UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: Geography Paper 2 (Section- A) | Geography Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

1. (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of three locations whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural in not more than 30 words for each entry: (2*10=20)

(i) Vadhawan
(ii) Salkhan
(iii) Coorg
(iv) Mhow
(v) Umroi
(vi) Thoothukundi
(vii) Bargarh
(viii) Atal Tunnel
(ix) Guru Shikhar
(x) Bum La

(i) Vadhawan: Vadhawan is located in Maharashtra along the west coast of India. It is a proposed port site with potential for becoming a major commercial and economic hub, contributing to trade and maritime connectivity.
Significance: Commercial - The development of Vadhawan port will enhance India's maritime trade and reduce the congestion at Mumbai's Jawaharlal Nehru Port.
(ii) Salkhan: Salkhan is situated in Uttar Pradesh. It is famous for the Salkhan Fossils Park, which is home to some of the oldest and well-preserved fossils in the world.
Significance: Environmental - The Salkhan Fossils Park is a unique geological site that provides valuable insights into Earth's history and evolution.
(iii) Coorg: Coorg, also known as Kodagu, is a district in Karnataka. It is a popular tourist destination known for its lush green hills, coffee plantations, and diverse wildlife.
Significance: Ecological - Coorg is part of the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot that supports a wide variety of flora and fauna, including several endangered species.
(iv) Mhow: Mhow, also known as Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, is a cantonment town in Madhya Pradesh. It is an important military center, housing several training institutions for the Indian Army.
Significance: Cultural - Mhow is the birthplace of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, and an important figure in the Indian social reform movement.
(v) Umroi: Umroi is located in the state of Meghalaya, in northeastern India. It is home to the Umroi Airport, which serves as a crucial air connectivity point for the region.
Significance: Economic - Umroi Airport plays a vital role in connecting the northeastern states to the rest of India, promoting economic growth and development in the region.
(vi) Thoothukundi: Thoothukundi, also known as Tuticorin, is a port city in Tamil Nadu located along the southeastern coast of India. It is an important center for pearl fishing and salt production.
Significance: Commercial - Thoothukundi is a major port that facilitates maritime trade and commerce, particularly in the export of salt and pearls.
(vii) Bargarh: Bargarh is a district in the state of Odisha. The region is known for its rich agricultural production, particularly in rice.
Significance: Economic - Bargarh's agricultural productivity contributes to the overall food security and economic growth of Odisha.
(viii) Atal Tunnel: The Atal Tunnel is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh. It is the world's longest highway tunnel above 10,000 feet, connecting Manali to the Lahaul and Spiti Valley.
Significance: Physical - The Atal Tunnel provides all-weather connectivity and reduces travel time between Manali and Leh, thereby improving accessibility in the region.
(ix) Guru Shikhar: Guru Shikhar is the highest peak in the Aravalli Range, located in Rajasthan. It is a popular tourist attraction and pilgrimage site.
Significance: Environmental - Guru Shikhar is an ecological landmark that supports diverse plant and animal life, and plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region.
(x) Bum La: Bum La is a mountain pass located in Arunachal Pradesh, near the Indo-China border. It is an important strategic point, with historical significance in the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
Significance: Physical - Bum La pass is a key strategic location for India's border security and defense, serving as a crucial access point in the mountainous terrain.

(b) Climate change has unsettled the rhythm of seasons. Comment with examples and empirical evidence.        ( 150 words, 10 marks)

Climate change, driven mainly by human-induced factors such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and other land-use changes, has significantly impacted the natural rhythm of seasons across the globe. The shift in seasonal patterns has numerous consequences on ecosystems, agriculture, and human society.

Examples and empirical evidence of the disruption of the seasonal rhythm include:

1. Changes in the timing and duration of spring: Numerous studies have reported earlier snowmelt, earlier flowering of plants, and earlier arrival of migratory birds due to the warming climate. For instance, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that spring events advanced by 2.3 days per decade from 1971 to 2000 in Europe.
2. Longer and more intense summers: Summers have become longer and more extreme, with more frequent and severe heatwaves. For example, the 2003 European heatwave was attributed to climate change and resulted in the death of approximately 70,000 people.
3. Shorter and milder winters: Climate change has led to warmer winters, resulting in reduced snow cover and shorter periods of freezing temperatures. The IPCC reported that the Northern Hemisphere's snow cover extent decreased by approximately 1.6% per decade from 1967 to 2012.
4. Changes in precipitation patterns: Climate change has caused alterations in precipitation patterns, resulting in more intense rainfall events and more prolonged droughts. For instance, a study published in the journal Nature found that the frequency of extreme precipitation events increased by 7% from 1951 to 2010 in Europe and North America.
5. Shifts in monsoon patterns: The Asian monsoon system, which affects billions of people, has experienced changes in its onset and intensity due to climate change. A study published in Science Advances reported that the South Asian monsoon onset has been delayed by approximately 1.2 days per decade from 1979 to 2018.

