Class 12 Geography Solved Paper (2013 Delhi Set-I) - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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Ques 1: Give the meaning of 'Crude Birth Rate' (CBR).
Ans: The crude birth rate is the number of births per 1,000 people per year. We can calculate CBR by the following formula: CBR = Bi/P multiplied by 100

Ques 2: How is sex ratio calculated in different countries of the world?
Ans: Sex ratio is calculated by the following formulas:
(i) Male population/Female population×100
Or
(ii) Female population/Male population×100
Or
(iii) The number of females per thousand males

Ques 3: State and two functions of World Trade Organization (W.T.O.).
Ans: (i) It overseas the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreements.
(ii) And it provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes.

Ques 4: Which State of India has the lowest female literacy rate?
Ans: Bihar.

Ques 5: Mention any two causes of the negative growth rate of population in India during 1911-1921.
Ans: (i) Poor health facilities and
(ii) Lack of basic necessities.

Ques 6: Give any two examples of mining towns in India.
Ans: (i) Jharia, (ii) Digboi.

Ques 7: What is 'sectoral planning'?
Ans: The Sector Plan provides general guidelines directed towards ensuring the orderly and efficient development of a plan area. The sector plan addresses essential services and facilitates, land uses, transportation systems, population density and sequencing of development. Full consideration must be given to the costs and benefits of various actions upon the present and future social, economic and environmental fabric of the area.

Ques 8: Why is the density of rural roads very low in the hilly areas of India? Give one reason.
Ans: (i) Nature of difficult terrain.
(ii) Poor economic condition in those areas.

Ques 9: Give the meaning of the term hinterland.
Ans: The hinterland is the land or district behind a coast or the shoreline of a river. It is the rural outlying region that supports a town or city with agricultural products and raw materials. The hinterland ships fresh fruits, vegetables, and milk into the city to provide the village with the finest fresh products.

Ques 10: Mention any two sources of water pollution in India.
Ans: (i) Toxic effluents from industries.
(ii) Sewage disposal in rivers without detoxification.

Ques 11: Explain the concept of 'possibilism', with three suitable examples.
Ans: Possiblism is a view of the environment as a range of opportunities from which the individual may choose. This choice is based on the individual?s needs and norms. It grants that the range of choices may be limited by the environment, but allows choices to be made, rather than thinking on deterministic lines.
Examples:
(i) Health resorts of highlands
(ii) Orchards
(iii) Ports on the costs
(iv) Satellites in the space.

Ques 12: Analyze any three major problems of slum dwellers in India.
Ans: (i) Poor sanitation
(ii) Poor ventilation
(iii) Lack of basic amenities
(iv) They are low paid workers.
(v) Their areas are overcrowded having narrow street pattern prone to serious hazard from fire.

Ques 13: Explain any three points of economic significance of 'Trans-Siberian Railway'.
Ans: (i) It is the most significant route in Asia.
(ii) It helps to connect Asian market with West European market.
(iii) It is the longest double tracked electric railway in the world.

Ques 14: What is cyber space? Describe any two advantages of internet.
Ans: The word ?cyberspace? is credited to William Gibson, who used it in his book, Neuromancer, written in 1984. Cyberspace is the notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs. As a social experience, individuals can interact, exchange ideas, share information, provide social support, conduct business, direct actions, create artistic media, play games, engage in political discussion, and so on, using this global network.
Few advantages are:
(i) Anyone can share ideas, view from any part of the world.
(ii) The concept of Global Village becomes truth with its help.
(iii) It is significant in terms of education and entertainment. In fact it creates the environment for Edutainment.

Ques 15: Explain with example, how 'stage of economic development' and foreign investment? become the basis of international trade.
Ans: Stage of economic development: The nature of items traded undergoes changes as the different stages of economic development of countries passes. In agro, based countries, agro products are exchanged for manufactured goods whereas industrialized nations export machinery and finished products and import food grains and other raw materials. The study of economic development mainly focused entirely on national product, or the aggregate output of goods and services.
Foreign investment: Foreign direct investment (FDI) has proved to be resilient during financial crisis. It boosts up the trade where the capital is limited. By developing such capital, intensive industries, the industrial nations ensure import of food stuffs, minerals and create markets for their finished products.

