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Multiple Choice Questions |
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Romanticism was a cultural movement that originated in the late 18th century in Europe. It emphasized emotion, individualism, nature, and glorified the past, especially the medieval era, opposing the rationalism of the Enlightenment.
Q2: In Prussia, who was referred to as ‘Junkers’?
(a) Military officials
(b) Large landowners
(c) Factory owners
(d) Aristocratic nobles
Ans: (b)
The term ‘Junkers’ was used for the wealthy, conservative landowning class in Prussia. They held significant political power and supported the monarchy and military traditions.
Q3: Who among the following was proclaimed the first King of United Italy?
(a) Nicholas II
(b) King George II
(c) Wilhelm IV
(d) Victor Emmanuel II
Ans: (d)
Victor Emmanuel II was the King of Sardinia-Piedmont and became the first King of a unified Italy in 1861. He played a key role in the Italian unification movement.
Q4: A large number of people were hostile to the Napoleonic code because
(a) it was not suitable for all.
(b) it destroyed the special privileges of the rulers.
(c) administrative changes did not go hand-in-hand with political freedom.
(d) none of the above.
Ans: (c)
Although the Napoleonic Code introduced modern laws and administrative reforms, it often ignored democratic principles. People resented the lack of political freedom and imposition of French control.
Q5: Who, among the following, hosted the Congress at Vienna in 1815?
(a) King of the Netherlands
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Duke Metternich
(d) Otto von Bismarck
Ans: (c)
The Congress of Vienna was hosted by Duke Metternich. It aimed to restore monarchies and balance power in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat.
Q1: Who remarked, “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold”.
Ans: Duke Metternich.
Q2: Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
Ans: Treaty of Constantinople (1832).
Q3: What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
Ans: To oppose monarchical forms of government.
Q4: Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Ans: Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.
Q5: Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848.
Ans: The Greek War of Independence in 1821.
Q2: Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered.
Ans: Napoleon implemented three key reforms in the territories he conquered:
The Napoleonic Code: This legal framework eliminated birth-based privileges, ensuring equality before the law and safeguarding property rights.
Administrative Simplification: Napoleon streamlined administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and emancipated peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
Standardization Measures: He established uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and introduced a common national currency to facilitate the seamless movement and exchange of goods and capital across different regions.
Q3: How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
Or
Describe the role of culture in shaping the feelings of nationalism in Europe from 1830 to the end of the 19th century.
Ans:(i) Culture played a pivotal role in fostering nationalist sentiments, with art, poetry, and music serving as mediums for expressing such feelings. The cultural movement of Romanticism, which prioritized emotions over reason, played a significant role in shaping nationalist ideals.
(ii) Language also played a crucial role in nurturing nationalism. In the face of Russian occupation, the Polish resistance adopted language as a tool of national defiance after an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831.
(iii) Additionally, music and dance played a role in popularizing the spirit of the nation. Romantics like the German philosopher Herder emphasized the importance of discovering true national culture among the common people, or "das volk," through folk songs, poetry, and dances.
Q4: Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.
Ans:
Q5: Describe three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.
Ans: In the 1830s, Europe faced significant economic hardships, which can be summarised as follows:
The term 'liberalism' comes from the Latin word liber, meaning 'free'. For the middle classes, it symbolised:
Despite its focus on equality, liberalism did not advocate for universal suffrage. The right to vote was primarily reserved for men with property, reflecting the social hierarchies of the time. Overall, early 19th-century liberalism laid the groundwork for modern democratic principles, influencing future movements for broader political rights.
Q2: What was the status of France as a state before 1789? Which two political and constitutional changes came in the wake of the French Revolution?
Ans. Before 1789, France was a territorial state governed by an absolute monarch.
The revolutionaries introduced several key changes:
Q3: What happened during the year following 1815 when the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground? Explain.
Ans: (i) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(ii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
(iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy, and the German states.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
(vi) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland.
(vii) Mazzini‘s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
Q4:Explain the process of unification of Italy.
Ans:
Q5: Describe the process of the Unification of Britain.
Or
How has Britain come into existence? Explain.
Ans: Nationalism in Britain differed from that in the rest of Europe in several key aspects:
Gradual Evolution: Unlike many European nations, British nationalism did not emerge suddenly through uprisings or revolutions but developed over an extended period.
Ethnic Diversity: Before the 18th century, there was no unified British nation; instead, the British Isles housed distinct ethnic groups such as the English, Welsh, Scots, and Irish. The English, gaining wealth and influence, gradually extended their dominance over other nations, including Scotland.
English Dominance: The British Parliament, largely composed of English members, sought to suppress Scotland's unique culture and political institutions. This led to restrictions on language, dress, and the expulsion of many Scots.
Bloodless Revolution: In 1688, a bloodless revolution saw the English Parliament wrest power from the monarchy, establishing itself as the focal point of a nation-state.
Incorporation of Scotland and Ireland: The Act of Union in 1707 brought Scotland into the United Kingdom, while Ireland, despite opposition, was forcibly incorporated in 1801.
Parliamentary Action: The formation of the British nation was achieved primarily through parliamentary actions rather than through revolutions or wars.
Cultural Propagation: The creation of a new 'British Nation' involved the promotion of English culture. Symbols like the Union Jack, the national anthem "God Save Our Noble King," and the English language were emphasized, with the older nations becoming subordinate partners in the Union.
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1. What were the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe during the 19th century? | ![]() |
2. How did nationalism influence the unification of Germany and Italy? | ![]() |
3. How did the rise of nationalism impact the Austro-Hungarian Empire? | ![]() |
4. How did nationalism contribute to the outbreak of World War I? | ![]() |
5. How did the rise of nationalism in Europe impact colonialism and imperialism? | ![]() |