These disruptions in the rhythm of seasons have significant implications for agriculture, food security, water resources, and biodiversity. Therefore, addressing climate change and its impacts on seasonal patterns is crucial to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems and human well-being.

(c) Discuss the method of crops residue management in rural India to reduce pollution.      ( 150 words, 10 marks)

Crop residue management is a significant aspect of sustainable agriculture, as it helps maintain soil fertility, control weeds, and reduce air pollution caused by the burning of crop residues. In rural India, crop residue management has gained importance due to the increasing concern over air pollution and its impact on human health and the environment. The burning of crop residues, particularly paddy straw and wheat stubble, is a widespread practice in rural India, contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is essential to adopt appropriate crop residue management practices to reduce pollution.

Several methods can be employed for crop residue management in rural India:

1. In-situ management: In this method, crop residues are left in the field and incorporated into the soil using various agricultural implements like rotavators, plows, or disc harrow. This practice helps improve soil fertility and structure, increase water retention capacity, and reduce weed growth. For instance, the conservation agriculture-based practices like zero tillage, reduced tillage, or strip tillage can be adopted to retain crop residues in the field and minimize soil disturbance.
2. Ex-situ management: The crop residues can be collected, transported, and utilized for various purposes outside the field. Some of the ex-situ management practices include:
(a) Composting: Crop residues can be decomposed into compost through aerobic or anaerobic processes. The compost can be used as organic manure to improve soil fertility and productivity. Vermicomposting, a process in which earthworms help decompose organic matter, is also gaining popularity in rural India.
(b) Biomass briquettes: Crop residues can be converted into biomass briquettes or pellets, which can be used as a renewable source of energy in cooking and heating applications. This not only reduces pollution but also provides an additional source of income for farmers.
(c) Bio-energy production: Crop residues can be used as raw material for bio-energy production, such as bioethanol, biogas, or bioelectricity. For example, Punjab has set up a few biomass-based power plants that utilize rice straw as a primary feedstock to generate electricity.
(d) Animal fodder: Crop residues, especially from cereal crops like wheat, rice, and maize, can be used as fodder for livestock. This practice can help meet the demand for animal feed and reduce the pressure on natural resources.
3. Crop diversification: Introducing crop rotation and intercropping systems can reduce the dependency on a single crop and help utilize crop residues more effectively. For instance, including leguminous crops like pulses and oilseeds in the cropping system can help fix atmospheric nitrogen and improve soil fertility.
4. Awareness and capacity building: Educating farmers about the negative impacts of crop residue burning and the benefits of various crop residue management practices is crucial. Training and capacity building programs can be organized to equip farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills to adopt sustainable farming practices.
5. Policy interventions: Government policies and incentives can play a vital role in promoting crop residue management practices. For example, the government can provide subsidies for purchasing agricultural machinery, such as balers, straw choppers, and rotavators, that facilitate crop residue management. Additionally, promoting research and development in cost-effective technologies for crop residue utilization can help reduce pollution and contribute to rural development.

In conclusion, effective crop residue management practices in rural India can significantly reduce pollution and promote sustainable agriculture. Adopting a combination of in-situ and ex-situ management techniques, crop diversification, awareness generation, and supportive policy interventions can help achieve this goal.

(d) Has the regional aspiration of the people of Jammu and Kashmir been addressed through the re-organization of the state? Make an assessment.( 150 words, 10 marks)

The re-organization of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has been a significant development in the political landscape of India. On August 5, 2019, the government of India revoked the special status granted to the state under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution and bifurcated the state into two Union Territories - Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. This move aimed to address the regional aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir and to bring about greater integration with the rest of the country.

