Long Questions With Answers - Physiology and Sports | Physical Education Class 12(XII) - Notes & Model Test Papers - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Q.1 Elucidate physiological changes due to Aging?
Ans. The physiological changes, which take place mentioned below.
1. Change in Nervous System:- During aging, reaction time and movement time slows done with an increase in age. The brain waits, the size of its network and its blood flow decreases with age.
2. Change in Gastro-Intestinal System:- With increase in age, there is a reduction in the production of Hydrochloric Acid, Digestive Enzymes and Saliva. These changes may result In delayed emptying the stomach, impaired swallowing. The breakdown and absorption of food may also be impaired. The liver becomes less efficient in metabolizing drugs and repairing damaged liver cells.
3. Change in Urinal System:- As we age, the mass of the kidney decreases, which leads to reduction in blood filtration by the kidneys. The capacity of the bladders decreases and there is an increase in residual urine. This increases the chance of urinary infections.
4. The change in senses:- With advance in age, the senses such as vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch may become less active. Vision and hearing are the most affected by aging. The taste buds are reduced with age so they lose interest in food.
5. Change in Respiratory System:- With age, pulmonary function is impaired with advancing age. The airways and lung tissues become less elastic and less efficient. There is decreased oxygen uptake and oxygen exchange.
6. Change in fitness:- The elasticity of tendons, ligament and joint capsules decrease with Ageing. The range of the movement is restricted and muscle mass decreased as the age increases. This leads to decrease Flexibility, Endurance, Strength, speed with shortness of Breath, Blood flow, Enzymes, etc.

Q.2. Explain the effect of exercise on Circulatory system?
Ans. 1. Increase in heart size:- Regular exercise develops the muscles of heart. It increases the size of heart along with the strengthening of heart. Heart becomes efficient in doing it’s job.
2. Decrease in cholesterol level:- Regular exercise reduces the level of cholesterol in Our blood. The level of cholesterol in our blood is directly linked with blood pressure. Exercise decreases the level of low-density protein and increases the level of high density lipoprotein. It means that exercise decreases the LDL (bad cholesterol) and increase HDL (good cholesterol)
3. Faster adaptation to workload:- Due to the regular exercise, the heart can adapt to working load quickly i.e. quick adjustment of heart according to body needs.
4. Increase in no. and efficiency of capillaries:- With the regular exercise, efficiency and no. of capillaries are increased with the increase of Muscle mass. The unused and new capillaries become efficient and nourish the various cells efficient and nourish the various cells effectively.
5. Improve the working capacity of cardio-vascular system:- Regular exercise Improve cardio-vascular system thus the blood travels faster through the blood vessels and increased circulation of blood makes healing faster.

Q.3 Discuss how physiological factors determine flexibility?
Ans.1. Muscle strength:- The muscle should have minimum level of strength to make the movement, especially against the gravity or external force.
2. Joint structure:- There are different types of joint in the human body, some of the joints intrinsically have greater range of motion than others for example. The ball & socket joint of the shoulder has the greatest range of motion in comparison to the knee joint.
3. Internal environment:- Internal environment of athlete influences the flexibility. For example-warm bath increases body temperature and flexibility whereas 10 minutes outside stay in 100c temperature reduces the body temperature and flexibility.
4. Injury:- Injuries to connecting tissues and muscles can lead to thickening or fibroin on the affected area. Fibrous tissues are less elastic and can lead to limb shortening and lead to reduce flexibility.
5. Age and gender:- Flexibility decreases with the advancement of age. However it is trainable. It can be enhanced with the help of training as strength and endurance are enhanced. Gender also determine flexibility. Females tend to be more flexible than male.
6. Active and sedentary lifestyle:- Regular activities enhance the flexibility, whereas inactive individual loses flexibility due to the soft tissues and joints shrinking and losing extensibility.
7. Heredity:- Bony structures of joints and structure length and flexibility of the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments are genetic and can not be altered by stretching programs.

Q.4. Elaborate on the Role of Regular Exercise on Ageing Process?
Ans. Reduces the risk of Age Related Diseases:- Regular exercise reduces the risk of a number of health problems, many aged persons face. Such health problems are:-
1. Diabetes, obesity, hypertension and heart disease:- Regular exercise decreases the sugar level, decrease bad cholesterol, increase good cholesterol, decreases blood pressure and blood vessel stiffness.
2. Increase in muscular strength:- the Aging process does not hinder the individual's ability to enhance muscle strength. Regular exercise increases the strength of the muscles. As a matter of fact, exercise increases the size of muscle which ultimately increases muscular strength.
3. Reduce the loss of muscle mass:- Muscle mass decreases with advancing age. Ageing has a negative effect on metabolism. Regular exercise reduces the loss of lean body mass and drop in the metabolic rate. Regular exercise also reduces the accumulation of fats.
4. Enhances the capacity of lungs and hearts:- Regular exercise enhance the working capacity of lungs and heart, it reduces the loss of electricity of muscle fibers of lungs and heart. It also plays a key role in keeping the lungs strong and increase oxygen update and oxygen exchange.
5. Maintaining the bone density:- The bone density decreases with age. It usually leads to fracture and osteoporosis. Physical exercise helps to maintain bone mass and stimulate bone growth. The aging persons can increase their bone density with the help fo regular exercise.
6. Slow down the brain due to aging:- The regular exercise reduces the risk of mild cognitive new nerve cells and builds new capillaries to supply the brain with more oxygen.
7. Improve mental health and mood:- Regular physical activities can help to keep thinking learning and judgement skills sharpen. Aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities can also reduce the risk of depression and may help to sleep better.

