NCERT Textbook- Areas of Parallelograms | NCERT Textbooks (Class 6 to Class 12) - CTET & State TET PDF Download

 Page 1


152 MATHEMA TICS
CHAPTER 9
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES
9.1 Introduction
In Chapter 5, you have seen that the study of Geometry, originated with the
measurement of earth (lands) in the process of recasting boundaries of the fields and
dividing them into appropriate parts. For example, a farmer Budhia had a triangular
field and she wanted to divide it equally among her two daughters and one son. Without
actually calculating the area of the field, she just divided one side of the triangular field
into three equal parts and joined the two points of division to the opposite vertex. In
this way, the field was divided into three parts and she gave one part to each of her
children. Do you think that all the three parts so obtained by her were, in fact, equal in
area? To get answers to this type of questions and other related problems, there is a
need to have a relook at areas of plane figures, which you have already studied in
earlier classes.
You may recall that the part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is
called a planar region corresponding to that figure. The magnitude or measure of this
planar region is called its area. This magnitude or measure is always expressed with
the help of a number (in some unit) such as 5 cm
2
, 8 m
2
, 3 hectares etc. So, we can say
that area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane
enclosed by the figure.
We are also familiar with the concept
of congruent figures from earlier classes
and from Chapter 7. Two figures are
called congruent, if they have the same
shape and the same size. In other words,
if two figures A and B are congruent
(see Fig. 9.1) , then using a tracing paper, Fig. 9.1
2022-23
Page 2


152 MATHEMA TICS
CHAPTER 9
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES
9.1 Introduction
In Chapter 5, you have seen that the study of Geometry, originated with the
measurement of earth (lands) in the process of recasting boundaries of the fields and
dividing them into appropriate parts. For example, a farmer Budhia had a triangular
field and she wanted to divide it equally among her two daughters and one son. Without
actually calculating the area of the field, she just divided one side of the triangular field
into three equal parts and joined the two points of division to the opposite vertex. In
this way, the field was divided into three parts and she gave one part to each of her
children. Do you think that all the three parts so obtained by her were, in fact, equal in
area? To get answers to this type of questions and other related problems, there is a
need to have a relook at areas of plane figures, which you have already studied in
earlier classes.
You may recall that the part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is
called a planar region corresponding to that figure. The magnitude or measure of this
planar region is called its area. This magnitude or measure is always expressed with
the help of a number (in some unit) such as 5 cm
2
, 8 m
2
, 3 hectares etc. So, we can say
that area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane
enclosed by the figure.
We are also familiar with the concept
of congruent figures from earlier classes
and from Chapter 7. Two figures are
called congruent, if they have the same
shape and the same size. In other words,
if two figures A and B are congruent
(see Fig. 9.1) , then using a tracing paper, Fig. 9.1
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AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES 153
 you can superpose one figure over the other such that it will cover the other completely .
So if two figures A and B are congruent, they must have equal areas. However,
the converse of this statement is not true. In other words, two figures having equal
areas need not be congruent. For example, in Fig. 9.2, rectangles ABCD and EFGH
have equal areas (9 × 4 cm
2
 and 6 × 6 cm
2
) but clearly they are not congruent. (Why?)
Fig. 9.2
Now let us look at Fig. 9.3 given below:
Fig. 9.3
You may observe that planar region formed by figure T is made up of two planar
regions formed by figures P and Q. You can easily see that
Area of figure T = Area of figure P + Area of figure Q.
You may denote the area of figure A as ar(A), area of figure B as ar(B), area of
figure T as ar(T), and so on. Now you can say that area of a figure is a number
(in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by the figure with
the following  two properties:
(1) If A and B are two congruent figures, then ar(A) = ar(B);
and (2) if a planar region formed by a figure T is made up of two non-overlapping
planar regions formed by figures P and Q, then  ar(T) = ar(P) + ar(Q).
