Worksheet Solutions: Kings, Farmers and Town | History Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: James Prinsep deciphered __________ and __________, two scripts used in the earliest inscriptions and coins.
Ans: Brahmi, Kharosthi
James Prinsep deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi, two scripts used in the earliest inscriptions and coins, facilitating the understanding of ancient inscriptions and historical records.

Q2: Magadha attributed its power to ruthless ambitious kings like __________, __________, and __________.
Ans: Bimbisara, Ajatasattu, Mahapadma Nanda
Magadha attributed its power to ruthlessly ambitious kings like Bimbisara, Ajatasattu, and Mahapadma Nanda, who played significant roles in shaping the region's political landscape.

Q3: The capital of Magadha was initially __________ and was later shifted to __________.
Ans: Rajagaha, Pataliputra
The capital of Magadha was initially Rajagaha, and it was later shifted to Pataliputra, reflecting the evolution and expansion of the Magadhan Empire.

Q4: Chandragupta Maurya extended his empire as far as __________ and __________.
Ans: Afghanistan, Baluchistan
Chandragupta Maurya extended his empire as far as Afghanistan and Baluchistan, marking the territorial reach of the Mauryan Empire under his rule.

Q5: The first gold coins were issued by the __________ rulers.
Ans: Gupta
The first gold coins were issued by the Gupta rulers, signifying their significant contributions to the development of coinage and economy in ancient India.

Q6: Spices, textiles, and medicinal plants were transported across the Arabian Sea to the __________.
Ans: Mediterranean
Spices, textiles, and medicinal plants were transported across the Arabian Sea to the Mediterranean, showcasing the extensive trade networks connecting India with the Mediterranean world.

Q7: __________ inscriptions are often regarded as among the most valuable sources for the Mauryan Empire.
Ans: Asoka’s
Asoka's inscriptions are often regarded as among the most valuable sources for the Mauryan Empire, providing insights into the rule and policies of Emperor Asoka.

Q8: The script used in most Asokan inscriptions is called __________.
Ans: Brahmi
The script used in most Asokan inscriptions is called Brahmi, which played a crucial role in recording historical information during the Mauryan period.

Q9: The emergence of the Mauryan Empire was considered a major landmark during the __________ century.
Ans: Nineteenth
The emergence of the Mauryan Empire was considered a major landmark during the nineteenth century, as it garnered significant attention from historians and scholars during that time.

Q10: __________ was one of the major political centers in the Mauryan Empire.
Ans: Taxila
Taxila was one of the major political centers in the Mauryan Empire, serving as a crucial administrative and educational hub in ancient India.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Ashoka used inscriptions to proclaim his understanding of dhamma.
Reason: Dhamma included respect towards elders and generosity towards Brahmanas.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Ashoka indeed used inscriptions to spread his understanding of dhamma, which included principles like respect towards elders and generosity towards Brahmanas. The reason correctly explains the assertion because it highlights specific aspects of dhamma that Ashoka aimed to promote through his inscriptions.

Q2: Assertion: Land grants were made during early centuries of the common era.
Reason: According to Sanskrit legal texts, women were supposed to have independent access to resources such as land.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (c)
The assertion is true. Land grants were indeed made during the early centuries of the common era, and they were recorded in inscriptions. However, the reason is false. According to Sanskrit legal texts, women were generally not supposed to have independent access to resources such as land. In ancient Indian society, property rights for women were often limited, and their access to resources was restricted.

Q3: Assertion: Several developments occurred in different parts of the subcontinent following the end of the Harappan Civilization.
Reason: The Rigveda was composed in the Indus and its tributaries.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Both the assertion and the reason are true. Several developments did occur in different parts of the subcontinent following the end of the Harappan Civilization. Additionally, the Rigveda, one of the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, was composed along the Indus and its tributaries, making the reason a correct explanation for the assertion.

Q4: Assertion: Coins were issued by tribal republics such as the Yaudheyas of Punjab and Haryana.
Reason: Roman coins have been found in archaeological sites in south India.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (b)
While both assertions are true, the reason provided does not explain why coins were issued by tribal republics. The issuance of coins by tribal republics is a separate historical fact, and the presence of Roman coins in south India does not directly relate to the tribal republics issuing their coins. Therefore, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Q5: Assertion: The emergence of the Mauryan Empire was considered a major landmark during the nineteenth century.
Reason: India was under colonial rule during the nineteenth century.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
Ans: (a)
Both assertions are true. The emergence of the Mauryan Empire was indeed considered a major landmark during the nineteenth century, especially in the context of India's historical and political developments. The reason correctly explains the assertion because India was under colonial rule during the nineteenth century, which influenced how historical events like the Mauryan Empire were perceived and studied.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: What were the two scripts deciphered by James Prinsep?
Ans: Brahmi and Kharosthi.

Q2: Name one of the policies attributed to Ashoka’s dhamma.
Ans: Respect towards elders.

Q3: Which region became the most powerful mahajanapada between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE?
Ans: Magadha.

Q4: Name the capital of Magadha in the fourth century BCE.
Ans: Pataliputra.

Q5: Which ruler founded the Mauryan Empire?
Ans: Chandragupta Maurya.

