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Non-Metallic

Below is a survey of India’s non-metallic mineral resources.

Limestone and Dolomite

Limestone and dolomite occur in most of the geological formations of the country ranging from Pre-Cambrian to recent.
Cuddapah, Guntur, Krishna, Khammam, Kurnool, West and East Godavari and Nalgonda districts of Andhra Pradesh possess over a third of the total reserves of cement-grade limestone in the country.
Gulbarga, Bijapur and Shimoga districts of Karnataka have another one-third. Madhya Pradesh possesses 36 per cent of the country’s total reserves of flux-grade limestone.

Mica

India is the world’s largest producer and exporter of mica.
Mica represents a group of minerals characterised by perfect cleavage in a single direction due to which they can be split into extremely thin flexible and tough sheets orlaminate. It is used in the electrical industry and in medicines.
Economic deposits of mica are found in three important belts Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand and Gaya districts of Bihar, Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan. 50% of India’s mica comes from Jharkhand and Bihar.

Refractories

India has the world’s richest deposits of kyanite and sillimanite.
The Lapsa Buru area in Singhbhum district of Bihar has India’s largest reserves of kyanite quartz. About 83% of India’s total reserves of sillimanite are located in the Plateau of Meghalaya. Pipra near M.P. also has this element.
The beach sands of Kerala contain 5 to 6 per cent sillimanite. Magnetite occur in Sales (Tamil Nadu) and Almora (U.P.) in considerable amount.

Gypsum

Gypsum is a hydrated sulphide of Calcium. Over 94 per cent of gypsum reserves lie in Rajasthan (Bikaner and Jodhpur).
It is used in manufacture of cement and fertilizer.

Facts To Be Remembered
RAILWAY
1853	First Train steamed off from Bombay to Than (April).
—	Central Railway came into existence (April).
1875	The North Eastern Railway came into existence.
1952	The Railway Testing and Research Centre formed.
1981	Diesel Component Works set up.
1986	Computerised passenger reservation system introdced.
1988	Rail Coach Factory set up in Kapurthala.
1996-97	A wheel and Axel Plant set up at Bangalore.
ROADS
1960	Border Roads Development Board set up.
1983	Nationa Institure for Training of Highway Engineers (NITHE) set up.
1986	Road Safety Cell set up.
1995	The National Highway Authority of India constituted.
SHIPPING
1941	Hindustan Shipyard Limited set up.
1948	Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Advanced Maritime Studies and Research established.
1949	Marine Engineering and Research Institute (MERI) established.
1959	National Shipping Board established.
1961	The Shipping Corporation of India Limited formed.
1967	The Central Inland Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC) set up.
1972	Cochin Shipyard Limited incorporated.
1976	Dredging Corporation of India set up.
1984	Hooghly Dock and Port Engineers Limited came into existence.
1986	The lnland Waterways Authority of India set up.
1993	Shore-based Academy T.S. Chanakya established.
1997	National Shipping Policy Committee constituted.
AVIATION
1990	Government introduced 'Open sky policy' for Cargo.
1995	Airport Authority of India formed.
1997	A new policyon domestic air transport service approved. Tourism
1966	The India Tourism Development Corporation established.

Steatite

Also known as talc and soapstone, steatite is a hydrous silicate of Magnesium.
The mineral occurs in ultrabasic rocks and metamorphosed dolomite limestone chiefly in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.
Procelain manufacture, ornamental work in buildings, lowcost ceramics used in radio and TV, paints, paper, soap and cosmetics, and refractory are some of the important industries in which steatite is used.

Salt
Common salt or sodium chloride contains 39.32 per cent sodium and 60.68 per cent chlorine. Nearly 70 per cent of the total consumption of salt in the country is for edible uses.
There are three sources of production of salt in India:

Seawater along the peninsular coasts;
Brine springs, wells and salt lakes of the arid tracts of Rajasthan; and
Rock salt deposits of Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh.
The coastal areas, particularly of Gujarat and Maharashtra, produce large quantities of salt from sea brine.

Points to be Remembered

The two multipurpose river valley projects.– (i) Jennessee Valley in the United States, (ii) Damodar Valley in India
Name of the two radio-active elements– (i) uranium, and (ii) thorium
Name of the two Nuclear Power stations in India.– (i) Tarapur (Maharashtra), and (ii) Rawat Bhata (Rajasthan)
Name of the country of the world in which the wind mills are used to generate electricity-Netherlands.
The two countries in which the tidal energy has been harnessed to produce power– (i) Canada, and (ii) France
The countries in which the geothermal power has been developed–(i) United States, (ii) Italy, and (iii) New Zealand
Name of the two minerals which have shortage of reserves in the world– (i) zinc, and (ii) copper.
The two countries of the world which are famous for their offshore fisheries– (i) Netherlands, and (ii) Norway
The two wool producing countries of the world– (i) Australia, and (ii) New Zealand
The various land-forms over the surface of the earth are : mountains, plains, plateaus and valleys.
The different agents of gradation or external agents of change are: (i) rivers, (ii) glaciers, (iii) waves, and (iv) winds.
The internal agents of changes– (i) volcanoes, (ii) earthquakes, and (iii) interior movements.
The moving agents that transport the weathered materials– (i) rivers, (ii) winds, (iii) glaciers, (iv) ocean waves.

Minerals for atomic energy Uranium

Uranium is found in Jharkhand (Jaduguda mines), Himachal Pradesh, U.P. and Bastar region in M.P.
Thorium is processed from the monazite sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu coast. Beryllium (a good moderator in atomic piles) is found in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Kashmir and A.P.