You are also aware of some formulae for finding the areas of different figures
such  as rectangle, square, parallelogram, triangle etc., from your earlier classes. In
this chapter, attempt shall be made to consolidate the knowledge about these formulae
by studying some relationship between the areas of these geometric figures under the
2022-23
Page 3


152 MATHEMA TICS
CHAPTER 9
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES
9.1 Introduction
In Chapter 5, you have seen that the study of Geometry, originated with the
measurement of earth (lands) in the process of recasting boundaries of the fields and
dividing them into appropriate parts. For example, a farmer Budhia had a triangular
field and she wanted to divide it equally among her two daughters and one son. Without
actually calculating the area of the field, she just divided one side of the triangular field
into three equal parts and joined the two points of division to the opposite vertex. In
this way, the field was divided into three parts and she gave one part to each of her
children. Do you think that all the three parts so obtained by her were, in fact, equal in
area? To get answers to this type of questions and other related problems, there is a
need to have a relook at areas of plane figures, which you have already studied in
earlier classes.
You may recall that the part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is
called a planar region corresponding to that figure. The magnitude or measure of this
planar region is called its area. This magnitude or measure is always expressed with
the help of a number (in some unit) such as 5 cm
2
, 8 m
2
, 3 hectares etc. So, we can say
that area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane
enclosed by the figure.
We are also familiar with the concept
of congruent figures from earlier classes
and from Chapter 7. Two figures are
called congruent, if they have the same
shape and the same size. In other words,
if two figures A and B are congruent
(see Fig. 9.1) , then using a tracing paper, Fig. 9.1
2022-23
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES 153
 you can superpose one figure over the other such that it will cover the other completely .
So if two figures A and B are congruent, they must have equal areas. However,
the converse of this statement is not true. In other words, two figures having equal
areas need not be congruent. For example, in Fig. 9.2, rectangles ABCD and EFGH
have equal areas (9 × 4 cm
2
 and 6 × 6 cm
2
) but clearly they are not congruent. (Why?)
Fig. 9.2
Now let us look at Fig. 9.3 given below:
Fig. 9.3
You may observe that planar region formed by figure T is made up of two planar
regions formed by figures P and Q. You can easily see that
Area of figure T = Area of figure P + Area of figure Q.
You may denote the area of figure A as ar(A), area of figure B as ar(B), area of
figure T as ar(T), and so on. Now you can say that area of a figure is a number
(in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by the figure with
the following  two properties:
(1) If A and B are two congruent figures, then ar(A) = ar(B);
and (2) if a planar region formed by a figure T is made up of two non-overlapping
planar regions formed by figures P and Q, then  ar(T) = ar(P) + ar(Q).
You are also aware of some formulae for finding the areas of different figures
such  as rectangle, square, parallelogram, triangle etc., from your earlier classes. In
this chapter, attempt shall be made to consolidate the knowledge about these formulae
by studying some relationship between the areas of these geometric figures under the
2022-23
154 MATHEMA TICS
condition when they lie on the same base and between the same parallels. This study
will also be useful in the understanding of some results on ‘similarity of triangles’.
9.2 Figures on the Same Base and Between the Same Parallels
Look at the following figures:
Fig. 9.4
In Fig. 9.4(i), trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD have a common side
DC. We say that trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD are on the same base
DC. Similarly, in Fig. 9.4 (ii), parallelograms PQRS and MNRS are on the same base
SR; in Fig. 9.4(iii), triangles ABC and DBC are on the same base BC and in
Fig. 9.4(iv), parallelogram ABCD and triangle PDC are on the same base DC.
Now look at the following figures:
Fig. 9.5
In Fig. 9.5(i), clearly trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD are on the same
base DC. In addition to the above, the vertices A and B (of trapezium ABCD) opposite
to  base DC and the vertices E and F (of parallelogram EFCD) opposite to base DC lie
on a line AF parallel to DC. We say that trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD
are on the same base DC and between the same parallels AF and DC. Similarly,
parallelograms PQRS and MNRS are on the same base SR and between the same
parallels PN and SR [see Fig.9.5 (ii)] as vertices P and Q of PQRS and vertices
M and N of MNRS lie on a line PN parallel to base SR.In the same way, triangles
ABC and DBC lie on the same base BC and between the same parallels AD and  BC
[see Fig. 9.5 (iii)] and parallelogram ABCD and triangle PCD lie on the same base
DC and between the same parallels AP and DC [see Fig. 9.5(iv)].