However, the extent to which the re-organization has addressed regional aspirations is a matter of debate. Here's an assessment of the situation:
1. Integration and Development: One of the primary reasons behind the re-organization was to ensure better integration of the region with the rest of the country and to spur economic development. The government claims that the new arrangement will bring in more investment, create jobs, and improve infrastructure in the region. Some people in Jammu and Ladakh have welcomed the move, as they believe it will address their long-standing grievances related to development and employment opportunities.
2. Autonomy and Identity: The revocation of Article 370 has also led to concerns about the erosion of the unique identity of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The special status provided under Article 370 allowed the state to have its own constitution, flag, and control over internal administrative matters. The removal of this special status has been seen by many as an infringement of the autonomy and identity of the region, thus not addressing the aspirations of a significant section of the population.
3. Political Representation: The re-organization of the state has also raised questions about political representation. The bifurcation of the state into two Union Territories means that the people of Jammu and Kashmir will no longer have a state government and will be governed directly by the central government through the office of the Lieutenant Governor. This has been seen as a dilution of the region's political autonomy and a setback to the aspirations of the people who seek greater control over their affairs.
4. Security and Peace: The re-organization has also been accompanied by a massive security clampdown in the region, with restrictions on movement, communication, and civil liberties. While the government claims that these measures are necessary to maintain law and order, the heavy security presence has led to a sense of alienation and mistrust among the people. Many argue that the re-organization has not addressed the underlying issues of alienation and militancy in the region and may, in fact, exacerbate them.

In conclusion, the re-organization of Jammu and Kashmir has been a mixed bag in terms of addressing regional aspirations. While it may have addressed some issues related to integration and development, it has also raised concerns about autonomy, identity, political representation, and peace in the region. The long-term impact of these changes on the aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir remains to be seen.

Q.2. (a) Identifying areas covered under the tribal sum-plan, discuss the programmers initiated to address their problems.    ( 250 words, 20 marks)

The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) is a strategy initiated by the Government of India to ensure the socio-economic development of the tribal population. It aims to bridge the gap between the tribal population and the rest of the population in terms of development indicators. The Tribal Sub-Plan areas are predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Tribes and cover about 15% of the country's geographical area. These areas are spread across various states in India, including Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, and the northeastern states.

Several programs have been initiated to address the problems faced by the tribal population in these areas:
1. Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP): ITDPs aim to ensure the overall development of tribals in TSP areas by providing infrastructure, education, health and other basic amenities. Under this program, various projects related to road construction, irrigation, schools, and health facilities are implemented.
2. Modified Area Development Approach (MADA): This program focuses on the development of clusters of villages with a minimum of 50% tribal population. It aims to provide socio-economic infrastructure and services to these clusters to improve the quality of life of tribals.
3. Special Central Assistance (SCA) to TSP: The SCA is a central government grant provided to states for the implementation of family-oriented income-generating schemes in TSP areas. The objective of SCA is to create productive assets and generate income for Scheduled Tribes.
4. National Livelihood Mission (NRLM): The NRLM is aimed at improving the livelihood security of the rural poor, including the tribal population, by providing them with self-employment opportunities, skill development and training, and access to credit facilities.
5. Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY): This is a welfare scheme launched by the Government of India for the holistic development of tribal communities. It aims to improve the quality of life of tribals by focusing on education, health, livelihood, and infrastructure development.
6. PESA (Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act: The PESA Act aims to strengthen the local governance system in tribal areas by empowering Gram Panchayats (village councils) and giving them decision-making authority in matters related to the management of natural resources and development projects.
7. Forest Rights Act (FRA): The FRA recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling communities, including Scheduled Tribes, over their traditional lands and resources. It gives them legal recognition and protection, ensuring their livelihood and social security.

Examples of specific programs for tribal development include:

1. Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): These are residential schools established in TSP areas to provide quality education to tribal students.
2. Ashram Schools: These are residential schools established in tribal areas to provide education and boarding facilities to tribal students.
3. Skill development initiatives: Various skill development programs are organized by the government, NGOs, and private institutions to equip the tribal youth with employable skills.
4. Healthcare initiatives: The government has established various healthcare facilities, including mobile clinics and primary health centers, in tribal areas to improve access to healthcare services.

In conclusion, the Tribal Sub-Plan has been instrumental in addressing the development needs of the tribal population in India. Various programs and schemes have been initiated under the TSP to ensure the holistic development of tribal areas, focusing on education, health, livelihood, and infrastructure development. However, there is a need to ensure effective implementation and monitoring of these programs to bring about significant improvement in the lives of the tribal population.