Q.5. Discuss the physiological factors, determine the strength as a component of physical fitness?
Ans.1.Muscle size:- Muscle strength directly depends on the cross-sectional area of muscle. It is well known that bigger and larger muscle can produce more force. The force produced by the same size of muscles in males and females is approximately the same but males are found to be stronger because they have larger and bigger muscles in comparison to females.
2. Bodyweight:- There is a positive correlation between body weight and strength individuals with then heavier body weight are stronger than the individual with the lighter weight.
3. Muscle composition:- The muscle composition is genetically determined and can not be changed by any type of training.
4. Nerve impulses:- The nervous system also plays a role in muscle strength. The brain and nervous system has power to activate more motor units when they need to generate larger amount of force. Through strength training, the body learns to recruit more motor units and increase these units.
5. Age and gender:- Age and gender is a factor which affects the muscle strength. Muscle strength decline with age but it is primarily due to a decrease in muscle cross-sectional area and decline in the number of contractile tissues within the muscle fibres. Regular strength training limits loss of muscle strength with aging. Men have greater absolute muscle strength than women.

Q.6. Describe the physiological factors which determine the speed as a component of physical fitness?
Ans. Speed is determined to a great extent by the genetic factors. The study of physiological Factors helps to select the activity for an individual.
1. Mobility of the nervous System:- The rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles is made possible by the rapid excitation and inhibition of the concerned motor centres. Nervous system can maintain this rapid excitation and inhibition for only for a few seconds. After which the excitation and inhibition for only for a few seconds. After which the excitation spread to the neighboring centers causing tension in the entire body. This results in decrease in speed. The mobility of the nervous can be trained only to a very limited extent.
2. Muscle composition:- The muscle, which has more percentage of fast-twitch fiber, contract with more speed in comparison to the muscle which have lower percentage be slow-twitch fiber. The muscle position is genetic and can not be changed by training.
3. Explosive strength:- For very quick and explosive movements, explosive strength is indispensable. It depends upon metabolic composition, muscle size & muscle coordination. The explosive strength of the muscles can be improved through training.

Q.7. Explain the physiological factors determine endurance as a component of physical fitness?
Ans. Endurance is very significant component of physical fitness, which is determined by the following physiological factors.
1. Aerobic capacity:- To perform an activity continuously energy is required by the muscles which can be supplied in the presence of oxygen. Therefore the ability or organism to maintain the adequate supply of oxygen to the working muscles for energy liberation is important for endurance performance. The aerobic capacity depends upon:
a. Oxygen intake:- The oxygen intake depends on the vital capacity which further depends on lungs size, no of active alveoli, respiratory muscle and the size of the chest cavity.
b. Oxygen transport:- The oxygen transport depends on the amount of oxygen, which the blood has absorbed from the lungs and the ability of th circulatory system to carry this quickly to the working muscles. The amount of oxygen absorbed into the blood depends on the speed of blood flow through the lungs and on the blood hemoglobin. The concentration of blood hemoglobin can be enhanced by training. The transportation of oxygenated blood depends on the capacity of the heart. This capacity can be improved by training.
c. oxygen uptake:- This depends on the rate of diffusion, which determines the speed of blood flow, temperature & partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and of carbon dioxide in the muscles. The speed and amount of oxygen consumption depend on the no. size & metabolic capacity of mitochondria and fortunately can be improved to some extent through training.
d. Energy reserves:- The aerobic capacity depends on the muscle glycogen & sugar level in the blood. This can be enhanced by the training.
2. Anaerobic capacity:- The working capacity of muscle in absence of oxygen is called anaerobic capacity more or less Anaerobic capacity is required in all kind of endurance activities. Anaerobic capacity depends on the following factors
* Phosphagen store:- Means stronger of ATP and CP for producing energy.
* Buffer capacity:- Means total storage of Alkali reserve in the body to fight against the effect of lactic acid is called buffer capacity.
* Lactic Acid Tolerance:- The ability to tolerate the higher concentration of lactic acid is a significant factor in determining anaerobic capacity.
3. Movement Economy:- Energy may be saved if the movements are correct so the economical movements are necessary for endurance performance
4. Muscle composition:- The slow-twitch fibres of muscles are best for endurance activities.