Worksheet Solutions: Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society | Sociology Class 11 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Q1: Social change refers to the transformation of people's attitudes and __________.
Ans: Behavior
Social change refers to the transformation of people's attitudes and behavior. In this context, behavior is a key aspect of change in society.

Q2: __________ factors such as environmental changes can lead to social change.
Ans: Environmental
Environmental factors such as natural disasters or discoveries can lead to social change. Changes in the physical environment can significantly impact societies.

Q3: __________ change originates from within a society.
Ans: Endogenous
Endogenous change originates from within a society. It means changes that come from internal factors and dynamics within a community.

Q4: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes "survival of the __________."
Ans: Fittest
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes "survival of the fittest," where organisms that can adapt to their environment are more likely to survive.

Q5: The French Revolution is an example of __________ change.
Ans: Radical
Rapid or sudden change, often with political implications, is known as radical change. Examples include revolutions that drastically alter societies.

Q6: Social order is necessary for the smooth functioning of __________.
Ans: Society
Social order is necessary for the smooth functioning of society. It provides structure and stability to a community.

Q7: Social control refers to the intentional maintenance and promotion of social __________.
Ans: Social Change
Social control refers to the intentional maintenance and promotion of particular social patterns, values, and standards. It helps in guiding and regulating social change.

Q8: Power is the ability to influence someone to act in your favor, even against their __________.
Ans: Will
Power is the ability to influence someone to act in your favor, even against their will. It implies the capacity to make others comply with your wishes.

Q9: __________ is the legitimate form of power according to Max Weber.
Ans: Authority
Max Weber defined authority as the legitimate form of power. Authority is associated with accepted standards of justice, appropriateness, and rightness.

Q10: Crime is an act that disrupts the established social order and societal __________.
Ans: Disintegration
Crime is an act that disrupts the established social order and societal values, which can lead to social disintegration. Crime challenges the stability of society.

Assertion and Reason Based

Q1: Assertion: Social change can only be driven by external factors.
Reason: Internal changes in ideals and values have little impact on society.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (b)
While external factors can certainly initiate social change, internal changes in ideals and values also play a crucial role in shaping society.

Q2: Assertion: Urbanization can lead to economic growth and improved quality of life.
Reason: Urban areas offer better access to jobs, education, and healthcare.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (a)
The reason correctly explains that urban areas offer better access to jobs, education, and healthcare, which can lead to economic growth and improved quality of life.

Q3: Assertion: The introduction of universal adult suffrage was a significant political change.
Reason: Political changes only occur on a global scale.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (b)
Political changes can occur both globally and locally, and the introduction of universal adult suffrage was a significant political change that happened on a national scale.

Q4: Assertion: Ghettoisation can occur due to various social, cultural, and economic reasons.
Reason: A ghetto is a term used to describe a wealthy, upper-class neighborhood.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (a)
Ghettoisation can occur due to various social, cultural, and economic reasons, and it leads to the creation of ghettoes.

Q5: Assertion: Violence represents a challenge to the social order.
Reason: Violence is always classified as legal according to the state's authority.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Ans: (c)
Violence is not always classified as legal according to the state's authority. Many forms of violence are illegal, except in specific circumstances like self-defense.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Define social change.
Ans: Social change refers to the transformation of societal structures, norms, values, and behaviors over time.

Q2: Name two factors that can lead to social change.
Ans: Two factors that can lead to social change are technological advancements and cultural shifts.

Q3: Explain the concept of "endogenous change."
Ans: Endogenous change refers to social change that arises from within a society, driven by factors such as innovation, conflict, or collective action.

Q4: Describe what Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes.
Ans: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes the idea of natural selection, where species adapt to their environment over time through the process of genetic variation and survival of the fittest.

Q5: Provide an example of radical change.
Ans: The French Revolution of 1789, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, is an example of radical change.

Q6: What is the primary purpose of social order?
Ans: The primary purpose of social order is to ensure stability, predictability, and cohesion within a society by establishing and maintaining norms, rules, and institutions.

Q7: Define social control.
Ans: Social control refers to the mechanisms and processes used by a society to regulate and influence individual and group behavior, ensuring conformity to social norms and values.

Q8: Differentiate between dominance and authority.
Ans: Dominance refers to the exercise of power and control over others through coercion or force, while authority refers to the legitimate power and influence granted to individuals or institutions based on recognized positions or expertise.