(b) Soil type in India, classified on the basis of color, possess specific chemical and mineral characteristics. Discuss. ( 150 words, 15 marks)

In India, the classification of soil types based on their color is a common practice. The color of the soil is an important indicator of its chemical and mineralogical composition. Indian soils are broadly classified into eight major groups, each possessing specific chemical and mineral characteristics. Here, we will discuss the soil types classified based on color and their respective characteristics.
1. Red soils: These soils are mainly found in the regions of low rainfall, such as the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan Plateau, the Chota Nagpur Plateau, and the Aravalli range. The red color is due to the presence of iron oxides, which give these soils a reddish hue. These soils are generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter, and rich in potassium. They are also well-drained and aerated, making them suitable for cultivation of crops like cotton, groundnut, and tobacco.
2. Black soils: Also known as Regur or Black Cotton Soils, these soils are found in the Deccan Plateau, particularly in the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. The black color is due to the presence of titaniferous magnetite and high proportions of montmorillonite clay minerals. These soils are rich in calcium, potassium, and magnesium, but poor in nitrogen and phosphorus. They are characterized by high water retention capacity and are suitable for cotton cultivation.
3. Alluvial soils: These soils are found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Brahmaputra Valley, the coastal plains, and the river valleys. The color of these soils varies from light grey to ash grey. They are formed by the deposition of sediments brought by rivers and are rich in nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. These soils are highly fertile and suitable for the cultivation of crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and vegetables.
4. Laterite soils: These soils are found in areas with high rainfall and high temperature, such as the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats, and the northeastern states. The color of laterite soils ranges from red to yellow. They are characterized by high acidity and low fertility due to the leaching of minerals like iron and aluminum oxides. These soils are suitable for the cultivation of crops like tea, coffee, rubber, and cashew.
5. Desert soils: These soils are found in the arid and semi-arid regions of western Rajasthan and Gujarat. The color of desert soils ranges from red to brown. They are characterized by low organic matter content, high salt content, and low water retention capacity. These soils are not suitable for agriculture unless irrigated.
6. Saline and alkaline soils: These soils are found in the semi-arid and arid regions, particularly in parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. The color varies from grey to dark grey. They are characterized by high salt content and alkalinity, which makes them unsuitable for agriculture without proper treatment.
7. Peaty and marshy soils: These soils are found in the humid regions of India, particularly in parts of Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam. The color of these soils is dark grey to black. They are characterized by high organic matter content and poor drainage, which makes them unsuitable for agriculture without proper management.
8. Forest and hill soils: These soils are found in the hilly regions of India, such as the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and the Eastern Ghats. The color of these soils varies from brown to dark brown. They are characterized by low fertility, high acidity, and poor drainage, which makes them suitable for the cultivation of plantation crops like tea, coffee, and spices.

In conclusion, the color-based classification of soil types in India provides valuable information about their chemical and mineralogical characteristics, which in turn helps in determining their suitability for various agricultural practices. The diverse soil types found in India support a wide variety of crops and contribute significantly to the country's agricultural production.

(c) The Pharmaceutical industry in India depend on the import of raw material. Evaluate this statement in view of the Indo-Chinese relationship.      ( 150 words, 15 marks)

The pharmaceutical industry in India is one of the largest and most rapidly growing sectors in the country, contributing significantly to the economy and providing affordable healthcare to millions across the globe. However, the industry heavily relies on the import of raw materials, particularly Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), to manufacture various drugs. A significant proportion of these APIs are imported from China, which has led to concerns over India's dependency on China for its pharmaceutical needs.

The Indo-Chinese relationship has been marked by a mixture of cooperation and competition, with both countries having their fair share of disputes and collaborations. In recent years, the relationship has been strained due to border issues, economic and trade imbalances, and strategic competition in the region. This has raised questions over the sustainability of India's reliance on China for its pharmaceutical raw materials.

There are several reasons why India's pharmaceutical industry is dependent on Chinese imports:

1. Cost-Effectiveness: China offers APIs and other raw materials at highly competitive prices, making it a preferred source for Indian manufacturers. The low cost of production in China, coupled with economies of scale, has made it difficult for Indian manufacturers to compete with their Chinese counterparts in the global market.
2. Lack of Domestic Capacity: India has not invested enough in building its capacity for manufacturing APIs and other raw materials required by the pharmaceutical industry. This has resulted in a dependence on imports to meet the growing demand for medicines.
3. Trade Imbalances: India's trade deficit with China has been growing, with the pharmaceutical sector being one of the major contributors to this imbalance. India's imports of APIs from China far exceed the exports of finished pharmaceutical products to China.

The dependency on China for pharmaceutical raw materials has several implications for the Indian pharmaceutical industry:
1. Supply Chain Vulnerabilities: The overreliance on Chinese imports exposes the Indian pharmaceutical industry to potential supply chain disruptions. Any political or economic instability in China or deterioration in the bilateral relationship could affect the availability and prices of APIs, thereby impacting the production of medicines in India.
2. Loss of Self-Sufficiency: India's dependence on Chinese APIs undermines its goal of becoming a self-sufficient and globally competitive pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, it also exposes the country to potential health risks in case of supply shortages or substandard raw materials.
3. Strategic Leverage: China's dominance in the pharmaceutical raw material market provides it with significant leverage over India in bilateral negotiations and strategic interactions, which could be used to China's advantage in case of conflicts or disputes.