2022-23
Page 4


152 MATHEMA TICS
CHAPTER 9
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES
9.1 Introduction
In Chapter 5, you have seen that the study of Geometry, originated with the
measurement of earth (lands) in the process of recasting boundaries of the fields and
dividing them into appropriate parts. For example, a farmer Budhia had a triangular
field and she wanted to divide it equally among her two daughters and one son. Without
actually calculating the area of the field, she just divided one side of the triangular field
into three equal parts and joined the two points of division to the opposite vertex. In
this way, the field was divided into three parts and she gave one part to each of her
children. Do you think that all the three parts so obtained by her were, in fact, equal in
area? To get answers to this type of questions and other related problems, there is a
need to have a relook at areas of plane figures, which you have already studied in
earlier classes.
You may recall that the part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is
called a planar region corresponding to that figure. The magnitude or measure of this
planar region is called its area. This magnitude or measure is always expressed with
the help of a number (in some unit) such as 5 cm
2
, 8 m
2
, 3 hectares etc. So, we can say
that area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane
enclosed by the figure.
We are also familiar with the concept
of congruent figures from earlier classes
and from Chapter 7. Two figures are
called congruent, if they have the same
shape and the same size. In other words,
if two figures A and B are congruent
(see Fig. 9.1) , then using a tracing paper, Fig. 9.1
2022-23
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES 153
 you can superpose one figure over the other such that it will cover the other completely .
So if two figures A and B are congruent, they must have equal areas. However,
the converse of this statement is not true. In other words, two figures having equal
areas need not be congruent. For example, in Fig. 9.2, rectangles ABCD and EFGH
have equal areas (9 × 4 cm
2
 and 6 × 6 cm
2
) but clearly they are not congruent. (Why?)
Fig. 9.2
Now let us look at Fig. 9.3 given below:
Fig. 9.3
You may observe that planar region formed by figure T is made up of two planar
regions formed by figures P and Q. You can easily see that
Area of figure T = Area of figure P + Area of figure Q.
You may denote the area of figure A as ar(A), area of figure B as ar(B), area of
figure T as ar(T), and so on. Now you can say that area of a figure is a number
(in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by the figure with
the following  two properties:
(1) If A and B are two congruent figures, then ar(A) = ar(B);
and (2) if a planar region formed by a figure T is made up of two non-overlapping
planar regions formed by figures P and Q, then  ar(T) = ar(P) + ar(Q).
You are also aware of some formulae for finding the areas of different figures
such  as rectangle, square, parallelogram, triangle etc., from your earlier classes. In
this chapter, attempt shall be made to consolidate the knowledge about these formulae
by studying some relationship between the areas of these geometric figures under the
2022-23
154 MATHEMA TICS
condition when they lie on the same base and between the same parallels. This study
will also be useful in the understanding of some results on ‘similarity of triangles’.
9.2 Figures on the Same Base and Between the Same Parallels
Look at the following figures:
Fig. 9.4
In Fig. 9.4(i), trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD have a common side
DC. We say that trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD are on the same base
DC. Similarly, in Fig. 9.4 (ii), parallelograms PQRS and MNRS are on the same base
SR; in Fig. 9.4(iii), triangles ABC and DBC are on the same base BC and in
Fig. 9.4(iv), parallelogram ABCD and triangle PDC are on the same base DC.
Now look at the following figures:
Fig. 9.5
In Fig. 9.5(i), clearly trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD are on the same
base DC. In addition to the above, the vertices A and B (of trapezium ABCD) opposite
to  base DC and the vertices E and F (of parallelogram EFCD) opposite to base DC lie
on a line AF parallel to DC. We say that trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD
are on the same base DC and between the same parallels AF and DC. Similarly,
parallelograms PQRS and MNRS are on the same base SR and between the same
parallels PN and SR [see Fig.9.5 (ii)] as vertices P and Q of PQRS and vertices
M and N of MNRS lie on a line PN parallel to base SR.In the same way, triangles
ABC and DBC lie on the same base BC and between the same parallels AD and  BC
[see Fig. 9.5 (iii)] and parallelogram ABCD and triangle PCD lie on the same base
DC and between the same parallels AP and DC [see Fig. 9.5(iv)].