Q9: What is a law?
Ans: A law is a binding rule or regulation established by a governing authority to govern behavior and maintain social order within a society.

Q10: What does the term "ghettoisation" refer to?
Ans: Ghettoisation refers to the process of isolating certain groups, often based on race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, into specific geographic areas with limited resources and opportunities.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1: Explain the impact of environmental changes on social change.
Ans: Environmental changes have a significant impact on social change. When the environment undergoes alterations, such as natural disasters, climate change, or resource depletion, it affects the way people live and interact with each other. Environmental changes can lead to displacement, migration, and the destruction of livelihoods, which in turn can result in social unrest, conflict, and the need for adaptation. The availability of resources, access to clean water, and the quality of air also directly impact people's health and well-being, ultimately influencing social dynamics and the need for change.

Q2: Describe the role of technology in social change.
Ans: Technology plays a crucial role in driving social change. It has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of society, including communication, education, healthcare, and work. Technological advancements can lead to increased connectivity, access to information, and the ability to organize and mobilize social movements. It can empower individuals and communities, bridge gaps, and create new opportunities. However, technology can also exacerbate existing inequalities and bring about ethical dilemmas, highlighting the need for responsible and inclusive use.

Q3: How can political changes lead to social transformation?
Ans: Political changes have the power to initiate social transformation by altering the structures, policies, and power dynamics in a society. When political systems undergo reform or revolution, it can lead to changes in governance, laws, and the distribution of resources. These changes can impact social institutions, values, and norms, and can foster social progress or resistance. Political changes can also provide opportunities for marginalized groups to advocate for their rights and demand social justice, resulting in transformative shifts in society.

Q4: How do cultural beliefs and norms contribute to cultural change?
Ans: Cultural beliefs and norms are fundamental to cultural change. These beliefs and norms shape the way people perceive the world and guide their behavior. As societies evolve, cultural beliefs and norms may adapt or evolve to reflect new values, ideas, and practices. Cultural change can occur through various mechanisms, such as globalization, migration, intercultural exchange, and generational shifts. It can be driven by factors like technological advancements, social movements, and external influences. Cultural change is a dynamic process that influences societal attitudes, practices, and identities.

Q5: Define social order and explain its significance.
Ans: Social order refers to the way in which a society is structured and organized to maintain stability and coherence. It encompasses the established patterns of behavior, norms, and institutions that guide social interactions and ensure individuals understand their roles and responsibilities. Social order is significant because it provides a framework for cooperation, reduces uncertainty, and promotes social cohesion. It helps maintain stability, resolve conflicts, and enables individuals to navigate their social environment with a sense of predictability and security.

Q6: Discuss the methods used to maintain social order.
Ans: Various methods are used to maintain social order. These include formal mechanisms such as laws, regulations, and the justice system, which establish and enforce behavioral boundaries. Socialization and education play a role in transmitting societal values and norms, shaping individual behavior, and maintaining order. Informal social controls, such as peer pressure, social expectations, and cultural sanctions, also contribute to maintaining social order. Additionally, social institutions like family, religion, and community organizations provide stability, promote socialization, and regulate behavior.

Q7: Differentiate between contestation, crime, and violence.
Ans: Contestation, crime, and violence are distinct but interconnected concepts. Contestation refers to the act of challenging established norms, values, or power structures through nonviolent means, such as protests, civil disobedience, or advocacy. It involves expressing dissent and seeking social change within the boundaries of peaceful discourse and democratic processes. Crime, on the other hand, refers to actions that violate laws and regulations set by a society, resulting in harm to individuals or property. Crime is typically punishable by legal sanctions. Violence, meanwhile, refers to the use of physical force or power to cause harm, injury, or destruction. It can range from interpersonal violence to organized violence, such as war or terrorism.