Diamond

The Panna diamond belt, the only diamond producing area in the country is spread over the districts of Panna, Chatarpur and Satna in Madhya Pradesh.

NATIONAL PARKS & SANCTUARIES
Park	Location	Animal
1. Dachigam Sanctuary	Jammu & Kashmir	Kashmir Stag
2. Gir Forest	Gujarat	Lions
3. Kanha National Park	Madhya Pradesh	Tiger, Panther, Nilghai, barking deer
4. Sunderbans	West Bengal	Royal Bengal Tiger
5. Ghana Bird Sanctuary	Bharatpur	Siberian Crane
6. Corbett National Park	Nainital Uttar Pradesh	Tiger, Elephant, Nilghai
7. Manas Sanctuary	Assam	Wild Cats, Deer
8. Kaziranga	Assam	One Horned Rhinoceros
9. Bandipur Sanctuary	Karnataka	Soptted Deer
10. Chandra Prabha Sanctuary	Varanasi	Indian Lion
11. Hazariagh National Park	Hazaribagh Bihar	Tiger, Leopard
12. Mudumalai Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu	Wild Elephant, Wild Boar.
13. Periyar Game Sanutuary	Kerala	Wild Elephant and Indian Bison
14. Shivpuri Park	Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh	Wild Elephant, Deer.
15. Dudhawa National Park	Lakhimpur Kheri U.P	Nilgai

Mineral Development

Under the Constitution, mineral rights and administration of mining laws are vested in the state government.
The Central Government, however, regulates the development of minerals under the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 and the rules and regulations framed under it.
The Department of Mines has six public sector enterprises under its charge.

These are:

The Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (HZL),
Hindustan Copper Ltd., (HCL),
Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. (BGML),
Bharat Aluminium Co. Ltd., (BALCO),
The National Alum-inium Co. Ltd. NALCO)
The Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd. (MECL).

Countries and Parliaments
Country	Parliament
Afghanistan	Shora
Bhutan	Tsongdu
Britain	House of Commons and House of Lords
Canada	House of Commons and Senate
China, Mainland	National People’s Congress
China, National	Yuan
Denmark	Folketing
Germany	Bundesrat
Iceland	Althing
India	Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
Iran	Majlis
Ireland	Dail
Israel	Knesset
Japan	Diet
Libya	General People’s Congress
Malaysia	Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara
Mongolia	Great People’s Khural
Myanmar	Pyithu Huttaw (People’s Assembly)
Nepal	House of Representatives and National Council
Netherlands	The States General
New Zealand	House of Representatives
South Africa	House of Assembly
Spain	Cortes
Sweden	Riksdag
Switzerland	Federal Assembly
Turkey	Grand National Assembly
U.S.A.	Congress (House of Representatives and Senate

New Names of Countries/Cities
New Name	Old Name
Ankara	Angora
Bangladesh	East Pakistan
Belize	British Honduras
Benin	Dahomey
Botswana	Bechunaland
Cambodia	Kampuchea
Cape Kennedy	Cape Canaveral
Ethiopia	Abyssinia
Ghana	Gold Coast
Guinea	French Guinea
Guinea Bissau	Portuguese Guinea
Indonesia	Dutch East Indies
Iraq	Mesopotamia
Iran	Persia
Jakarta	Batavia
Malagasy	Madagascar
Malaysia	Malaya
Malawi	Nyasaland
Mali	French West Africa
Myanmar	Burma
Namibia	South West Africa
Netherlands	Holland
Sri Lanka	Ceylon
Suriname	Dutch Guyana
Taiwan	Formosa
Tanzania	Tanganyika and Zanzibar

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FAQs on Mineral Resources (Part - 2) - Additional Study Material for UPSC

1. What are mineral resources?

Ans. Mineral resources refer to naturally occurring substances found within the Earth's crust that have economic value. These resources can be extracted and processed to obtain minerals and metals that are used in various industries.

2. What are the different types of mineral resources?

Ans. There are several types of mineral resources, including metallic minerals (such as gold, silver, copper, and iron), non-metallic minerals (such as limestone, gypsum, and salt), energy minerals (such as coal, oil, and natural gas), and precious gems (such as diamonds and rubies).

3. How are mineral resources formed?

Ans. Mineral resources are formed through various geological processes. Metallic minerals are often formed through the cooling and solidification of molten rock, while non-metallic minerals can be formed through evaporation, precipitation, or biological processes. Energy minerals, such as coal and oil, are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have undergone heat and pressure over millions of years.

4. What are the major challenges in the extraction of mineral resources?

Ans. The extraction of mineral resources faces several challenges, including environmental impacts, social issues, and technical difficulties. Mining activities can cause habitat destruction, water pollution, and soil erosion. Additionally, there may be conflicts over land rights and displacement of local communities. From a technical perspective, accessing deep-lying mineral deposits can be challenging and require advanced mining techniques.

5. How can sustainable mining practices be promoted for mineral resource extraction?

Ans. Sustainable mining practices can be promoted by implementing various measures. These include minimizing environmental impacts through proper waste management, reclamation of mined areas, and using technologies that reduce water and energy consumption. Furthermore, engaging with local communities, respecting their rights, and providing fair compensation can help address social challenges associated with mining. Additionally, promoting research and development in sustainable mining technologies can lead to more efficient and environmentally friendly extraction processes.

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