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SPECIES AND SPECIATION
Biological species concept : A species is a sexually interbreeding group of individuals separated from other species by the absence of genetic exchange. Members of species are capable of breeding with one another and produce living, fertile off spring but are unable to breed with members of other species normally.
Gene pool : Sum of all the genes of all the members of a species.
Speciation occurs when the gene pool of a population is some how reproductively isolated from other sister population of the parent species and gene flow no longer occurs between them. Then a population splits into independent species. Which become reproductively isolated from each other.
On basis of period taken in speciation there are two types of mechanism of speciation.
Speciation : The process of formation of one or more new species from an existing species is called speciation.
Let us try to understand this concept by taking the example of beetles.
ABOVE EXAMPLE OF SPECIATION SHOWS
- Large population of beetles occur on a mountain range.
- Few beetles started feeding in neighborhood.
- Gene flow continued in two places.
- They may get isolated at larger distance because of existence of river.
- Gene flow decreases and finally stops.
- Two sub populations change with time because of genetic drifts and natural selection.
- Later they became reproductively isolated.
- Two new species came up.
- This can occur as a result of change in chromosome number.
- Micro evolution is very important this mean that the changes may be small but significant. Speciation due to inbreeding, genetic drift and natural selection will be applicable to all sexually reproducing animals geographical isolation does not play any role in the speciation of a sexually reproducing animals and self pollinating plants.
FAQs on Speciation - Heredity and Evolution, Class 10, Science
| 1. What is speciation? |  |
Ans. Speciation refers to the process by which new biological species arise. It occurs when populations of the same species become isolated and evolve differently from each other, to the extent that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring.
| 2. What are the different types of speciation? | |
Ans. The two primary types of speciation are allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation. Allopatric speciation occurs when populations of the same species become geographically isolated, while sympatric speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated without any geographical barrier.
| 3. How does natural selection contribute to speciation? | |
Ans. Natural selection is a key factor in the process of speciation. It can lead to the evolution of new traits in isolated populations that eventually become so different that they can no longer interbreed. Additionally, natural selection can act differently on different populations, leading to divergent evolution and eventually speciation.
| 4. Can speciation occur through hybridization? | |
Ans. Yes, speciation can occur through hybridization. Hybridization can lead to the formation of new species if the hybrid offspring are fertile and have a reproductive advantage over the parent species. This is known as hybrid speciation.
| 5. What is the significance of speciation in evolution? | |
Ans. Speciation plays a crucial role in evolution by increasing biodiversity and creating new forms of life. It allows for the development of new traits and adaptations, which can help species survive in different environments. Additionally, speciation can lead to the formation of complex ecological communities and the emergence of new niches.
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