Mechanical Engineering Exam > Mechanical Engineering Notes > Heat Transfer > Forced Convective Heat Transfer - 4
Forced Convective Heat Transfer - 4 | Heat Transfer - Mechanical Engineering PDF Download
4.3.5 Flow across cylinders and spheres
4.3.5.1 Flow across a cylinder
The heat transfer coefficient can be found out by the correlations given by many researchers
Applicability of eq. 4.19: 102 < Re < 107, and Re Pr >0.2 .
However, the following equation (eq. 4.20) is more accurate for the condition where 20,000 < Re< 4,00,000 and Re Pr > 0.2.
4.3.5.2. Flow across a sphere
The above correlation is applicable to both gases and liquids.
4.3.5.3 Flow over a bank of tubes
Flow over bank of tubes is one of the very important phenomena in chemical process industries. Heat exchanger, air conditioning for cooling and heating etc. involve a bank or bundle of tube over which a fluid flows. The two most common geometric arrangements of a tube bank are shown in fig. 4.5.
Fig.4.5: Tube banks: (a) aligned; (b) staggered
In any of the arrangements, D is the diameter of tube, SL is the longitudinal spacing, and ST is the transverse tube spacing.
The flow over a tube is quite different than the flow over bank of tubes. In case of bank of tube, the flow is influenced by the effects such as the “shading” of one tube by another etc. Moreover, the heat transfer for any particular tube thus not only determined by the incident fluid conditions, v∞ and T∞, but also by D, SL , and ST and the tube positions in the bank. It is now clear that the heat transfer coefficient for the first row of tubes is much like that for a single cylinder in cross flow. However, the heat transfer coefficient for the tubes in the inner rows is generally larger because of the wake generation by the previous tubes.
For the heat transfer correlations, in tube banks, the Reynolds number is defined by
where vm is the maximum fluid velocity occurring at the minimum vacant area of the tube bank.
For the aligned tube arrangement,
(4.25)
(4.26)
In case of bank of tubes, generally we are interested for a single tube but interested to know the average heat transfer coefficient for the entire bank of tubes.
Zukauskas has summarized his extensive for the heat transfer coefficients for fluid past a bank of tubes,
(4.27)
The applicability of eq. 4.27:
, and number of tubes are atleast 20.
The constants C and m of co-relation 5.26 can be found out from any standard book on heat transfer. It may be noted that the above relation is for the inner rows of bank, or for banks of many rows.
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FAQs on Forced Convective Heat Transfer - 4 - Heat Transfer - Mechanical Engineering
| 1. What is forced convective heat transfer? |  |
Ans. Forced convective heat transfer refers to the transfer of heat between a solid surface and a fluid that is flowing past it under the influence of an external force, such as a pump or a fan. It occurs due to the combined effects of conduction and convection, and is commonly encountered in various engineering applications, including chemical processes, heat exchangers, and cooling systems.
| 2. What factors affect forced convective heat transfer? | |
Ans. Several factors influence forced convective heat transfer, including the fluid properties (such as viscosity and thermal conductivity), the flow characteristics (such as flow rate and velocity profile), the geometry and surface properties of the solid surface, and the temperature difference between the solid surface and the fluid. These factors collectively determine the convective heat transfer coefficient, which quantifies the rate of heat transfer.
| 3. How is forced convective heat transfer calculated? | |
Ans. Forced convective heat transfer can be calculated using various empirical correlations and mathematical models. One commonly used approach is to employ dimensionless numbers, such as the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, and the Nusselt number, which relate the fluid flow characteristics and properties to the convective heat transfer coefficient. These dimensionless numbers can be used in equations and charts to estimate the heat transfer rate.
| 4. What are some practical applications of forced convective heat transfer? | |
Ans. Forced convective heat transfer finds numerous applications in chemical engineering. It is utilized in the design and operation of heat exchangers, where it facilitates the efficient transfer of heat between process streams. Forced convection is also crucial in cooling systems, such as air conditioning units and radiators, where it helps dissipate heat from electronic devices or engines. Additionally, it plays a vital role in chemical reactors, where controlling the heat transfer rate is essential for process optimization.
| 5. How can forced convective heat transfer be enhanced? | |
Ans. There are several methods to enhance forced convective heat transfer. One common approach is to increase the fluid flow rate, which promotes better heat transfer by increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient. Another technique is to modify the surface characteristics of the solid surface, such as using fins or ribbed surfaces, to increase the surface area available for heat transfer. Additionally, employing heat transfer enhancement devices, such as turbulators or vortex generators, can enhance convective heat transfer by altering the fluid flow pattern.
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