concerns about children's safety online, particularly in the wake of the pandemic, which led to increased screen time among young individuals.

What are the Global Regulatory Efforts Regarding Social Media Usage?

Social Media:

• Social media encompasses platforms that facilitate interaction among individuals, allowing them to create, share, and exchange information and ideas within virtual communities and networks. Examples include Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn.
• Traditional print media, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals, is not classified as social media.

In India:

• The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 seeks to regulate children's access to social media.

Section 9 of the DPDPA specifies three conditions for handling data of children under 18:

• Verifiable Parental Consent: Companies must obtain permission from a parent or guardian.
• Alignment with Child Well-being: The processing of personal data must prioritize the child's welfare.
• Restrictions on Monitoring and Advertising: There are prohibitions on tracking, behavioral monitoring, and targeted advertising directed at children.
• In 2023, the Karnataka High Court recommended that the Union Government set an age limit of 21 for accessing social media, citing concerns over addiction among schoolchildren and its adverse effects.

Global Context

• South Korea implemented the Cinderella Law, also known as the Shutdown Law, which prohibited children under 16 from playing online games between midnight and 6 AM. This law was enacted in 2011 to combat internet addiction and was repealed in August 2021.
• In the United States, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998 mandates that websites obtain parental consent before collecting data from children under 13, prompting many platforms to restrict access for this age group.
• The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000 requires schools and libraries that receive federal funds to filter harmful online content.
• In 2015, the European Union proposed legislation banning children under 16 from accessing the internet without parental consent. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2018 established strict data privacy standards across the EU, affording users greater control over their personal information and setting a global standard.
• The United Kingdom, while part of the EU, set the age for parental consent for online access at 13. In May 2024, a government panel recommended increasing this age to 16. The UK also introduced the Age-Appropriate Design Code, which mandates that platforms enhance children's safety and privacy through stronger default settings and reduced risks.
• In July 2023, France enacted legislation requiring social media platforms to block children under 15 from accessing without parental authorization, imposing fines of up to 1% of global sales for non-compliance. Additionally, if a child under 16 works as an influencer and earns income, their parents cannot access that income until the child turns 16.
• In August 2023, China established strict regulations on children's internet usage, allowing minors aged 16-18 to access it for two hours daily, ages 8-15 for one hour, and those under 8 for 40 minutes, with restrictions from 10 PM to 6 AM. Exceptions are made for apps focused on development.
• In April 2023, Brazil introduced child data protection laws to limit how digital companies gather and manage children's data, as part of broader initiatives in Latin America to bolster online safety for minors.

What are the Reasons for Regulating Social Media Usage for Children?

• Safety Concerns: Children face increased exposure to harmful content, cyberbullying, and online predators, which pose significant risks. They are also susceptible to mental health issues, including anxiety and depression, exacerbated by social media usage.
• Pornography: The prevalence of explicit content on social media platforms exposes young individuals to age-inappropriate material, potentially skewing their understanding of sexuality and relationships negatively.
• Misleading Information: Social media can be a source of misinformation, and children may be particularly vulnerable to being influenced by propaganda.
• Promoting Real-life Connections: A ban on social media would encourage children to engage more in face-to-face interactions, fostering improved social skills and emotional intelligence.
• Technological Responsibility: There are arguments asserting that technology companies should be accountable for creating safer online environments for children instead of relying solely on parental oversight.

What are the Issues Against Banning Social Media Usage for Children?

• Enforcement Challenges: Implementing bans is difficult in the digital realm. Children often find ways to bypass age restrictions, as highlighted by the failure of South Korea's Cinderella Law.
• Burden on Parents: Enforcing age restrictions places an undue burden on parents, particularly in areas with limited digital literacy. Many parents may lack the necessary skills to navigate online platforms effectively, complicating their ability to monitor their children's activities.
• Loss of Positive Engagement: Social media offers valuable opportunities for learning, socialization, and creativity. A blanket ban could deprive children of these benefits and restrict their ability to acquire essential digital skills for future employment.
• Freedom of Expression: Minors have the right to express themselves and access diverse information. A ban could infringe upon these rights, limiting their ability to engage with varied ideas and communities.
• Benefits of Social Media: Social media promotes community building by connecting young people with supportive networks that validate their identities and serves as a valuable tool for education and staying informed about global issues and trends.

