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JEE Exam  >  JEE Notes  >  Mock Tests for JEE Main and Advanced 2026  >  Revision Notes - Sets, Relations & Functions

Relations and Functions Class 11 Notes Maths Chapter 1

  • Each element in a set is unique.         
  • The elements of a set may be discrete or continuous.
  • A set may contain no element at all, finite number of elements or infinite number of elements.
  • If A and B are two sets, then the following results hold true:Relations and Functions Class 11 Notes Maths Chapter 1
  • Relation is a linear operation which establishes relationship between the elements of two sets according to some definite rule of relationship.
  • If R is a relation from a set A to set B, then the set of all first components or coordinates of the ordered pairs is called the domain of R, while the set of all second components or coordinates of the ordered pairs is called as range of relation.
  • If R is a relation defined from A to B, then R-1 is a relation defined from B to A as R-1 = {(b,a)| (a, b) ∈ R}.
  • There can be various types of relations like:
  • Identity relation
  • Reflexive relation
  • Symmetric relation
  • Transitive relation
  • Equivalence relation
  • A relation defined on a set A is said to be an identity relation if every element of A is related to itself and only itself.
  • A relation such that (a, b) ∈ R then (a, a) ∈ R is reflexive. However, if there is a single ordered pair (a, b) ∈ R, such that (a, a) does not belong to R, then R is not reflexive.
  • A relation defined on a set is said to be symmetric if a R b ⇒ b R a.
  • A relation defined on a set A is said to be transitive if a R b and b R c then a R c.
  • A relation which is reflexive, symmetric as well as transitive is said to be an equivalence relation.
  • A relation becomes a function iff:
    To each a ∈ A, there exists a unique 'b' ∈ B such that (a, b) ∈ f.
    (a1, b1) ∈ f and (a1, b2) ∈ f ⇒ b1 = b2.
  • Let f : A → B, then the domain and codomain of f are defined as
    Domain of f = {a | a ∈ A, (a, f(a)) ∈ f}
    Range of f = {f(a) | a ∈ A, f(a) ∈ B, (a, f(a)) ∈ f}
  • Basic Properties of |x|:
    1. | |x| | = |x|
    2. |x| > a ⇒ x < a or x < -a if a ∈ R+ and x ∈ R if a ∈ R-
    3. |x| < a ⇒ -a < x <a if a ∈ R+ and no solution if a ∈ R- ∪ {0}
    4. |x + y| < |x| + |y|
    5. |x - y| > |x| - |y|
  • The last two properties can be put in one compact form namely,
    1. |x| - |y| < |x + y| < |x| + |y|
    2. |xy| = |x| |y|
    3. |x/y| = |x/y|, y ≠ 0
  • For ‘y’ to be an algebraic function of x it should satisfy an algebraic expression of the form P0(x)yn + P1(x)yn-1 + ….. + Pn-1(x)y + Pn(x) = 0
  • All polynomial functions are algebraic but every algebraic function need not be a polynomial function.
  • Signum Function:
    A function y = f(x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows:
    y = f(x) = 1 for x > 0
    = 0 for x = 0
    = -1 for x < 0
    Relations and Functions Class 11 Notes Maths Chapter 1
  • Properties of greatest integer function:
    1. [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1
    2. x-1 < [x] ≤ x
    3. [x+m] = [x] + m  if m is an integer
    4. [x] + [y] ≤ [x + y] ≤ [x] + [y] + 1
    5. [x] + [-x] = 0 if x is an integer
    = -1 otherwise 
  • Range of y = f(x) is the collection of all outputs corresponding to each real number of the domain. To find the range of a function:
    1. Find the domain of the function y = f(x) first.
    2. If domain is a set having only finite number of points, then range is the set of corresponding f(x) values.
    3. If domain of y = f(x) is R or R- {some finite points}, then express x in terms of y. from this, find y for x to be defined or form an equation in terms of x and apply the condition for real roots.
  • Two functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ are identical if and only if they satisfy the following conditions:
    1. Domain of f = Domain of g
    2. Range of f = Range of g
    3. f(x) = g(x) ∀x belonging to the common domain
  • If a function is entirely increasing or decreasing in some entire domain, then the function is one-to one.
  • If a line parallel to the x-axis cuts the graph of the function at a single point, then the function is one-to-one.
  • If a continuous function has at least one local maximum or local minimum, then the function is many-one.
  • A function can either be one-one or many-one but not both.
  • If range of a function f(x) = codomain of f(x), then the function f(x) is onto.
  • A polynomial function of even degree is always an into function.
  • A function can only be one of these four types:
    1. One-one onto (injective and surjective)
    2. One –one into (injective but not surjective)
    3. Many-one onto (surjective but not injective)
    4. Many-one into (neither injective nor surjective)
  • A continuous function which is always increasing or decreasing in the whole domain is one-one.
  • A function is one to one iff a horizontal line intersects its graph at most once.
  • If the range and co-domain for a function are same then it is onto.
  • If a set A contains ‘n’ distinct elements then the number of possible distinct functions from A to A is nn and out of these n! are one-one.
  • The range of a constant function is always a singleton.
  • A constant function may be one-one, many-one, onto or into.
  • If ‘f’ and ‘g’ are real valued functions with domains as A and B respectively, then both f and g are defined in A∩B.
    1. The domain of f + g, f-g and f.g is also A ∩ B.
    2. The domain of (f/g) is {x | x ∈A ∩ Bs.t. g(x) ≠ 0}.
  • For the product ‘gof’ of two functions f and g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g.
  • The composite of functions is not commutative, i.e. gof ≠ fog.
  • The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g and h are three functions such that fo(goh) = (fog)oh.
  • The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g are two bijections such that gof is defined then gof is also a bijection.
  • The inverse of a bijection is unique.
    1. If f: A→ B is a bijection, and g:B→ A is its inverse, then fog = IB and g of = IA, where IA and IB are the identities of A and B respectively.
    2. The graphs of f and g in this case are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x.
    3. The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
    4. If f and g are two bijections such that f: A→ B is a bijection, and g: B→ C, then the inverse of g of also exists and (fog)-1 = f -1og-1
  • The function is said to be even if f(x)-f(-x) = 0 and the function is said to be odd if f(x) + f(-x) = 0
    1. A function may neither be even nor odd.
    2. Inverse of an even function is not defined.
    3. Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis and every odd function is symmetric about origin.
    4. It is possible to express every function as the sum of an even and odd function i.e.
    f(x) = [{f(x) + f(-x)}/2 + {f(x)-f(-x)}/2], where the first part is an even function and the second part is the odd function.
    1. If function f and g are both even or both odd then the function f.g will be even but if either of them is odd then f.g will be odd.
    2. The only function which is defined on the entire number line and which is even as well as od at the same time is f(x) = 0.
  • The inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
    1. Every constant function is always periodic but with no fundamental period.
    2. If a function f(x) has period ‘T’ and the function g(x) also has the same period, then it is not necessary that the function f(x) + g(x) will also have ‘T’ as its period.
    3. If the function f has ‘p’ as its period then 1/f(x) and √f(x) also have p as the period.
  • If f(x) has period ‘T’ then f(ax+b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
  • Logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to get that number.
  • Logarithm of zero does not exist and logarithm of negative reals is not defined in the system of real numbers.
  • Relations and Functions Class 11 Notes Maths Chapter 1is an identity for all N > 0 and a > , a ≠ 1.
  • The basic definition of logarithm yields the following results:
  • logNN = 1
  • log1/N N = -1
  • loga1 = 0
  • a logan =  n is an identity for all N > 0 and a > 0
  • Whenever the number and base are on the same side of unity then the logarithm of that number to the base is positive, but if the number and base are located on different side of unity, then the logarithm of that number to the base is negative.
  • Principal properties of logarithm:
    If m, n are arbitrary positive real numbers where a > 0, a ≠ 1
  • logam + logan = logamn
  • loga m/n = logam - logan
  • logamx = x logam
  • logamx = x logam
  • logax m = 1/x logam
  • Base changing theorem: It states that the quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common base i.e.
    logca / logcb = logba
  • logba = 1/ logab
  • (logba).(logcb).(logdc) = logd a
  • alogbc = c logba
  • log10N is referred to as common logarithm and logeN is called the natural logarithm.
  • The common logarithm of a number consists of two parts, integral and fractional, of which the integral part may be zero or an integer (positive or negative) while the fractional part, a decimal less than 1 is always positive.
  • log x2n = 2n log |x|, where n ∈ I.
  • Note: Equations of the form [a(x)]b(x) = [a(x)]c(x) with the set of permissible values defined by the condition a(x) > 0, can be reduced to the equivalent equation
    b(x) logd[a(x)] = c(x) logd[a(x)] by taking logarithm of both sides. This equation hence is equivalent to the two equations logd[a(x)] = 0, b(x) = c(x).
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FAQs on Relations and Functions Class 11 Notes Maths Chapter 1