To address these concerns and reduce dependency on Chinese imports, the Indian government has initiated various measures such as:
1. Promotion of Domestic Manufacturing: The government has launched schemes and incentives to promote the domestic production of APIs and other raw materials, such as the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme and the establishment of Bulk Drug Parks.
2. Diversification of Suppliers: India is exploring alternative sources for APIs and raw materials, such as the United States, European countries, and other Asian nations, to reduce dependence on China.
3. Strengthening Quality Control: Efforts are being made to improve the quality control mechanisms for imported APIs and raw materials, as well as enhancing the regulatory framework for the pharmaceutical industry.

In conclusion, India's dependency on Chinese imports for its pharmaceutical raw materials is a significant concern, given the uncertainties and complexities of the Indo-Chinese relationship. To ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of the Indian pharmaceutical industry, it is crucial to invest in domestic manufacturing capabilities, diversify suppliers, and strengthen quality control mechanisms.

Q.3. (a) India has opened up its space to private sectors for satellite-based activities. Critically examine its implications indicating the major security concerns. ( 250 words, 20 marks)

The Indian government's decision to open up its space sector to private players for satellite-based activities has been widely considered a significant reform in the country's space program. This move aims to enhance the participation of the private sector in the research, development, and commercialization of space operations. It is expected to boost innovation, create new opportunities, and help India become a global space technology hub.

However, the opening up of the space sector to private entities also raises several critical implications and security concerns. These concerns can be broadly categorized into three main areas: technological security, national security, and the risk of the proliferation of dual-use technology.

1. Technological security: Private companies may not have the same level of expertise, resources, and capabilities as the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which has a long history of successful space missions. The involvement of private players in satellite-based activities may lead to a lack of standardization in technology and quality control, which could pose a risk to the overall reliability and security of India's space assets. For example, the failure of a privately developed satellite could damage other satellites in orbit, causing a ripple effect on India's space infrastructure.

2. National security: The involvement of private entities in satellite-based activities raises concerns about the potential leakage of sensitive information, technologies, and intellectual property. Private companies may not have the same level of commitment to national security as government agencies, and there is a risk that they may share critical information with unauthorized or hostile entities, either intentionally or unintentionally. For instance, the 2019 incident involving the US-based company Planet Labs, which released high-resolution satellite images of the Balakot airstrike site, raised questions about the security of satellite data and its potential misuse.

3. Proliferation of dual-use technology: Satellites and space technologies have both civilian and military applications, and the involvement of the private sector in satellite-based activities could lead to the proliferation of dual-use technology. This is particularly concerning in the context of India's geopolitical environment, with hostile neighbors such as Pakistan and China. The risk of sensitive technology falling into the wrong hands could have serious consequences for India's national security. For example, satellite technology can be used for precision-guided missiles, which could pose a significant threat to the country's strategic assets.

To address these concerns, the Indian government must establish a robust regulatory framework and oversight mechanism to ensure that private entities adhere to strict guidelines and maintain the highest standards of security and quality control. The government should also invest in capacity building and technology transfer to enable private players to develop cutting-edge space technology and infrastructure, while safeguarding national security interests.

In conclusion, while opening up India's space sector to private players has the potential to revolutionize its space program and boost economic growth, it also raises significant security concerns. It is crucial for the government to strike a balance between promoting private sector participation and protecting the country's strategic interests, to ensure the sustainable growth of India's space capabilities.

(b) Identify oilseeds producing areas in India and discuss the measure to promote the edible oil industry. ( 150 words, 15 marks)

India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world, accounting for around 8% of global oilseed production. The major oilseeds produced in India include groundnut, soybean, rapeseed/mustard, sesame, sunflower, safflower, niger, and linseed. The main oilseed producing areas in India can be identified as follows:
1. Groundnut: The major groundnut producing states are Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The coastal regions of Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, along with the Deccan Plateau, are primary groundnut producing areas.
2. Soybean: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan are the leading soybean producing states in India. The Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh and the Marathwada region in Maharashtra are the major soybean producing areas.
3. Rapeseed/Mustard: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat are the main rapeseed/mustard producing states. The mustard belt of India includes the states of Rajasthan, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
4. Sesame: Major sesame producing states include Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. The areas of Saurashtra in Gujarat, Gangetic plains in Uttar Pradesh, and the coastal regions of West Bengal are significant sesame producing zones.
5. Sunflower: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Telangana are the leading sunflower producing states in India. The Deccan plateau and the northern transition zone of Karnataka are the major sunflower producing areas.
6. Safflower: Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh are the primary safflower producing states. The regions of Marathwada in Maharashtra and the Deccan plateau in Karnataka are significant safflower producing areas.
7. Niger: Niger seed production is mainly concentrated in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. The central highlands of Madhya Pradesh and the tribal belt of Chhattisgarh are the major niger seed producing areas.
8. Linseed: Linseed production is mainly found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra. The central highlands of Madhya Pradesh and the Gangetic plains in Uttar Pradesh are significant linseed producing regions.

