Class 10 History Chapter 2 Assertion and Reason Questions - India and the Contemporary World - II

Assertion is true but reason is false. Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely hopse. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs and the southern regions were under the domination of The Bourbon kings of Spain. Therefore the assertion is true but the reason is false.

Assertion (True): The Frankfurt Parliament was indeed convened on 18 May 1848 with 831 representatives, though they did not "revolt" in the traditional sense. They convened to draft a constitution, but faced significant political conflict.

Reason (False): The main conflicts in the Frankfurt Parliament were about German unification and the nature of the German state, not specifically about the issue of extending political rights to women.

The assertion contains a factual event but inaccurately describes it as a revolt. The reason given is not the main issue of the Frankfurt Parliament's conflicts. Thus, the correct option is: If assertion is true but reason is false.

The Incorrect option is (b) : Secret Societies sprang up in many Indian states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

Correct answer is : Secret Societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

The incorrect option is: 'When America sneezes' Metternich once remarked, 'the rest of Europe catches cold.'

Explanation:

1. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830:

   • Correct. The July Revolution of 1830 in France led to the overthrow of the Bourbon King Charles X and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

2. The Bourbon Kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head:

   • Correct. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the Bourbon monarchy was restored, but it was overthrown during the July Revolution of 1830, leading to the rule of Louis Philippe.

3. 'When America sneezes' Metternich once remarked, 'the rest of Europe catches cold.':

   • Incorrect. The original quote attributed to Austrian Chancellor Metternich is "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold." This phrase reflects the idea that political events in France often had a significant impact on the rest of Europe.

4. The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands:

   • Correct. The July Revolution in France did indeed inspire the Belgian Revolution of 1830, which led to Belgium gaining independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Therefore, option 3 is incorrect because Metternich's remark referred to France, not America.

Visualizing the Nation

(i) Artists personified the nation—portrayed nation as a female figure.

(ii) Artist used the female allegory to portray ideas such as liberty, justice and the republic.

(iii) Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.

(iv) Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.

(v) Germania became the allegory of the German nation. She wears a crown of oak leaves, as in Germany oak stands for heroism.

• He was one of the most celebrated Italian freedom fighters.
• He came from a family engaged in coastal trade and was a sailor in the Merchant Navy. In 1833, he met Mazzini, joined the Young Italy Movement and participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834.
• The uprising was suppressed and Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where he lived in exile till 1848

(iii) Victor Emmanuel II was declared as the king of united Italy and Rome was declared the capital of Italy.

(ii) Unification of Germany.

(iv) The Prussian King, William I was proclaimed the German Emperor.

(i) Slav nationalism was the go to force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.

Correct Sequence are:

(iv) Greek Struggle for independence begins

(iii) Lord Byron died

(ii) First upheaval took place in France

(i) Treaty of Constantinople

(i) Libre is the typical translation for "free" when it used as an adjective for meanings other than being without cost. Gratis is used when referring to something that has no cost. Libre is derived from the verb librar, which is related to the English verb "liberate."

(ii) In Germany, Elle was the unit of measurement that was used to measure cloth. In the English system, one ell equals 1.143 meters, 1.25 yards, 45 inches. This cloth ell was used with a similar length in France. In France it was called the aune.

(iii) Le citoyen (the citizen) and La patrie (the fatherland) was one of the measures undertaken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among people of France. French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation, regional dialects were not encouraged.

(iv) La patrie is french word used for fatherland. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.It was initiated by French revolutionaries to create a collective belonging among the country men.

Explanation:

• Assertion (A): Giuseppe Garibaldi was indeed an Italian General, politician, and nationalist who played a significant role in the history of Italy, particularly in the unification of the country. This statement is true.
• Reason (R): While Garibaldi contributed to the process of nation-building in Italy, he is not considered the sole architect of this process. The unification of Italy involved many other leaders, including Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II. Therefore, while the reason is true, it does not serve as the correct explanation for the assertion.

The Balkans became a hotspot of conflict due to the spread of Romantic Nationalism, which fueled the desire for independence from Ottoman rule. As the Ottoman Empire weakened, various ethnic groups in the Balkans were inspired by the ideas of nationalism to seek self-determination, leading to tensions and conflicts. This situation, described in Reason (R), is a valid explanation for why the Balkans were explosive.

Hence, both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) correctly explains (A)

The French Revolution transferred the sovereignty from the people to the monarchy to a body of French citizens.