UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2020: PSIR Paper 2 (Section- B) | PSIR Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Q.5. Answer the following in about 150 words each:        (10 x 5 = 50 marks)
a) Describe the structure and function of the National Security Council of India. What role does it play in the formulation of Indian foreign policy?

The National Security Council (NSC) of India is the apex body responsible for coordinating and reviewing national security and foreign policy matters. It was established in 1998 to address the emerging challenges to India's national security. The NSC comprises the Prime Minister as its head, the Ministers of Defense, External Affairs, Home Affairs, and Finance, the National Security Advisor (NSA), and other top bureaucrats. The NSC's primary function is to advise the Prime Minister on strategic and security issues, coordinate inter-ministerial activities, and formulate policy on various security matters. In the context of Indian foreign policy, the NSC plays a significant role in shaping India's strategic objectives, providing inputs on diplomatic initiatives, and ensuring a cohesive approach to international relations.

b) Outline the reasons for the low volume of trade in the SAARC region.

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization consisting of eight member countries. However, the region has a low volume of trade due to several factors, including political tensions, lack of trust, and unresolved territorial issues among member countries. Additionally, high tariff and non-tariff barriers, inadequate regional connectivity, and poor infrastructure contribute to the low trade volume. The limited progress in regional economic integration and the lack of a common vision among SAARC countries also impede trade growth in the region.

c) Analyze the impact of hydro politics on Indo-Bangladesh relations.

 Hydro politics refers to the politics surrounding water resources, particularly in the context of shared rivers. The Ganges-Brahmaputra river system, shared by India and Bangladesh, has been a significant point of contention between the two countries. The primary issue revolves around water sharing, with Bangladesh accusing India of constructing upstream dams and barrages that reduce water flow downstream. This has resulted in water scarcity, affecting agriculture, fisheries, and the livelihoods of millions of people in Bangladesh. While the two countries have signed agreements to address these concerns, such as the Ganges Water Treaty, contentious issues remain unresolved. These disputes have strained Indo-Bangladesh relations and hindered cooperation in other areas.

d) Discuss the future prospects of Indo-Nepal relations in the context of the recent publication of new Nepalese map wrongly claiming Indian territory.

The recent publication of a new Nepalese map claiming Indian territory has added a new dimension to Indo-Nepal relations. This move has been met with strong objections from the Indian government, which maintains that the territory rightfully belongs to India. The incident has led to increased tensions between the two countries, with diplomatic efforts underway to resolve the issue amicably. The future prospects of Indo-Nepal relations depend on the resolution of this territorial dispute and the ability of both countries to rebuild trust and cooperation. Strengthening bilateral ties, focusing on people-to-people contacts, and promoting economic and cultural exchanges could help improve relations in the long run.

e) How does cross-border terrorism impede the achievements of peace and security in South Asia?

Cross-border terrorism poses a grave threat to peace and security in South Asia. It involves the infiltration of terrorists from one country to another, with the intent of carrying out attacks and destabilizing the target country. This has been particularly evident in the India-Pakistan context, where terrorist groups have conducted numerous attacks on Indian soil, resulting in the loss of lives and property. Cross-border terrorism complicates diplomatic efforts to resolve disputes and build trust among countries in the region. It also diverts resources from economic development and social welfare programs, as countries are forced to allocate significant amounts of their budgets to defense and counter-terrorism measures. The persistence of cross-border terrorism in South Asia undermines regional stability and hampers efforts to achieve lasting peace and security. 