Way Forward

• Education and Awareness: There is a need to implement digital literacy programs in schools that focus on safe online navigation, privacy, and risk recognition. Warning labels on social media apps should also be introduced to highlight mental health risks for teens, similar to cigarette packaging.
• Safe Platform Design: Technology companies should prioritize child safety by incorporating protective features and user-friendly privacy settings into their platforms.
• Collaborative Regulation: Governments, educators, and technology firms should work together to create regulations that balance safety with digital engagement, adopting models like the UK's Age-Appropriate Design Code.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: It is essential to continuously assess regulations and changes on platforms, ensuring transparency and accountability from tech companies.
• Parental Involvement: Parents should be encouraged to model healthy online habits and engage in discussions about digital experiences with their children, providing resources to help them understand online platforms.

Mains Question:
Q. Discuss the challenges in enforcing age restrictions on social media platforms and analyze the roles of parents, educational institutions, and tech companies in safeguarding children online.

GS2/Governance

3 Years of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission

Why in news?

The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) has successfully completed its three-year journey as of September 27, aiming to transform the digital healthcare landscape in India by improving accessibility, efficiency, and transparency.

What is Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)?

• About: Launched in 2021, ABDM was initiated to provide digital health IDs to all citizens of India, enabling healthcare providers and insurance companies to access health records electronically when necessary.
• Implementing Agency: The National Health Authority (NHA), under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, oversees the implementation of ABDM.

Key Features of ABDM:

• Unique Health Identifier for Citizens: Each individual receives an ABHA ID, which securely stores and manages their health records.
• Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR): This is a detailed database of healthcare professionals across both modern and traditional medical systems, facilitating connections within India's digital health ecosystem.
• Health Facility Registries (HFR): A comprehensive database of public and private health facilities, including hospitals, clinics, labs, and pharmacies, integrated across all medical systems.
• Unified Health Interface (UHI): This component simplifies the discovery and delivery of health services, enhancing accessibility and streamlining interactions in healthcare.
• Data Privacy and Security: In line with the DPDP Act, 2023, ABDM prioritizes the security and confidentiality of patient health information, ensuring safe sharing practices.
• Transparency: The mission allows individuals to access both public and private health services, ensuring compliance with guidelines, and promotes transparency regarding pricing and accountability.

Key Initiatives:

• Scan and Share: A QR-code-based OPD registration service that enables patients to scan facility QR codes to share their demographic data, thereby reducing wait times and minimizing data errors.
• Digital Health Incentive Scheme (DHIS): This scheme incentivizes hospitals, diagnostic labs, and digital health providers to adopt innovative digitization practices.
• Microsites for Private Sector Adoption: Addressing challenges in the ABDM's adoption, 106 microsites have been operationalized, exceeding the initial target of 100.
• End to End ABDM Adoption Pilot: This initiative aims to digitize both public and private health facilities across the country, establishing model facilities as benchmarks for future projects.
• New Portals: The NHA has developed platforms such as the National Medical Register (NMC) for the National Medical Commission and the National Dental Register (NDR) for the National Dental Council.

What are the Achievements of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)?

• ABHA ID: By September 2024, more than 67 crore ABHA IDs have been created, providing citizens with unique digital health IDs for secure access to health records.
• Over 42 crore health records have been linked to ABHA, enhancing access to medical histories and improving healthcare delivery.
• Integration with over 236 private entities, including labs and pharmacies, has been achieved to support interoperability within the ABDM ecosystem.
• Public institutions like AIIMS Delhi and AIIMS Bhopal have excelled in generating Scan and Share OPD registrations.
• Leading private healthcare chains are significantly contributing to the success of the ABDM.
• National Healthcare Providers Registry (NHPR): The NHPR has led to the registration of 3.3 lakh health facilities and 4.7 lakh healthcare professionals, serving as a comprehensive repository.

What are the Major Concerns Related to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)?

• Limited Digital Infrastructure: Many rural and remote regions face unreliable internet connectivity and low digital literacy, which hinders effective engagement with the ABDM.
• Data Privacy and Security Concerns: The shift to digital health records raises significant issues regarding data privacy, cybersecurity, and consent management, emphasizing the need for protecting sensitive information.
• Cost and Resource Allocation: High implementation costs combined with insufficient government funding for infrastructure and training make it difficult for smaller healthcare facilities to adopt the ABDM.
• Regulatory and Legal Framework: The evolving digital health regulatory environment, including unclear data protection laws and patient consent guidelines, creates ambiguity in accountability regarding health data management.