Ques 16: Explain any three push factors that have caused rural to urban migration in India.
Ans: (i) In India, people migrate from villages to towns/cities due to poor economic conditions at village.
(ii) Lack of basic amenities like - education, healthcare etc.
(iii) Lack of infrastructure like-roads, water, electricity etc.

Ques 17: What are hamleted settlements? Mention any two areas of India where such settlements are found.
Ans: A hamlet is a settlement, which is too small to be considered a town or village. As a general rule, hamlets are rural, and many of them arise around a specific site such as a mill or a large farm. In some countries, hamlets are legally defined, while in others; the world is simply a term to describe a small settlement, with no firm definition attached. A typical hamlet consists of only a few houses, often clustered together close to the road. Many hamlets lack stores and services, forcing their dwellers to travel to the nearest town to meet their needs.
Two areas in India are:
(i) Middle and lower parts of the Ganga pi-am
(ii) Lower valleys of the Himalayas.
(iii) Chhattisgarh.

Ques 18: Give two advantages of 'copper' Mention four main copper mining areas of India.
Ans: (i) Copper and the copper alloys are some of the most versatile materials available and are used for applications in every type of industry.
(ii) Besides good conductivity the properties include strength, hardness, ductility, and resistance to corrosion, wear and shock, low magnetic permeability, an attractive range of colors together with ease of machining, forming, polishing and plating.
Copper mining areas in India are:
(i) Khetri
(ii) Balaghat
(iii) Singhbhum
(iv) Jhunjhnu.

Ques 19: Explain the role of 'power' and 'raw-material' in the location of heavy industries in India.
Ans: Energy crisis has a great bearing on the industrial development and production. Although the installed capacity of electricity increased from 66.08 million km in 1990-91 to 85.79 million km in 1996-97 but it is much short of the actual demand. It leads to power cut and fostering, which hampers the industrial production. Most of the State Electricity Boards are running in loss and are in deplorable condition. Rail transport is overburdened while road transport is plagued with many problems. Even national highways in many places are in bad shape.
Telecommunication facilities are mainly confined to big cities. Indian Agricore, the major source of industrial raw material, is still dependent on the monsoon. Natural calamities like drought, famine, flood etc. badly affect agricultural production as well the supply of industrial raw material. Failure of monsoon even affects the purchasing power of the people and also the demand for industrial products. It sometimes creates glut in me market and industrial plumpness. Cement industry is recently facing such crisis.

Ques 20: Explain any three human values which are required to empower socially and economically disadvantaged people.
Ans: The development of any society, in the ultimate sense, depends upon the human resource development of that society India, today, has accounted for 16.67 percent of the global population as compared to China with 21.37 percent. India has over 1.06 billion people, which is more than the total population in the entire African continent. Every 6th individual on the earth is an Indian.
In India, where nearly 350 million people are living below the poverty line and it is impossible for and government to provide means of livelihood to everyone. Majority of me people are of the view that the cure for poverty in any pan of the world, is to stimulate more entrepreneurial activity and business start-ups with a systematic agenda of changes in mindset, attitudes and competencies of people from amongst different categories, governments, corporations, lobbyists and other national and international governmental and non-governmental organizations. Therefore the situations surely demand for fostering of entrepreneurship and encourage people to come up with a entrepreneurial initiative. Three human values that are required:
(i) Equality and fraternity without any discrimination,
(ii) Equal opportunity for all,
(iii) Dignity of labor.

Ques 21: Study the given map, showing areas of subsistence gathering carefully and answer the following questions:
(i) Identify and name the areas marked A, B, C and D in your answer-book.
(ii) Explain any four characteristics of gathering.
(iii) Why can't gathering become important at the global level? Give two reasons.

Ans: (i) (a) North Canada
(b) Amazon Basin
(c) Northern Eurasia
(d) Tropical Africa
(ii) (a) Gathering is practiced in the regions having harsh climate conditions.
(b) It involves primitive societies, which depends on wild animals and plants.
(c) This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment.
(d) The yield per person is very low and they hardly have any surplus.
(iii) (a) Modern gathers have had no opportunity to move into new territories.
(b) Products of such types of activity cannot compete in the world market.