Q6: What were the materials used for making Northern Black Polished Ware?
Ans: Pottery and dishes with a glossy finish.

Q7: Who were the organizations of craft producers and merchants mentioned in votive inscriptions?
Ans: Guilds or shrenis.

Q8: Which script was used in the northwest inscriptions?
Ans: Kharosthi.

Q9: Name one of the provinces in the Mauryan Empire.
Ans: Taxila.

Q10: Which century saw the emergence of the Mauryan Empire?
Ans: Fourth century BCE.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Describe the significance of the term “gahapati” in the early Indian social structure.
Ans: "Gahapati" referred to large landowners in early Indian society. They were often mentioned in Buddhist texts and Tamil literature. The term denoted individuals who owned land and were part of the second and third social categories. This differentiation reflected the growing disparities in agricultural production and landownership during this period.

Q2: Explain the role of rivers in the agricultural productivity of Magadha.
Ans: Magadha, located in present-day Bihar, was a region with highly productive agriculture. The presence of rivers, especially the Ganga and its tributaries, facilitated cheap and convenient communication. The fertile alluvial soil and abundant water supply from these rivers made agriculture productive in the region. Additionally, natural resources and animals like elephants, essential for the army, could be procured from the forest spreads along these rivers, further enhancing Magadha's economic and military power.

Q3: Describe the emergence of new chiefdoms and kingdoms in the subcontinent during the second century BCE.
Ans: During the second century BCE, new chiefdoms and kingdoms emerged in several parts of the subcontinent, particularly in the Deccan and further south. Notable examples include the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas in Tamilakam. These chiefdoms proved to be stable and prosperous. The Satavahanas, who ruled over parts of western and central India, and the Shakas, a people of Central Asian origin, also established kingdoms in various regions. These rulers derived revenues from long-distance trade, and many of them identified with deities to claim high status.

Q4: Explain the significance of the Lion Capital in the Mauryan Empire.
Ans: The Lion Capital is a significant symbol associated with the Mauryan Empire. It represents the national emblem of India. This emblem was originally erected by Ashoka atop a pillar and features four lions standing back to back. It symbolizes Ashoka's commitment to dhamma (righteousness) and his efforts to promote peace, unity, and tolerance within his empire. The Lion Capital reflects the Mauryan rulers' emphasis on moral governance and their efforts to establish a just and harmonious society.

Q5: Discuss the methods adopted to increase agricultural production in ancient India.
Ans: Ancient India adopted several methods to increase agricultural production. One strategy was the shift to plow agriculture, which spread in fertile alluvial river valleys such as those of the Ganga and the Kaveri from the sixth century BCE. The introduction of transplantation dramatically increased paddy production. Additionally, irrigation techniques, including wells, tanks, and canals, were employed to enhance water supply to agricultural fields. These methods significantly boosted agricultural output and allowed communities to meet the growing demands for taxes and sustenance.

Q6: Explain the role of guilds or shrenis in ancient Indian towns.
Ans: Guilds or shrenis were organizations of craft producers and merchants in ancient Indian towns. These guilds played a crucial role in economic activities, regulating trade, production, and commerce. They ensured quality standards for goods, maintained fair trade practices, and protected the interests of their members. Guilds were mentioned in votive inscriptions, indicating their presence and influence in urban centers. By organizing craftsmen and traders, these guilds contributed to the economic prosperity and stability of ancient Indian towns and facilitated smooth commercial transactions.

Q7: Describe the significance of long-distance trade routes in ancient India.
Ans: Long-distance trade routes played a vital role in ancient India's economy and connectivity with other regions. These routes, both land and riverine, facilitated the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas. Rulers attempted to control these routes, offering protection in exchange for a fee. Peddlers and merchants traveled along these routes, carrying valuable commodities such as spices, textiles, and medicinal plants. The demand for Indian spices, especially pepper, textiles, and other products was high in the Roman Empire, leading to extensive trade across the Arabian Sea. The introduction of coinage further facilitated trade transactions and contributed to the growth of the ancient Indian economy.

Q8: Discuss the limitations of epigraphic evidence in understanding ancient Indian history.
Ans: Epigraphic evidence, while valuable, has limitations in understanding ancient Indian history. Technical limitations, damages, missing letters, and uncertainties in interpreting inscriptions can pose challenges. Not all inscriptions have been deciphered, published, and translated. Additionally, it is not always clear about the exact meaning of the words used in inscriptions. Historians need to constantly assess the veracity and context of statements made in inscriptions. Therefore, epigraphy alone cannot provide a comprehensive understanding of political and economic history. Historians must critically evaluate both old and new evidence and rely on a diverse range of sources to reconstruct an accurate historical narrative.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Discuss the emergence and significance of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India.
Ans:

• Emergence of the Mauryan Empire: The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya around 321 BCE, marked a significant chapter in ancient Indian history. Chandragupta's empire extended control as far as Afghanistan and Baluchistan. His grandson, Ashoka, became the most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire after conquering Kalinga.
• Sources of Information: The Mauryan Empire's history is primarily derived from various sources such as archaeological finds, literary texts like the Arthashastra, and inscriptions, notably those of Ashoka. The empire's administrative centers included Pataliputra, Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali, and Suvarnagiri.
• Ashoka's Dhamma: Ashoka used inscriptions to propagate his understanding of dhamma, which included respect for elders, generosity towards Brahmanas and renunciants, and kindness to slaves and servants. Special officers known as dhamma mahamatta were appointed to spread the message of dhamma and maintain social harmony.
• Legacy: The Mauryan Empire's legacy lies in its administrative innovations, emphasis on moral governance, and efforts to promote social welfare and religious tolerance. Ashoka's edicts and policies continue to inspire generations, making him a revered figure in Indian history.