Way Forward

• Strengthening Digital Infrastructure: Investment in improving internet connectivity and digital literacy in rural areas is essential to ensure equitable access to ABDM. Partnerships with telecom providers can enhance digital network reliability.
• Enhancing Data Privacy and Security Measures: Establishing robust data protection regulations and cybersecurity protocols will address privacy concerns, while strict consent management frameworks will safeguard sensitive health information.
• Increased Funding and Resource Allocation: The government should allocate adequate resources to support ABDM implementation, particularly for smaller healthcare facilities, including financial aid for infrastructure and training.
• Establishing a Clear Regulatory Framework: A coherent regulatory framework defining data protection laws, patient consent guidelines, and accountability measures will clarify responsibilities regarding health data management.

Mains Question:
Q. Discuss the key components of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) and analyse its potential impact on the Indian healthcare system?

GS2/Health

Resurgence of the Cholera Pandemic

Why in News?

• Recently, cholera, a preventable and treatable disease, has seen a resurgence, resulting in approximately 4,000 deaths in 2023, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO).

What is Cholera?

• About: Cholera is a water-borne disease primarily caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It causes acute diarrheal illness due to intestinal infection. The infection can range from mild to severe.
• Symptoms: Symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps, and weakness, which can lead to death from dehydration if not treated promptly.
• Transmission: Cholera spreads through consumption of water or food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. It can rapidly spread in areas lacking proper sewage treatment and clean drinking water.
• Vulnerable Populations: Malnourished children and individuals with HIV/AIDS are at a higher risk of severe outcomes from cholera.
• Vaccine: There are currently three WHO pre-qualified Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCV): Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol-Plus. Each requires two doses for full protection.

What is the Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera?

• Global Burden: The global burden of cholera increased between 2022 and 2024, with the WHO reporting significant rises in both cases and deaths across various regions. By August 2024, 22 countries reported ongoing outbreaks, leading to 2,400 deaths globally.
• Global Cholera Distribution: Cholera predominantly affects countries in Africa and Asia, with occasional cases reported in Europe. The WHO noted a 13% increase in global cholera cases and a 17% rise in deaths compared to 2022, culminating in 4,000 fatalities. As of August 2024, India reported 3,805 cholera cases amid a multi-country outbreak affecting Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Nepal.

What are the Key Factors Contributing to Cholera Resurgence?

• Climate Change: Climate change significantly impacts water quality and availability. Extreme weather events like floods and intense monsoonal rains can cause sewage overflow into water sources, while droughts and heatwaves can concentrate cholera bacteria in diminishing water supplies.
• Lack of Access to Clean Water and Sanitation: According to UNICEF, around 2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water in 2019, and about 3.6 billion lacked adequate sanitation facilities. These conditions create fertile grounds for cholera outbreaks.
• Vibrio Pathogens and Microplastics: Research indicates that Vibrio pathogens can adhere to microplastics, helping them adapt to ocean environments.
• Conflict and Displacement: Regions plagued by conflict experience major disruptions in health services and sanitation, increasing the risk of cholera for displaced individuals living in overcrowded conditions.
• Vaccine Shortage and Inadequate Health Infrastructure: In 2023, only 36 million cholera vaccine doses were produced, which was insufficient to meet the demand. A single-dose regimen has replaced the standard two doses due to shortages, with only one manufacturer supplying OCVs globally, resulting in an annual shortage of around 40 million doses.

Way Forward

• Increased Investment: Governments and international organizations must prioritize funding for WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) initiatives to address the root causes of cholera outbreaks. For instance, the Swachh Bharat Mission has improved sanitation infrastructure and reduced open defecation, aiding in cholera prevention.
• Strengthening Health Systems: Improving health infrastructure, especially in vulnerable regions, is crucial for effective disease monitoring and response. The WHO's initiatives in cholera-endemic countries like Haiti and Yemen have been essential in containing outbreaks through enhanced healthcare infrastructure.
• Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in hygiene education and sanitation practices fosters ownership and sustainable disease prevention efforts.
• Addressing Climate Change: Governments should acknowledge the impact of climate change on health and take measures to mitigate its effects. India, for example, has implemented initiatives like the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and Renewable Energy Initiatives.

Mains Question
Q. Water-borne diseases continue to pose significant public health challenges in India. Analyze the factors contributing to their prevalence and suggest effective measures to mitigate their impact.

GS2/Governance

Functionality and Essentially Test for ITC

Why in news?