Ques 22: Define 'manufacturing'. Classify manufacturing industries on the basis of size into three categories. Explain an important characteristic of each category.
Ans: Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labor and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activities, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or automobiles. Size of industry refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production. Based on size, industries can be classified into three types:
(i) Cottage or household industries.
(ii) Small-scale industries.
(iii) Large-scale industries.
Cottage or household industries are a type of small - scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans. Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are examples of cottage industry. Small-scale manufacturing is distinguished from household by its production techniques and place of manufacturing. Small-scale industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to large-scale industries that produce large volume of products. Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large-scale industries. Silk weaving and food processing industries are small-scale industries. Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large-scale industries.

Ques 23: Classify urban settlements on the basis of size, functions and services available into five categories and explain an important characteristic of each type.
Ans: Depending on the size, functions and the service available, urban settlements are designated as town city, million city, conurbation, and megalopolis.
(i) Town: Population size in town is higher than the village. Functions such as, manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, and professional services exist in towns.
(ii) City: A city may be regarded as a leading town. Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic functions. They tend to have transport terminals, major financial institutions and regional administrative offices. When the population crosses the one million mark it is designated as a million city.
(iii) Million city: The cities having more than million population is known as million city. The number of these types of cities in the world have been increasing as never before.
(iv) Conurbation: The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied to a large area of urban development resulted from the merging of originally separate towns or cities. Greater London, Greater Mumbai, Manchester, Chicago and Tokyo are examples.
(v) Megalopolis: This Greek word meaning "great city", was popularized by Jean Gottman (1957) and signifies ?super-metropolitan? region extending union of conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the north to south of Washington in U.S.A. is the best-known example of a megalopolis.

Ques 24: Explain any three factors responsible for the depletion of water resources. Examine any two legislative measures for controlling water pollution in India.
Ans: (i) Increased use of irrigation: The impact of increased use of water for irrigation is a decrease in the quality and quantity of downstream water, with implications on both ecosystem functioning and on downstream use for agriculture, industry and municipal supplies. However, as the demand area, the farmland, is often distant from the critical urban/industrial demand areas, these linkages are often overlooked.
(ii) Use of fresh water in industrial animal production and processing systems: The demand on fresh water has a direct impact, a reduction in the overall availability of fresh water among competing users. It also has an indirect impact through decreasing the water available for diluting effluents, and hence increasing the levels of pollution in downstream systems. Discharged wastewater is generally loaded with nutrients (N and P) and organic compounds. When discharged directly onto surface water, the large quantities of wastewater easily exceed the natural cleaning capacity of the system, causing pollution and increasing biological oxygen demand.
Legislative measures in India:
(i) The government of India has enacted a number of pieces of legislation, such as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amended in 1998.
(ii) Environment Protection Act 1986, a system of environmental audit introduced to enable the production units to evaluate the raw materials, utilities, and operational efficiencies to effect any possible midcourse corrections and minimize environmental pollution.

Ques 25: Explain with five suitable examples, how the 'level of economic development' and 'nature of terrain' affect the density of roads in India.
Ans: (i) The roads in our villages, towns and cities are bumpy and are not traffic worthy. In villages streets or roads are uneven and if it is dark one may stumble. The Panchayats, municipalities, and corporations are not particular in laying good roads, in mending them. (ii) Even in the cities the roads are not well metalled and there is no footpath. Except in the .main thoroughfares there are no footpaths.
(iii) Jammu & Kashmir has only 10.48 KM road density.
(iv) It is very low ia the Himalayari region and Northeast region
(v) It is also low in plateau areas in India.

Ques 26: (a) In the given political outline Map of the World, four features have been marked as A, B, C and D. Identify these features with the help of information given below and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them. 
A: A major sea port. 
B: A major airport. 
C: The country having the highest density of population in Asia. 
D: An area of extensive commercial grain farming.
(b) Locate and label the following on the given political outline Map of India with appropriate symbols:
(i) Mayurbhanj - iron ore mining area
(ii) A major seaport which has been developed after independence to cater the needs of Western and North-western parts of the country.
(iii) A state having highest female literacy rate.
Ans: (a)
(b)