Q2: Describe the role of towns and trade in ancient India, highlighting their impact on the economy and cultural exchange.
Ans:

• Towns as Centers of Activity: Ancient Indian towns were bustling centers of commercial, cultural, and political activities. Major towns like Pataliputra, Mathura, and coastal cities were strategically located along routes of communication, including riverine and sea routes. These towns facilitated trade, crafts, and cultural exchanges.
• Artifacts and Guilds: Archaeological excavations in these towns have yielded a wide range of artifacts, including pottery, ornaments, tools, and figurines made of various materials. Guilds or shrenis, organizations of craft producers and merchants, regulated trade and ensured quality standards for goods.
• Trade Routes and Commodities: Long-distance trade routes, both land and sea, connected ancient India with regions like the Mediterranean. Spices, textiles, medicinal plants, and other goods were in high demand. Coins were introduced, further facilitating trade transactions.
• Cultural Exchange: Trade routes facilitated not only the exchange of goods but also cultural interactions. Ideas, languages, religions, and artistic styles were shared across regions, enriching the cultural tapestry of ancient India.
• Economic Impact: Trade played a crucial role in the ancient Indian economy, contributing to wealth generation, economic growth, and urbanization. The availability of diverse goods enhanced the standard of living and promoted economic prosperity.

Q3: Analyze the methods adopted to increase agricultural production in ancient India, emphasizing their impact on society and economy.
Ans:

• Shift to Plow Agriculture: Ancient India witnessed a shift to plow agriculture, especially in fertile alluvial river valleys like the Ganga and the Kaveri, from the sixth century BCE. Plow agriculture allowed for efficient cultivation and increased agricultural productivity.
• Introduction of Transplantation: Transplantation, a technique where seedlings are transplanted to fields, dramatically increased paddy production. This method allowed for multiple harvests in a year, ensuring food security and surplus for trade.
• Use of Irrigation: Irrigation techniques, including wells, tanks, and canals, were adopted to supply water to agricultural fields. Irrigation enhanced crop yield, especially in regions with erratic rainfall patterns.
• Differentiation in Society: Increased agricultural production led to growing differentiation among people engaged in agriculture. Large landowners, plowmen, and slaves were distinct social categories. Control over land became crucial, leading to discussions in legal texts.
• Economic Impact: The methods adopted to increase agricultural production contributed significantly to the economy. Surplus food production supported growing populations, trade, and urban centers. Agriculture became a central economic activity, shaping ancient Indian society and economy.

Q4: Evaluate the limitations of inscriptions as historical evidence in ancient Indian history, considering their technical challenges and interpretative complexities.
Ans: Inscriptions, while invaluable windows into the past, come with inherent limitations that historians must carefully navigate when reconstructing ancient Indian history. These limitations revolve around technical challenges and interpretative complexities, both of which require meticulous scrutiny and contextual understanding.

Technical Challenges:

• Damage and Incompleteness: Many inscriptions have suffered damage over time due to weathering, deliberate destruction, or natural disasters. Missing or incomplete inscriptions can lead to gaps in historical narratives, making it challenging to grasp the full context.
• Script Complexity: Ancient Indian inscriptions were written in various scripts such as Brahmi, Kharosthi, and regional scripts. Deciphering these scripts demands expertise, and errors in translation can distort historical facts.
• Dating Issues: Determining the exact age of inscriptions is often challenging. Without accurate dating, placing inscriptions within specific historical contexts becomes problematic, limiting their utility as chronological markers.

Interpretative Complexities:

• Language and Terminology: The meanings of words and phrases in ancient inscriptions might have evolved over time, making interpretations context-dependent. Words used in inscriptions might not align precisely with their contemporary connotations, leading to potential misinterpretations.
• Cultural Context: Inscriptions are embedded in the cultural norms of their times. Without understanding the social, religious, and political context in which an inscription was made, deciphering its intended message can be misleading.
• Exaggeration and Biases: Inscriptions were often commissioned by rulers or elites, who might exaggerate achievements or adopt a biased perspective. Separating factual content from glorification or political propaganda is crucial for accurate historical analysis.
• Multiple Interpretations: The same inscription can be interpreted differently by scholars, leading to conflicting historical narratives. Differing interpretations arise from varying linguistic expertise, historical background, and biases of researchers.
• Historical Context: Changes in political, social, and economic landscapes over time can alter the significance of certain terms or events mentioned in inscriptions. Without understanding these shifts, inscriptions might be misinterpreted.