• Recently, the Supreme Court established the criteria for determining eligibility for Input Tax Credit (ITC) under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) framework. This ruling was part of the case Chief Commissioner of Central Goods and Service Tax & Ors. Vs Safari Retreats Case, 2024.

Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Ruling on ITC:

• ITC for Real Estate Sector: The Supreme Court determined that the real estate sector can now claim ITC on construction costs for commercial properties intended for renting or leasing. Previously, ITC was not permitted for such immovable property construction.
• Clarification on 'Plant and Machinery' Category: The court explained that if a building is constructed for services like leasing or renting, it may be classified as 'plant and machinery.' This classification is based on Section 17(5)(d) of the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, 2017, which allows ITC claims for plant and machinery used in service supply.
• Case-Specific Determination: The SC highlighted that determining if a building, such as a mall or warehouse, qualifies as 'plant' should be evaluated individually, considering the nature of the business and the building's role in it.

What are Functionality and Essentially Tests?

• Functionality Test: This test assesses whether a building contributes to the provision of services, similar to how plant and machinery functions in a factory.
• Essentially Test: The Supreme Court ruled that goods or services must be directly essential to business operations for tax benefits or ITC claims to be valid. For example, only materials necessary for the construction or development of property, such as cement and steel, qualify.

What is Input Tax Credit Under GST?

• About ITC: ITC is a crucial component of the GST system, allowing businesses to credit taxes paid on inputs against their output tax liabilities. This facilitates a seamless flow of credit through the supply chain and eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, as tax is imposed only on the value added to the input.
• ITC Working Mechanism: When a product or service is purchased, taxes are paid. Upon selling, the seller collects tax and adjusts the taxes paid against the output tax owed, remitting the difference to the government.

Avoiding Cascading of Taxes using ITC:

• Cascading taxes occur when a tax is applied to a product, and subsequent taxes are levied on the taxed value, leading to multiple taxation layers. In the pre-GST era, Central Government taxes, like excise duty, could not offset State Government VAT, which compounded taxes on the product price.
• With GST, most central and state indirect taxes are merged into a single levy, allowing taxes paid at one stage to offset taxes due at subsequent stages, ensuring tax is only paid on the value added at each stage, rather than on the total cost including previous taxes.

Impact of ITC:

• The implementation of ITC under GST has enhanced transparency and efficiency in the supply chain. As businesses can claim tax credits at each stage, they are encouraged to maintain accurate documentation and compliance.
• ITC reduces the overall tax burden on businesses, which helps make goods and services more competitively priced in the market.

Conclusion:

• The Supreme Court's decision on ITC introduces functionality and essentiality tests, offering critical clarity for businesses in the real estate sector regarding ITC claims for construction used in renting and leasing. This ruling not only alleviates the tax burden but also encourages investment and growth in commercial real estate.

Mains Question:

• How does the Input Tax Credit (ITC) mechanism under the GST system mitigate the cascading effect of taxes? Illustrate with examples to support your explanation.

GS3/Science and Technology

US-India Nuclear Cooperation and Small Modular Reactors

Why in news?

• Recent developments highlight a renewed focus on the civil nuclear agreement between India and the United States, with Holtec International's small modular reactor (SMR-300) taking center stage. Holtec plans to partner with India to address the country's energy needs and further its clean energy objectives by utilizing existing coal facility sites for SMR installation and exploring joint manufacturing efforts, thereby supporting India's transition to cleaner energy sources.

What is the SMR-300?

• Overview: The SMR-300 is a sophisticated pressurized light-water reactor that operates using low-enriched uranium fuel, generating at least 300 megawatts (MWe) of electrical power through the fission process.
• Compact Design: This reactor requires significantly less land compared to conventional reactors, making it ideal for deployment at existing coal plant locations in India.
• Support for Clean Energy Transition: The SMR-300 technology is crucial for advancing India's clean energy goals, offering a viable alternative to fossil fuels, particularly in light of growing energy demands from sectors such as Artificial Intelligence and data centers.
• Global Competition: By developing SMRs, India aims to establish itself as a credible player in the global nuclear market, competing against established nations like Russia and China.

Challenges in Implementing SMR-300 in India:

• Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: This law poses challenges for foreign nuclear suppliers by primarily placing liability on equipment manufacturers, leading to hesitance from potential partners due to concerns over financial liabilities from accidents.
• Export Regulations: The US Atomic Energy Act of 1954 restricts American companies like Holtec from manufacturing nuclear equipment within India, complicating local production of SMR components.
• Legislative Limitations: India's current laws lack the flexibility needed to amend liability regulations, making collaboration with foreign entities more difficult.