Q.6. Answer the following:
a) How do the guiding principles of India-Africa relations seek to enhance harmony and mutual cooperation between India and Africa?          (20 Marks)

The guiding principles of India-Africa relations are centered on fostering a mutually beneficial partnership that enhances harmony, socio-economic development, and political cooperation between India and Africa. These principles are based on several key aspects, including historical ties, shared values, developmental needs, and common challenges. The India-Africa partnership is anchored in the following principles:
1. Shared historical and cultural ties: India and Africa have a rich history of cultural, political, and economic interactions, dating back to the ancient civilizations. These historical ties have laid the foundation for a strong partnership between the two regions, with both sides recognizing their shared past and working together to address contemporary challenges.
2. Respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity: India and Africa are committed to respecting each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and they oppose any form of intervention in the internal affairs of other countries. This principle ensures that the partnership between India and Africa is based on mutual respect and equality.
3. Non-interference and peaceful coexistence: Both India and Africa believe in the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and peaceful coexistence. This approach is aimed at fostering a relationship built on trust and cooperation, rather than rivalry and conflict.
4. South-South cooperation: As developing nations, both India and Africa face similar challenges in terms of socio-economic development, poverty alleviation, and technology transfer. The partnership between the two regions seeks to enhance South-South cooperation by sharing experiences, best practices, and resources in various areas, including agriculture, education, health, and infrastructure development.
5. Focus on capacity building and human resource development: India and Africa recognize the importance of capacity building and human resource development as crucial components of sustainable development. India has been actively involved in providing technical assistance, training, and scholarships to African students and professionals, aiming to build a skilled workforce that can drive the continent's development.
6. Trade and investment: India-Africa relations have witnessed a considerable increase in trade and investment in recent years. Both sides are committed to promoting economic integration and the expansion of trade, investment, and technology transfers, which is expected to contribute to the socio-economic development of the two regions.
7. Multilateralism and global governance: India and Africa are committed to promoting multilateralism and working together to reform global governance institutions, such as the United Nations, to ensure that they are more representative and inclusive of the interests of developing countries.
Some examples of India-Africa cooperation include:
(a) The India-Africa Forum Summit: This platform was established in 2008 to enhance the partnership between India and Africa in various fields, including economic cooperation, capacity building, and political dialogue. The summits have resulted in several initiatives like the Pan-African e-Network Project, which provides tele-education and telemedicine services across Africa.
(b) Development assistance: India has provided lines of credit worth billions of dollars to African countries to finance development projects in areas such as agriculture, energy, infrastructure, and education.
(c) Technical assistance and capacity building: India has been offering training programs for African professionals through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program, enabling them to acquire new skills and knowledge in various fields.
In conclusion, the guiding principles of India-Africa relations focus on creating a partnership that promotes harmony, mutual respect, and cooperation in various areas, fostering sustainable development and shared prosperity for both regions. By working together in areas such as trade, investment, capacity building, and global governance, India and Africa can overcome common challenges and contribute to a more equitable and inclusive world order. 

b) What are the notable features of the recently concluded pact or the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) between India and Japan? How is it likely to address the security concerns of India?          (15 Marks)

The Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) between India and Japan is a significant defense pact that aims to strengthen the strategic partnership between the two countries. The notable features of the ACSA include:
1. Logistics Support: The agreement facilitates the exchange of supplies, spare parts, and services between the armed forces of India and Japan. For example, the Indian Navy could access fuel and other supplies from the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force during joint exercises or humanitarian assistance missions.
2. Interoperability: The ACSA enhances the interoperability between the Indian and Japanese militaries by streamlining the procedures for mutual support during joint exercises, training, and operations. This allows both countries to work more seamlessly together, thereby increasing the overall effectiveness of their joint efforts.
3. Geostrategic Significance: The ACSA holds tremendous geostrategic significance for both India and Japan, as it enables them to better respond to regional security challenges, particularly those posed by China's increasing assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
4. Capacity Building: The agreement also provides a framework for capacity building initiatives between India and Japan, such as joint training, exercises, and sharing of best practices. This helps both countries to improve their military capabilities and better address common security concerns.
The ACSA is likely to address India's security concerns in the following ways:
1. Enhancing Deterrence: By increasing military cooperation between India and Japan, the ACSA sends a strong signal to potential adversaries, such as China, that both countries are committed to ensuring regional stability and upholding a rules-based international order.
2. Balancing China's Influence: The ACSA allows India and Japan to work more closely together in the Indo-Pacific region, thereby acting as a counterweight to China's growing influence and assertiveness.
3. Strengthening Maritime Security: The ACSA enables India and Japan to enhance their maritime security capabilities, which is crucial given the increasing importance of the Indo-Pacific region for global trade and security. For example, both countries can work together to address issues such as piracy, smuggling, and illegal fishing, thereby promoting a more secure maritime environment.
4. Boosting Disaster Relief Operations: The ACSA enables both countries to collaborate more effectively in providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, which is particularly important given the vulnerability of the Indo-Pacific region to natural disasters. By working together, India and Japan can better provide assistance to affected countries and communities, while also strengthening their own disaster response capabilities.
Overall, the ACSA between India and Japan is a significant step forward in their strategic partnership and is likely to have a positive impact on addressing India's security concerns. By deepening military cooperation and enhancing interoperability, both countries can better respond to regional security challenges and work towards maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