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AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES 155
So, two figures are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels,
if they have  a common base (side) and the vertices (or the vertex) opposite to the
common base of each figure lie on a line parallel to the base.
Keeping in view the above statement, you cannot say that ? PQR and ? DQR of
Fig. 9.6(i) lie between the same parallels l and QR. Similarly, you cannot say that
Fig. 9.6
parallelograms EFGH and MNGH of Fig. 9.6(ii) lie between the same parallels EF
and HG and that parallelograms ABCD and EFCD of Fig. 9.6(iii) lie between the
same parallels AB and DC (even
though they have a common base DC
and lie between the parallels AD and
BC). So, it should clearly be noted
that out of the two parallels, one
must be the line containing the
common base.Note that ?ABC and
?DBE of Fig. 9.7(i) are not on the
common base. Similarly, ?ABC and parallelogram PQRS of Fig. 9.7(ii) are also not on
the same base.
EXERCISE 9.1
1. Which of the following figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels.
In such a case, write the common base and the two parallels.
Fig. 9.8
Fig. 9.7
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Page 5


152 MATHEMA TICS
CHAPTER 9
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES
9.1 Introduction
In Chapter 5, you have seen that the study of Geometry, originated with the
measurement of earth (lands) in the process of recasting boundaries of the fields and
dividing them into appropriate parts. For example, a farmer Budhia had a triangular
field and she wanted to divide it equally among her two daughters and one son. Without
actually calculating the area of the field, she just divided one side of the triangular field
into three equal parts and joined the two points of division to the opposite vertex. In
this way, the field was divided into three parts and she gave one part to each of her
children. Do you think that all the three parts so obtained by her were, in fact, equal in
area? To get answers to this type of questions and other related problems, there is a
need to have a relook at areas of plane figures, which you have already studied in
earlier classes.
You may recall that the part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is
called a planar region corresponding to that figure. The magnitude or measure of this
planar region is called its area. This magnitude or measure is always expressed with
the help of a number (in some unit) such as 5 cm
2
, 8 m
2
, 3 hectares etc. So, we can say
that area of a figure is a number (in some unit) associated with the part of the plane
enclosed by the figure.
We are also familiar with the concept
of congruent figures from earlier classes
and from Chapter 7. Two figures are
called congruent, if they have the same
shape and the same size. In other words,
if two figures A and B are congruent
(see Fig. 9.1) , then using a tracing paper, Fig. 9.1
2022-23
AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES 153
 you can superpose one figure over the other such that it will cover the other completely .
So if two figures A and B are congruent, they must have equal areas. However,
the converse of this statement is not true. In other words, two figures having equal
areas need not be congruent. For example, in Fig. 9.2, rectangles ABCD and EFGH
have equal areas (9 × 4 cm
2
 and 6 × 6 cm
2
) but clearly they are not congruent. (Why?)
Fig. 9.2
Now let us look at Fig. 9.3 given below:
Fig. 9.3
You may observe that planar region formed by figure T is made up of two planar
regions formed by figures P and Q. You can easily see that
Area of figure T = Area of figure P + Area of figure Q.
You may denote the area of figure A as ar(A), area of figure B as ar(B), area of
figure T as ar(T), and so on. Now you can say that area of a figure is a number
(in some unit) associated with the part of the plane enclosed by the figure with
the following  two properties:
(1) If A and B are two congruent figures, then ar(A) = ar(B);
and (2) if a planar region formed by a figure T is made up of two non-overlapping
planar regions formed by figures P and Q, then  ar(T) = ar(P) + ar(Q).