Future Prospects for SMR-300 in India:

Cooperation on SMR technology could strengthen US-India relations, addressing technological constraints and labor cost challenges faced by both countries.

What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?

Definition: According to the IAEA, small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors designed for improved safety and efficiency, with power output typically ranging from less than 30 MWe to over 300 MWe.

Features:

• Physically smaller than traditional nuclear reactors, allowing for flexible deployment in various settings.
• Designed for factory assembly, enabling transportation as complete units for easier installation.
• Utilize nuclear fission to generate heat for electricity production or direct applications.

Global Status of SMR Technology:

Development Stage: More than 80 SMR designs are currently in various stages of development and licensing worldwide, with some already operational.

Categories of SMRs:

• Land-based Water-Cooled SMRs: Include integral pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and boiling water reactors (BWRs), utilizing established technologies.
• Marine-Based Water-Cooled SMRs: Designed for use in marine environments, such as floating units on barges or ships.
• High-Temperature Gas-Cooled SMRs (HTGRs): Capable of generating heat exceeding 750 degrees Celsius, making them suitable for electricity generation and various industrial uses.
• Liquid Metal-Cooled Fast Neutron Spectrum SMRs (LMFRs): Employ fast neutron technology with coolants like sodium and lead.
• Molten Salt Reactor SMRs (MSRs): Utilize molten fluoride or chloride salts as coolants, enabling extended fuel cycles and online refueling capabilities.
• Microreactors (MRs): Extremely small SMRs designed to produce electrical power typically up to 10 MWe using various coolants.

What are the Benefits and Challenges of SMRs?

What are the Challenges in India’s SMR Development Aspirations?

• Technological Disparities: India's current nuclear technology relies heavily on heavy water and natural uranium, which is increasingly misaligned with the globally prevalent light water reactors (LWRs). Transitioning to SMRs, which may utilize different fuel types, demands significant technological adaptation and skills development.
• High External Costs: Although SMRs are intended to be economically viable, the costs associated with constructing safe reactors and managing spent nuclear fuel can greatly inflate project expenses, complicating economic feasibility.
• Regulatory Hurdles: Current nuclear regulatory frameworks are mainly designed for large reactors, necessitating updates to accommodate the unique features of SMRs. A comprehensive regulatory structure addressing various SMR technologies and designs is essential.
• Public Acceptance and Safety Perceptions: Public familiarity with innovative SMR designs might lead to safety apprehensions and opposition due to fears of catastrophic nuclear incidents like the Chernobyl disaster.
• Human Resource Development: Considerable investments in infrastructure and manufacturing capabilities are necessary to support SMR deployment. India currently lacks a sufficiently skilled workforce with expertise in SMR operations, which is crucial for the successful implementation and sustainability of this technology.

Way Forward

• India should focus on constructing SMR prototypes to validate designs and operational reliability.
• Aim for the initiation of first-of-a-kind SMR units by the early 2030s to aid in the energy transition.
• Review and enhance existing nuclear regulations to accommodate innovative SMR designs and establish a comprehensive regulatory framework under the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board to ensure safety standards.
• Develop innovative financing models, including green finance options, to attract private investments and reduce project risks.
• Identify skill gaps and implement training programs for SMR operations through the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
• Strengthen nuclear supply chains for consistent SMR production and integrate safeguards into SMR designs in collaboration with the IAEA and other nations to address non-proliferation concerns.

Mains Question:

Q. What challenges does India face in transitioning to small modular reactor (SMR) technology, and what steps should the government take to promote their successful deployment?

GS3/Economy

Rationalisation of Agriculture Schemes and Oilseeds Mission

Why in News?

• Recently, the Union cabinet rationalised 18 centrally sponsored schemes and approved the National Mission on Edible Oils–Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds).

What are the Key Facts Regarding Rationalisation of Schemes?

Categorisation of Schemes: All Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare have been consolidated into two main umbrella schemes: the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY) and the Krishonnati Yojana (KY).

