ANCIENT HISTORY CONTINUED...... | Additional Study Material for UPSC PDF Download

1. #3) INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION(IVC)

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Dr .Wheeler coined the term "Indus", which is the main river of Asia. 

IVC is spread across Pakistan , India , some parts of Afghanistan..

To understnad its extent , here is a picture of IVC extreme ends ..
 SUKTAGENDOR, was originally a port,which later was cut off from sea due to coastal upliftment.

IVC has different group of cities , which were discovered at that time...

# HARAPPA-   in 1921 , it was discovered on the banks of river Ravi by Dayaram Sahni. (to remember Ravi river , connect this with letters RA in haRAppa.)

891 seals made of steatite were discovered( mother Goddess of Fertility made on it.)

Red sandstone naked male torso ( shows traces of Jainism) was discovered.

Citadels, slave habitats were present.

It was established and deestablished 5 times(as they couldn't fight with natural forces.)

# MOHENJODARO- in 1922, it was discovered on river Indus by Rakhal Das Bannerjee (R.D.Bannerjee)

Also called as Mound Of Dead.

established and deestablished 7 times.

Great Bath was found (burnt brick used.)

Great Granary /great hall/ multipillared assembly hall was found.

streets run east to west at 90 degrees.

Bronze dancing girl statue found.

Steatite statue of priest (made of silicate minerals)

Seals bearing Pashupati ( shiva)

Most common animal on seals- Unicorn 

#ROPAR- on the banks of Satluj river (Punjab).

Evidence of burying a dog below the human burial was found.

#LOTHAL- port city , Gujarat.

Artificial brick dockyard .

earliest cultivation of rice.

#KALIBANGAN- on Ghaggar river, Rajasthan.( indicates black bangles)

#KOT DIJI- Pakistan , 5 figures of mother goddess were found.

#SURKOTADA-remains of Horse were found.

alongwith this, there are some latest sites-

#DHOLAVIRA-  in Rann of Kutch , Gujarat , discovered by R.S.Bisht.

#GANVERIVALA - Pakistan discovered by Rafeeq Mugal

#RAKHI GARHI-Jeend , Haryana discovered by Rafeeq Mugal

#KHIRSARA VILLAGE-western Kutch.

IMPORTANT THINGS ABOUT IVC-

* were earliest to produce cotton

*Boustrophedon script (right to left in 1 line and left to right in other)

*chief male diety was Pashupati on seals in yogic posture with 3 faces and 2 horns , surrounded by 4 animals- Tiger, Elephant, Rhino, Buffalo , also 2 deers at his feet.

(to remember, REDBulleT wherein R stands for Rhino, E for elephant, D for deer, B for buffalo, t for tiger.)

*Chief female diety - Mother Goddess

*Sacred tree- Peepal

*Sacred plant- Tulsi

*Sacred animal - Humped Bull

*Burial practices- body lying on its back , head towards north.

*Causes of Decline- Depression in land due to floods

Decreased fertility of soil.

Decline in trade.

Ecological imbalance.

After this Aryans came into existence