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Types of Magnetism

Magnetism in materials depends on how they respond to a magnetic field, which is influenced by their magnetic susceptibility (how much and in what way they can be magnetized). The three main types of magnetism are:

Three types of magnetismThree types of magnetism

1. Dia-magnetism

  • Characteristics: Extremely weak and only present when an external magnetic field is applied. This type of magnetism is not permanent.
  • How it works: When an external magnetic field is applied, it slightly disturbs the electrons in the atoms of the material, causing tiny magnetic effects that oppose the field.
  • Effect: The magnetic effect, known as diamagnetism, has a small magnetic moment that acts in the opposite direction to the applied magnetic field, resulting in a negative magnetic susceptibility.
  •  Examples: Materials like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and silicon (Si) show diamagnetism at room temperature.

Magnetic Properties of Materials | Physics Class 12 - NEET

2. Para-magnetism

  • Characteristics: Slightly stronger than diamagnetism, but still weak. The magnetic effect only exists when an external field is present and disappears once the field is removed.
  • How it works: In para-magnetic materials, atomic dipoles (tiny magnetic orientations) align with the magnetic field when it is applied, creating a positive magnetization.
  • Effect: This alignment is temporary and disrupted by thermal energy (heat) which causes the dipoles to move randomly again. The magnetic susceptibility of these materials is slightly positive.
  • Examples: Aluminum, calcium, and titanium are examples of para-magnetic materials.

Magnetic Properties of Materials | Physics Class 12 - NEET

3. Ferro-magnetism

  • Characteristics: Unlike dia- and para-magnetism, ferro-magnetism allows materials to be permanently magnetized even in the absence of an external magnetic field.
  • How it works: Materials with ferro-magnetism have permanent magnetic moments due to unpaired electron spins that can strongly align with each other even without an external magnetic field.
  • Effect: These materials can have a very high magnetic susceptibility, and their magnetism is strong and permanent up to a certain temperature (Curie temperature). Above this temperature, they behave like para-magnetic materials.
  •  Examples: Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) are typical ferro-magnetic materials.

Magnetic Properties of Materials | Physics Class 12 - NEET

Question for Magnetic Properties of Materials
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Which type of magnetism allows materials to be permanently magnetized even in the absence of an external magnetic field?
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In summary, the type of magnetism a material exhibits depends on its response to magnetic fields and its internal electronic structure. Dia-magnetism is very weak and temporary, para-magnetism is slightly stronger but also temporary, and ferro-magnetism is strong and permanent under normal conditions.

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FAQs on Magnetic Properties of Materials - Physics Class 12 - NEET

1. What are the different types of magnetism?
Ans. The different types of magnetism include ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
2. How do magnetic properties of materials vary based on their composition?
Ans. The magnetic properties of materials vary based on their composition due to the alignment of magnetic moments in the material's structure, leading to different types of magnetism.
3. What is the significance of understanding magnetism in materials science?
Ans. Understanding magnetism in materials science is crucial as it allows for the development of magnetic materials used in various applications such as electronics, data storage, and medical devices.
4. How can magnetism be utilized in everyday life?
Ans. Magnetism can be utilized in everyday life in applications such as magnetic compasses, MRI machines, speakers, and magnetic storage devices like hard drives.
5. How can the magnetic properties of materials be manipulated for specific purposes?
Ans. The magnetic properties of materials can be manipulated for specific purposes through techniques such as applying external magnetic fields, changing the material's composition, or altering its temperature.
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