Key Features of the Schemes:

• PM-RKVY: This initiative aims to foster sustainable agricultural practices nationwide, incorporating diverse efforts such as soil health management, rainfed area development, agroforestry, and crop diversification.
• Components of PM-RKVY: Includes schemes like Soil Health Management, Rainfed Area Development, Agro-Forestry, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, Agricultural Mechanization (including Crop Residue Management), Per Drop More Crop, Crop Diversification Programme, RKVY DPR component, and Accelerator Fund for Agri Startups.
• Krishonnati Yojana (KY): This scheme focuses on ensuring food security and achieving agricultural self-sufficiency.
  

Comprehensive Strategic Document: States are encouraged to prepare a strategic document for their agriculture sector, emphasizing improved crop production, productivity, climate resilience, and value chain development.

Objective of Rationalisation:

• Efficiency and Integration: Aims to eliminate duplication of efforts and foster convergence for a more holistic approach to agricultural initiatives.
• Emerging Agricultural Challenges: Addresses critical issues such as nutrition security, sustainability, climate resilience, value chain development, and engaging the private sector.
• State-Specific Strategic Planning: States can formulate tailored strategic plans to meet their unique agricultural needs.
• Streamlined Approval Process: Allows for the approval of the Annual Action Plan (AAP) of States in a single instance rather than on a scheme-wise basis.

What are the Key Facts Regarding NMEO-Oilseeds?

• About NMEO-Oilseeds: Launched by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, this initiative aims to boost domestic oilseed production, thereby reducing reliance on edible oil imports. It aligns with the broader vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India).
• Duration: The mission is set to be implemented over a seven-year span, from 2024-25 to 2030-31.
• Objective: In conjunction with NMEO-OP (Oil Palm), the mission seeks to increase domestic edible oil production by 5.45 million tonnes by 2030-31, fulfilling approximately 72% of India's projected requirements.
• Expansion of Oilseed Cultivation: The plan aims to cultivate an additional 40 lakh hectares by targeting fallow rice and potato lands, alongside promoting intercropping and crop diversification.
• NMEO-OP (Oil Palm): This initiative targets an increase of crude palm oil production by 11.20 lakh tonnes by 2025-26.

Key Focus Areas:

• Production of Primary Oilseed Crops: The mission emphasizes enhancing the production of primary oilseed crops like rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and sesamum, with a goal to increase production from 39 million tonnes in 2022-23 to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030-31.
• Extraction from Secondary Sources: Aims to improve collection and extraction efficiency from secondary sources such as cottonseed, rice bran, and tree-borne oils.
• Technological Interventions: Utilizes advanced technologies like genome editing to develop high-quality seeds and boost productivity.
• SATHI Portal for Seed Management: A five-year rolling seed plan will be facilitated through the Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory (SATHI) Portal, aiding states in collaborating with seed producers, FPOs, cooperatives, and seed corporations.
• Development of Seed Infrastructure: Plans to establish 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units in the public sector for improved seed production.
• Value Chain Clusters: Over 600 clusters will be developed across 347 districts, covering more than 10 lakh hectares annually, providing farmers access to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) training and advisory services on weather and pest management.
• Post-Harvest Support: The initiative will extend support to industry players for establishing or upgrading post-harvest units to enhance recovery from cottonseed, rice bran, corn oil, and tree-borne oils (TBOs).

What are Previous Measures to Promote Oilseed Production?

• National Mission on Edible Oils-Oil Palm (NMEO-OP): Launched in 2021, this mission aims to expand oil palm cultivation to 10 lakh hectares by 2025-26, with a focus on the North Eastern states.
• MSP for Oilseeds: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for designated edible oilseeds has been increased, alongside schemes like Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) ensuring fair pricing for oilseed farmers.
• Import Duty Protection: A 20% import duty on edible oils has been enforced to protect domestic producers from low-cost imports and encourage local farming.

Conclusion

The rationalisation of centrally sponsored schemes and the launch of the NMEO-Oilseeds initiative aim to streamline agricultural efforts, enhance oilseed production, and reduce dependence on imports. By integrating modern technologies, expanding cultivation, and supporting post-harvest infrastructure, these initiatives contribute to India's goal of achieving self-sufficiency in edible oils.

Mains Question:
Q. How can the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) help India become self-reliant in oilseed production?

GS2/Governance

Misuse of Section 498A of IPC and Domestic Violence Act 2005

Why in news?

• Recently, the Supreme Court highlighted that Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (now called Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) is one of the most misused laws in India.

What is Section 498A Indian Penal Code?