Measures to promote the edible oil industry in India:

1. Enhancing productivity: To increase the production of oilseeds, there is a need to improve productivity through the adoption of high-yielding varieties, better agronomic practices, and efficient use of inputs such as fertilizers and irrigation.
2. Expanding the area under oilseeds cultivation: Promotion of oilseed crops in non-traditional areas, intercropping with other crops, and increasing the area under oilseed cultivation in rain-fed regions can help in increasing the production of oilseeds.
3. Strengthening research and development: Focus on research and development to develop improved varieties of oilseeds, resistant to pests and diseases, and suitable for different agro-climatic conditions is essential for the growth of the edible oil industry.
4. Providing financial support and incentives: Government support in the form of subsidies on inputs, credit facilities, and insurance schemes can encourage farmers to grow oilseeds and expand the edible oil industry.
5. Promoting value addition and processing: Encouraging the establishment of oilseed processing units and promoting value addition through the production of blended oils, fortified oils, and specialty fats can help in expanding the edible oil industry.
6. Market development and export promotion: Strengthening domestic market linkages, promoting exports, and creating a conducive policy environment for trade in oilseeds and edible oils can help in the growth of the edible oil industry.
7. Creating awareness and promoting consumption: Initiatives to create awareness about the health benefits of various edible oils and promoting their consumption through targeted campaigns and educational programs can help in increasing the demand for edible oils in India.

(c) Give a reasoned geographical account of changing rural folk houses in India. ( 150 words, 15 marks)

The rural folk houses in India have undergone significant changes over the years due to various factors such as climate, topography, culture, and socio-economic conditions. These changes are influenced by the availability of resources, traditional construction techniques, and the influence of external factors such as urbanization and modernization. Here, we will provide a reasoned geographical account of the changing rural folk houses in India with examples.

1. Climate and topography: The geography of India is diverse, which has led to the development of various types of rural folk houses depending on the climatic conditions and topography of the region. For instance, in the flood-prone areas of Assam and Bengal, houses are built on stilts to protect them from floods. However, with changing climatic conditions such as increased frequency and intensity of floods, these houses are being modified to better withstand the challenges posed by the changing environment.

2. Availability of resources: The rural folk houses in India are primarily built using locally available materials such as mud, bamboo, wood, and thatch. However, with the depletion of natural resources and increasing demand for construction materials, rural communities have started using alternative materials such as bricks, cement, and corrugated iron sheets. This has resulted in a shift from traditional housing styles to more modern and durable structures.

3. Traditional construction techniques: Rural India has a rich tradition of indigenous construction techniques which have evolved over generations. However, with the introduction of modern construction methods and materials, these traditional techniques are gradually disappearing. For example, the use of mud and thatch in building houses is being replaced by bricks and cement, which offer better durability and resistance to natural disasters.

4. Urbanization and modernization: As urban centers expand, villages in the vicinity are influenced by the urban lifestyle, leading to a change in the rural housing patterns. The influence of urban architecture can be seen in the design of rural folk houses, which are now being built with concrete and other modern materials. This has led to a decline in the traditional architectural styles and the adoption of more contemporary designs.

5. Socio-economic conditions: The socio-economic conditions of rural India have also played a significant role in the changing rural folk houses. With increasing income levels and access to better amenities, the rural population is now able to invest in better housing facilities. This has led to the construction of multi-storied houses with modern amenities, replacing the traditional single-story structures.

Some examples of changing rural folk houses in India:

(a) The traditional houses of Kerala, known as Nalukettu, were built with a central courtyard and sloping roofs to protect the house from heavy monsoon rains. However, modern houses in Kerala are now being built with concrete and flat roofs, which are not suitable for the region's climate.
(b) In Rajasthan, the traditional houses were built with thick mud walls to provide insulation from the extreme heat. However, modern houses in rural Rajasthan are being built with bricks and cement, which do not provide the same level of insulation.
(c) In the hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, traditional houses were built with wooden frames and sloping roofs to withstand heavy snowfall. However, due to the scarcity of wood and the influence of urban architecture, modern houses in these regions are now being built with concrete and flat roofs.

