Applications & Effects of Science & Technology in India | Science & Technology for UPSC CSE PDF Download

India continues to assert itself as a global leader in industrialisation, scientific research, and technological innovation. With the substantial increase in budget allocations for science and technology, the country is poised to make major strides in key sectors.

Significant progress is expected in nuclear energy, as the Department of Atomic Energy receives record funding to expand India’s nuclear capacity with a focus on clean and sustainable energy. The government has also emphasized the role of quantum technology, semiconductors, and AI-based innovations, investing heavily through mission-driven programs.

Nanotechnology remains a transformative force, particularly in pharmaceuticals, where advancements are accelerating drug discovery and targeted therapies. In agriculture, the government is promoting a tech-driven Green Revolution 2.0, encouraging smart farming, biotechnology applications, and climate-resilient practices through digital infrastructure and scientific interventions.

India’s evolving Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) has now moved beyond the 2013 and 2020 frameworks. The STI Policy 2021 (Draft)—expected to be formalized soon—builds on a vision of inclusivity, decentralization, and transparency. It incorporates mechanisms like dynamic policy cycles, periodic evaluations, stakeholder