• Section 498A addresses the criminal act of cruelty towards a married woman by her husband or in-laws. This law was established in 1983.
• In Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, Section 84 corresponds to this provision.
• Punishment can include up to three years of imprisonment and/or a fine.
• Cruelty is defined as any intentional act likely to cause serious injury or risk to a woman's life, health, or cause her to take her own life.
• A complaint can be lodged by the affected woman or by any relative, including blood, marriage, or adoption connections. If no such relatives exist, a designated public servant may file a complaint.
• The complaint must be submitted within three years of the incident.
• The offence is cognizable and non-bailable, allowing for the immediate arrest of the accused.

What is the Domestic Violence Act 2005?

• The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, aims to provide a comprehensive legal framework to protect women from domestic violence, recognizing both physical and psychological abuse.
• Domestic violence is broadly defined and includes physical, emotional, sexual, verbal, and economic abuse.
• The Act protects women from any harm or threats to their well-being and includes coercion, harassment, and denial of resources.
• It applies to all women in domestic relationships, including wives, mothers, daughters, and live-in partners.
• Women are protected from violence perpetrated by husbands, male companions, relatives, or other household members.
• Women have the right to reside in the shared household, irrespective of property ownership.
• Victims can seek protection orders from the court to prevent further violence and restrict the abuser's access to their workplace or home.
• The Act allows for financial compensation to victims for injuries, covering medical costs, lost wages, and other financial losses due to domestic violence. Courts may also order maintenance payments.
• Support services, such as legal aid, counseling, and shelters, are mandated under the Act to assist women seeking protection.
• The Act stipulates a timely judicial process, requiring magistrates to resolve domestic violence complaints within 60 days.
• NGOs and women's organizations are permitted to assist in filing complaints and providing support to victims.

What are the Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence?

• Patriarchal Social Structure: Deep-seated patriarchal values promote gender inequality, fostering male dominance and the normalization of violence as a method to exert control.
• Cultural and Societal Norms: In many cultures, domestic violence is often ignored or accepted, particularly when it happens in private settings, discouraging women from seeking help.
• Economic Dependency: Economic reliance on male family members can compel women to tolerate domestic violence, limiting their ability to exit abusive situations.
• Substance Abuse: Alcohol and drug issues often lead to aggressive behavior, contributing to domestic violence within families.
• Lack of Education and Awareness: Insufficient knowledge about legal rights and available support can perpetuate the cycle of domestic violence.
• Psychological Factors: Issues like anger management, low self-esteem, and unresolved trauma can lead to abusive behavior, with abusers often justifying their actions through skewed perceptions of control.
• Dowry and Marital Disputes: Dowry-related issues frequently trigger violence, with marital dissatisfaction leading to emotional or physical abuse.
• Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: Children exposed to domestic violence are more likely to replicate such behaviors in their adult relationships, perpetuating a cycle of abuse.
• Weak Law Enforcement and Judicial Delays: Ineffective law enforcement and slow judicial processes discourage victims from seeking legal protection due to fear of retaliation or distrust in the system.

How are these Legal Measures Misused?

• False Allegations for Personal Gain: Both the Domestic Violence Act and Section 498A can be exploited through false allegations to harass husbands and their families, often used in personal vendettas or to gain advantages in disputes.
• Coercion for Financial Settlements: False claims may be used to pressure husbands and their families into making large payments or agreeing to alimony to avoid legal troubles.
• Immediate Arrest and Lack of Preliminary Investigation: The non-bailable nature of Section 498A leads to immediate arrests without prior investigation, which can result in wrongful detentions and tarnished reputations.
• Social and Psychological Damage to the Accused: Allegations can inflict lasting damage on the accused's social reputation, mental health, and career, even if they are eventually acquitted.
• Judicial Observations on Misuse: Courts have recognized the misuse of these laws and have called for reforms to ensure thorough investigations before arrests and to penalize frivolous claims.

Way Forward

• Establishing clear distinctions between bailable and non-cognizable offenses within the laws is essential.
• Conducting comprehensive investigations prior to any arrests is necessary to prevent wrongful detentions.
• The principle of proportionality should guide arrests of family members, taking into account the actual harm caused to women.
• Accountability measures should be enforced for false and misleading complaints.
• India should implement gender-neutral laws that acknowledge domestic violence against men as well, fostering equality and safeguarding the rights of all individuals.
• Creating legal frameworks that address discrimination, violence, and economic disparities is crucial for building an inclusive society.

Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing Gender neutral laws in the context of achieving gender equality.