In conclusion, the rural folk houses in India have undergone significant changes over the years due to various geographical factors such as climate, topography, and the availability of resources. The influence of urbanization and modernization, along with changing socio-economic conditions, has further contributed to this transformation. As a result, the traditional rural housing styles are gradually being replaced by more contemporary designs and construction techniques.

Q. 4. (a) Border are development is an important national priority. What are the resilient steps needed for peaceful borders?    ( 250 words, 20 marks)

Border area development is indeed an important national priority, as it not only ensures the security and territorial integrity of a nation but also helps in the socio-economic development of the region. Peaceful borders are essential for fostering cooperation and harmony between neighboring countries.
Some of the resilient steps needed for peaceful borders are:
1. Strengthening border security: Adequate security measures must be in place to prevent infiltration, smuggling, and illegal activities. This includes deploying more border security personnel, installing surveillance equipment, and constructing border fencing where necessary. For example, the United States has been working on strengthening its border with Mexico by increasing border patrol agents and constructing a border wall.
2. Diplomatic engagement: Regular dialogues, meetings, and negotiations between neighboring countries can help in resolving border disputes and fostering a better understanding of each other's concerns. The India-China border talks and the India-Pakistan Indus Water Treaty are examples of diplomatic engagement aimed at maintaining peace along the borders.
3. Cross-border cooperation: Encouraging cross-border trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges can help in building trust and mutual understanding between neighboring countries. The European Union, with its open borders and free movement of people and goods, is an example of cross-border cooperation that has contributed to peace and stability in the region.
4. Infrastructure development: Investing in infrastructure such as roads, railways, and telecommunications in border areas can help in the overall development of the region and improve connectivity with the mainland. The construction of the Bogibeel Bridge in India, which connects the northeastern states with the rest of the country, is an example of infrastructure development in border areas.
5. Socio-economic development: Ensuring the socio-economic development of border areas by providing better education, healthcare, and employment opportunities can help in reducing the alienation of people living in these regions. The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) in India aims at providing essential services and infrastructure in border villages.
6. Environmental conservation: Border areas often have unique ecosystems that need to be protected and conserved. Joint efforts by neighboring countries in safeguarding the environment can contribute to peaceful borders. The Sundarbans mangrove forest, which is shared by India and Bangladesh, is a good example of environmental conservation across borders.
7. Confidence-building measures: Regular interaction between border security forces, joint military exercises, and exchange of information can help in building trust and confidence between neighboring countries. The annual Indo-Pak border security meeting at the Wagah-Attari border is an example of confidence-building measures.
8. Conflict resolution mechanisms: Establishing effective conflict resolution mechanisms can help in addressing and resolving border disputes in a peaceful manner. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) are examples of institutions that help in resolving international disputes.

In conclusion, the development of border areas is crucial for national security and overall socio-economic progress. By adopting resilient steps such as enhancing border security, engaging in diplomacy, promoting cross-border cooperation, investing in infrastructure, ensuring socio-economic development, conserving the environment, and building confidence, peaceful borders can be achieved. This will help in fostering harmony, cooperation, and regional stability.

(b) Stunting and wasting among children are major consequences of food insecurity. Discuss various schemes of the Government of India to address insecurity. Address these problems and their achievements. ( 150 words, 15 marks)

Stunting and wasting among children are significant consequences of food insecurity in India. Stunting refers to the impaired growth and development of children due to prolonged malnutrition, while wasting refers to a low weight-for-height ratio, indicating acute undernutrition. Both these conditions have long-term negative impacts on the cognitive and physical development of children, affecting their future productivity and earnings, as well as the overall human capital of the country.

The Government of India has launched several schemes and programs aimed at addressing food insecurity and improving the nutritional status of children in the country.
Some of these schemes are:
1. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): This is one of the largest and oldest programs in India, launched in 1975. ICDS aims to provide an integrated package of services, including supplementary nutrition, health care, and pre-school non-formal education to children below six years of age, pregnant women, and nursing mothers. The program has played a significant role in reducing malnutrition levels among children and improving their overall health status.
2. Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDM): Launched in 1995, the Mid-Day Meal Scheme provides cooked meals to children in government and government-aided schools during lunch hours. The primary objectives of the scheme are to increase enrollment and retention of children in schools and improve their nutritional status. According to various studies, the MDM has been successful in increasing school attendance and reducing the drop-out rates, particularly among girls.
3. National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013: This Act aims to ensure food and nutritional security for the vulnerable sections of society by providing them with subsidized food grains through the Public Distribution System (PDS). The Act covers up to 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population, providing them with 5 kg of food grains per person per month at highly subsidized prices.
4. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): This scheme was launched in 2017 to provide cash incentives to pregnant women and lactating mothers for the first living child. The objective of the program is to improve maternal health and nutrition, reduce child mortality, and enhance early childhood development.
5. POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched in 2018, the POSHAN Abhiyaan aims to reduce the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and anemia among children, adolescents, and women. The program focuses on improving nutritional outcomes through convergence, use of technology, and capacity-building of frontline workers.