Q8: What are some of the challenges associated with urbanization?
Ans: Urbanization presents several challenges. Rapid urban growth can lead to overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and the strain on basic services such as housing, transportation, and sanitation. It can result in increased pollution, environmental degradation, and the loss of green spaces. Urbanization also often leads to socioeconomic inequalities, as marginalized communities may face limited access to resources, education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Additionally, urban areas can experience social fragmentation, alienation, and the erosion of traditional cultural practices. Managing urbanization requires comprehensive planning, sustainable development strategies, and the inclusion of all residents in decision-making processes.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1: Discuss the differences between social order and social change in rural areas and urban areas.
Ans: Social order refers to the established norms, values, and social structures that govern behavior and maintain stability in a society. In rural areas, social order tends to be more traditional and rooted in longstanding customs and traditions. There is often a strong sense of community and interpersonal relationships play a crucial role in maintaining social order.
On the other hand, social change refers to the transformation of societal structures, attitudes, and behaviors over time. Urban areas are typically characterized by a faster pace of social change compared to rural areas due to various factors such as increased exposure to diverse perspectives, technological advancements, and higher levels of education. Urban areas often experience more rapid shifts in social norms, values, and lifestyles.
In rural areas, social order is often based on close-knit relationships, shared values, and a sense of collective identity. Change is more gradual and may be resisted to preserve traditional ways of life. In contrast, urban areas are more dynamic and diverse, leading to a greater acceptance and adaptation to social change.

Q2: Explain how the lack of anonymity in villages affects the pace of social change and dissent.
Ans: In villages, where individuals are closely interconnected and everyone knows each other, the lack of anonymity can significantly impact the pace of social change and dissent. Firstly, the fear of social ostracism or judgment from the community can discourage individuals from openly expressing dissenting opinions or challenging existing norms. The pressure to conform to traditional values and beliefs is often strong in such close-knit communities.
Moreover, the lack of anonymity can also limit the exchange of ideas and exposure to alternative perspectives. In an environment where everyone knows each other's social status, background, and personal history, it becomes harder for individuals to explore new ideas or challenge prevailing customs without facing social repercussions.
Additionally, the absence of anonymity can result in the tight-knit community exerting social control over individuals, which can further discourage dissent and slow down the pace of social change. The fear of being labeled as an outsider or troublemaker can create a barrier to the free expression of opinions and ideas.

Q3: Describe the impact of increasing commercialization of agriculture on rural societies.
Ans: The increasing commercialization of agriculture has a profound impact on rural societies. Firstly, it leads to changes in the economic structure of rural communities. Traditional subsistence farming practices are often replaced by large-scale production methods focused on cash crops or livestock for commercial purposes. This shift can result in changes in land use, employment patterns, and income distribution within rural societies.
Commercialization of agriculture also affects social relationships and community dynamics. As farming becomes more market-oriented, there may be a shift from collective farming practices to individual ownership of land and resources. This can lead to a loss of community cohesion and a shift towards individualistic values.
Furthermore, the commercialization of agriculture can contribute to the rural-urban divide. As rural areas become more integrated into global markets, the income gap between rural and urban populations may widen. This can lead to migration from rural areas to urban centers in search of better economic opportunities, resulting in demographic changes and social fragmentation within rural societies.

Q4: Analyze the positive and negative consequences of urbanization on society.
Ans: Urbanization, the process of population concentration in urban areas, brings both positive and negative consequences for society.
Positive consequences include:

• Economic growth: Urbanization often leads to the development of industries, job opportunities, and increased economic productivity. Urban areas tend to attract investments and generate higher incomes, contributing to overall economic growth.
• Access to better infrastructure and services: Urban areas tend to have better infrastructure, including healthcare facilities, educational institutions, transportation networks, and utilities. This improves the quality of life and provides access to essential services for a larger population.
• Cultural diversity and innovation: Urban areas are often melting pots of different cultures and ideas, fostering creativity, innovation, and cultural exchange. The diversity of urban societies contributes to the development of arts, music, cuisine, and other forms of cultural expression.

Negative consequences include:

• Overcrowding and strain on resources: Rapid urbanization can lead to overcrowding, inadequate housing, and strain on basic resources such as water, sanitation, and energy. This can result in increased pollution, health risks, and social inequalities.
• Social alienation and anonymity: Urban areas can be impersonal and result in a sense of social alienation. The anonymity of urban life can weaken community bonds and lead to feelings of isolation and disconnectedness among individuals.
• Inequality and poverty: Urbanization often exacerbates existing social inequalities, with marginalized groups facing difficulties in accessing resources, education, and employment opportunities. This can lead to the persistence of urban poverty and social exclusion.

It is important to note that the consequences of urbanization can vary depending on the context and management of urban growth. Proper urban planning, social policies, and sustainable development practices are necessary to maximize the positive impacts of urbanization while mitigating its negative effects.