GS2/International Relations

Strengthening Ties between India and Srilanka

Why in news?

• Recently, the External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met with Sri Lanka's newly elected President Anura Kumara Dissanayake in Colombo, during which he pledged India's full support for the country's economic recovery and growth. Additionally, this meeting marked Jaishankar as the first high-level foreign dignitary to meet with him after the election.

What are the Key Highlights of the Meeting Between India and Sri Lanka?

• Economic Support: India highlighted its commitment to sectors such as tourism, energy, and dairy. Discussions included enhancing Indian tourist inflows to aid Sri Lanka's economic recovery. India acknowledged Sri Lanka's appreciation for its assistance during its recent financial crisis.
• Fishermen and Security Concerns: Both nations addressed the issue of detained Indian fishermen, stressing the importance of their release, reviewing fines, and resolving asset seizures, including boats.
• Support for Tamil Rights: India reaffirmed its backing for the rights of all communities in Sri Lanka, emphasizing the necessity for political solutions for Tamils and the execution of the 13th Amendment, which involves power-sharing through Provincial Councils for self-governance across all provinces.

What are the Major Areas of Cooperation Between India and Sri Lanka?

• Development Cooperation: India is a key provider of development aid to Sri Lanka, pledging nearly USD 3 billion, with around USD 560 million in grants. Key initiatives include the Indian Housing Project, aiming to construct 50,000 homes for communities affected by war, along with electricity and railway development projects.
• Economic Cooperation: Economic ties have been strengthened through the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA), with India being Sri Lanka's third-largest export destination. Over 60% of Sri Lankan exports benefit from this agreement. Both nations are also considering an Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) to enhance their economies.
• Cultural Relations: The 1977 Cultural Cooperation Agreement has facilitated cultural exchanges, with the Indian Cultural Centre in Colombo promoting Indian arts and celebrating International Yoga Day. The India-Sri Lanka Foundation, established in 1998, fosters scientific and cultural collaborations.
• Defence and Security Cooperation: Since 2012, India has participated in the Indo-Sri Lankan Defence Dialogue, focusing on security partnerships through joint military (Mitra Shakti) and naval (SLINEX) exercises. India contributes through a free-floating dock facility, a Dornier reconnaissance aircraft, and training support to enhance regional security.
• Multilateral Cooperation: Both countries actively engage in regional organizations like BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) and SAARC, as well as in international bodies such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization.

What are the Challenges in India-Sri Lanka Relations?

• Political Instability: Sri Lanka has experienced significant political turbulence, marked by frequent changes in government, which has hindered its ability to engage effectively with India and pursue cooperative economic initiatives.
• Geographical Concerns: India acknowledges Sri Lanka's sovereignty over Katchatheevu as per the 1974 agreement, but political debates surrounding this issue can create diplomatic tensions.
• Strategic Concerns: China's development of the Colombo and Hambantota ports as part of its Maritime Silk Route presents strategic challenges for India, especially with China's involvement in Sri Lanka's Supreme SAT satellite launch operations.
• Fishermen's Issue: Sri Lanka has raised ongoing concerns over illegal fishing by Indian fishermen, leading to frequent arrests for breaching the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).
• Tamilian Interests: India aims to support the Tamil community's aspirations for equality and justice, advocating for the devolution of powers as outlined in the 13th Amendment, although commitment from Colombo remains inconsistent.
• Border Security Concern: The porous maritime border between India and Sri Lanka raises challenges related to border security, including smuggling and illegal immigration.

Way Forward

• Enhanced Maritime Security: Strengthening collaborative maritime security through joint patrols in the Indian Ocean and offering training for Sri Lankan coast guard personnel could enhance safety and operational capabilities.
• Cultural Exchange: Initiatives to promote cultural exchange, including student exchange programs and skill development collaborations, can deepen the relationship between the citizens of both nations.
• Developmental Projects: India should invest in infrastructure development in Sri Lanka, ensuring that projects transition smoothly from planning to execution.
• Trade Facilitation: Both nations should focus on efficiently implementing the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) to reduce trade barriers and boost bilateral trade.
• Truth and Reconciliation Commission: India could assist in establishing a truth and reconciliation commission in Sri Lanka, akin to South Africa's, to address the legacy of the civil war and foster healing within the Tamil community.

Mains Question:
Q. What are the key highlights of India-Sri Lanka relations, the challenges they face, and how can both countries collaborate to overcome these issues?