Despite the implementation of these schemes and programs, India still faces significant challenges in addressing food insecurity and malnutrition among children. Some of the achievements and challenges related to these schemes include:

(1) ICDS has been successful in providing a wide range of services to millions of children and pregnant women across the country. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, lack of trained workforce, and low coverage of beneficiaries still persist.
(2) The MDM scheme has improved school enrollment and retention rates, but the quality and nutritional value of the meals provided need to be enhanced. Moreover, there have been instances of corruption and mismanagement in the implementation of the scheme.
(3) The NFSA has ensured food security for a large section of the population, but leakages and inefficiencies in the PDS system need to be addressed.
(4) PMMVY has shown initial success in providing cash incentives to pregnant women and lactating mothers, but the coverage and awareness of the scheme need to be expanded.
(5) POSHAN Abhiyaan, being a relatively new program, has been successful in creating awareness about nutrition and promoting convergence among various stakeholders. However, its long-term impact on reducing stunting, wasting, and anemia rates needs to be assessed.

In conclusion, the Government of India has made significant efforts to address food insecurity and malnutrition among children through various schemes and programs. However, there is a need to improve the implementation, coverage, and effectiveness of these schemes to achieve the desired nutritional outcomes for the country's young population.

(c) The Essential Commodities (Amendment)Bill 2020 aims to deregulate the production, supply, and distribution of farm produce. Critically examine its spatial consequences.     ( 150 words, 15 marks)

The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020, passed by the Indian Parliament, aims to deregulate the production, supply, and distribution of farm produce, including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, edible oils, onion, and potatoes. The primary objective of this amendment is to remove the barriers to inter-state and intra-state trade and commerce of agricultural produce, promote a competitive market environment, and attract private investments in the agricultural sector.

Spatial consequences of the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020 can be observed in various dimensions:
1. Regional growth and development: The deregulation of farm produce can lead to the growth of the agricultural sector in specific regions with favorable agro-climatic conditions, better infrastructure, and market connectivity. For example, states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, which are already known for their agricultural productivity, may benefit from the deregulation and attract private investments, leading to further growth.
2. Inter-state disparities: The deregulation might lead to widening disparities between agriculturally advanced states and those with weaker agricultural infrastructure. For instance, states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and the northeastern states, which have comparatively lower agricultural productivity, may face difficulties in competing with the more developed states in terms of investments, market access, and overall growth.
3. Rural-urban linkages: The amendment can potentially strengthen rural-urban linkages by promoting the establishment of agro-based industries, storage facilities, and transportation networks in rural areas. For example, the deregulation of onion and potato production might lead to the development of cold storage facilities in rural areas, thereby generating employment opportunities and improving the standard of living for the rural population.
4. Land use pattern changes: The deregulation of farm produce might lead to a shift in land use patterns, as farmers may be more inclined to cultivate cash crops that have higher market demand. This could result in a decrease in the cultivation of traditional food crops, leading to concerns about food security and ecological balance.
5. Environmental consequences: The focus on enhancing productivity and maximizing profits may lead to the overexploitation of natural resources, such as groundwater and soil, and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This could have adverse effects on the environment, such as soil degradation, groundwater depletion, and loss of biodiversity.
6. Market fluctuations and price volatility: As the agricultural market becomes more competitive, there might be increased fluctuations in the prices of essential commodities, which could adversely affect the farmers as well as the consumers. For example, the deregulation of onion prices in the past has led to significant price volatility, causing distress to both farmers and consumers.

In conclusion, while the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020 aims to promote the growth of the agricultural sector by removing barriers to trade and attracting private investments, its spatial consequences need to be critically examined. The potential benefits of deregulation, such as regional growth and rural-urban linkages, should be weighed against the possible adverse effects, such as widening inter-state disparities, environmental degradation, and market fluctuations. Therefore, it is essential to adopt a balanced approach that addresses these concerns while promoting the growth of the agricultural sector.