1. What is a set in the context of Sets, Relations & Functions?
Ans. A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements, that are well-defined and can be clearly identified. In Sets, Relations & Functions, sets are used to represent a group of related objects or elements.
2. What is the difference between a finite set and an infinite set?
Ans. A finite set is a set that contains a specific number of elements, which can be counted and listed. On the other hand, an infinite set is a set that contains an infinite number of elements, which cannot be counted or listed.
3. What is a relation in Sets, Relations & Functions?
Ans. A relation is a set of ordered pairs that establishes a connection or association between the elements of two different sets. It describes the relationship between the elements of the sets and can be represented using tables, graphs, or formulas.
4. How can functions be represented in Sets, Relations & Functions?
Ans. Functions in Sets, Relations & Functions can be represented using various methods, such as mapping diagrams, tables, graphs, or formulas. They show the relationship between the input values (domain) and the corresponding output values (range) in a clear and organized manner.
5. What is the difference between a one-to-one function and an onto function?
Ans. A one-to-one function, also known as an injective function, is a function where each element in the domain is mapped to a unique element in the range. In other words, no two different elements in the domain can be mapped to the same element in the range. An onto function, also known as a surjective function, is a function where every element in the range has at least one corresponding element in the domain. In other words, the range of the function covers the entire set of possible output values.
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