You are also aware of some formulae for finding the areas of different figures
such  as rectangle, square, parallelogram, triangle etc., from your earlier classes. In
this chapter, attempt shall be made to consolidate the knowledge about these formulae
by studying some relationship between the areas of these geometric figures under the
2022-23
154 MATHEMA TICS
condition when they lie on the same base and between the same parallels. This study
will also be useful in the understanding of some results on ‘similarity of triangles’.
9.2 Figures on the Same Base and Between the Same Parallels
Look at the following figures:
Fig. 9.4
In Fig. 9.4(i), trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD have a common side
DC. We say that trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD are on the same base
DC. Similarly, in Fig. 9.4 (ii), parallelograms PQRS and MNRS are on the same base
SR; in Fig. 9.4(iii), triangles ABC and DBC are on the same base BC and in
Fig. 9.4(iv), parallelogram ABCD and triangle PDC are on the same base DC.
Now look at the following figures:
Fig. 9.5
In Fig. 9.5(i), clearly trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD are on the same
base DC. In addition to the above, the vertices A and B (of trapezium ABCD) opposite
to  base DC and the vertices E and F (of parallelogram EFCD) opposite to base DC lie
on a line AF parallel to DC. We say that trapezium ABCD and parallelogram EFCD
are on the same base DC and between the same parallels AF and DC. Similarly,
parallelograms PQRS and MNRS are on the same base SR and between the same
parallels PN and SR [see Fig.9.5 (ii)] as vertices P and Q of PQRS and vertices
M and N of MNRS lie on a line PN parallel to base SR.In the same way, triangles
ABC and DBC lie on the same base BC and between the same parallels AD and  BC
[see Fig. 9.5 (iii)] and parallelogram ABCD and triangle PCD lie on the same base
DC and between the same parallels AP and DC [see Fig. 9.5(iv)].
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AREAS OF PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES 155
So, two figures are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels,
if they have  a common base (side) and the vertices (or the vertex) opposite to the
common base of each figure lie on a line parallel to the base.
Keeping in view the above statement, you cannot say that ? PQR and ? DQR of
Fig. 9.6(i) lie between the same parallels l and QR. Similarly, you cannot say that
Fig. 9.6
parallelograms EFGH and MNGH of Fig. 9.6(ii) lie between the same parallels EF
and HG and that parallelograms ABCD and EFCD of Fig. 9.6(iii) lie between the
same parallels AB and DC (even
though they have a common base DC
and lie between the parallels AD and
BC). So, it should clearly be noted
that out of the two parallels, one
must be the line containing the
common base.Note that ?ABC and
?DBE of Fig. 9.7(i) are not on the
common base. Similarly, ?ABC and parallelogram PQRS of Fig. 9.7(ii) are also not on
the same base.
EXERCISE 9.1
1. Which of the following figures lie on the same base and between the same parallels.
In such a case, write the common base and the two parallels.
Fig. 9.8
Fig. 9.7
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156 MATHEMA TICS
9.3 Parallelograms on the  same Base and Between the same Parallels
Now let us try to find a relation, if any, between the areas of two parallelograms on the
same base and between the same parallels. For this, let us perform the following
activities:
Activity 1 : Let us take a graph sheet and draw two parallelograms ABCD and
PQCD on it as shown in Fig. 9.9.
Fig. 9.9
The above two parallelograms are on the same base DC and between the same
parallels PB and DC. You may recall the method of finding the areas of these two
parallelograms by counting the squares.
In this method, the area is found by counting the number of complete squares
enclosed by the figure, the number of squares a having more than half their parts
enclosed by the figure and the number of squares having half their parts enclosed by
the figure. The squares whose less than half parts are enclosed by the figure are
ignored. You will find that areas of both the parallelograms are (approximately) 15cm
2
.
Repeat this activity* by drawing some more pairs of parallelograms on the graph
sheet. What do you observe? Are the areas of the two parallelograms different or
equal? If fact, they are equal. So, this may lead you to conclude that parallelograms
on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area. However,
remember that this is just a verification.
Activity 2 : Draw a parallelogram ABCD on a thick
sheet of paper or on a cardboard sheet. Now, draw a
line-segment DE as shown in Fig. 9.10.
*This activity can also be performed by using a Geoboard.
Fig. 9.10
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