c) Discuss the significance of Indo-US strategic partnership and its implications for India's security and national defence.          (15 Marks)

The Indo-US strategic partnership has emerged as one of the most significant bilateral relationships in the contemporary global order. The partnership, which began to take shape in the early 2000s, has witnessed rapid growth in recent years, particularly in the areas of defense, security, and strategic cooperation. The significance of this partnership can be assessed through its implications for India's security and national defense.
1. Defense and Security Cooperation: The Indo-US strategic partnership has led to increased defense and security cooperation between both countries. This includes joint military exercises, defense trade, and the sharing of advanced military technology. For instance, India and the US have conducted several joint military exercises such as the Yudh Abhyas, Malabar, and Vajra Prahar. These exercises have enhanced the interoperability between the armed forces of both countries, enabling them to better respond to regional and global security challenges.
2. Defense Procurement and Technology Transfer: India's defense procurement from the US has witnessed a significant increase in recent years, with deals such as the acquisition of C-17 Globemaster III, P-8I Poseidon, Apache helicopters, and M777 howitzers. These acquisitions have not only enhanced India's military capabilities but also helped in reducing its dependence on traditional arms suppliers like Russia. Additionally, the US has designated India as a 'Major Defense Partner,' which has facilitated the transfer of advanced defense technology to India, contributing to the modernization of its armed forces.
3. Counter-terrorism and Intelligence Sharing: The Indo-US strategic partnership has strengthened the counter-terrorism cooperation between both countries. The establishment of the Indo-US Counter-Terrorism Joint Working Group and the Homeland Security Dialogue has facilitated intelligence sharing, capacity building, and cooperation in combating terrorism financing. This enhanced cooperation has contributed to India's security by enabling better preparedness against terrorist threats.
4. Maritime Security and Freedom of Navigation: India and the US share a common interest in ensuring maritime security and freedom of navigation in the Indo-Pacific region. The partnership has led to joint naval exercises and increased cooperation in ensuring the security of sea lanes of communication, which are crucial for India's energy security and economic growth.
5. Support for India's Regional and Global Role: The US has consistently supported India's rise as a regional and global power, endorsing its bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council and its entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group. This support has contributed to enhancing India's regional and global standing, which, in turn, has implications for its security and national defense.
However, the partnership also presents some challenges for India. It needs to balance its relationships with other major powers, particularly Russia and China, to ensure that the Indo-US strategic partnership does not lead to a deterioration of its relations with other countries. Moreover, India needs to maintain its strategic autonomy and avoid being drawn into any alliance structure that might limit its freedom of action in international politics.
In conclusion, the Indo-US strategic partnership has significant implications for India's security and national defense. It has enhanced India's military capabilities, contributed to its counter-terrorism efforts, and helped in shaping a favorable regional and global environment. However, India must also be mindful of the challenges that the partnership poses and work towards maintaining a balanced approach in its foreign policy. 

Q.7. Answer the following:
a) Explain the defence and foreign policy options of India to address the challenges emerging out of the current India-China standoff at the Line of Actual Control (LAC).          (20 Marks)

India has several defence and foreign policy options to address the challenges emerging from the current India-China standoff at the Line of Actual Control (LAC). These options are aimed at de-escalating tensions, safeguarding territorial integrity, and maintaining regional stability. Some of these options are as follows:
1. Diplomatic Engagement: India can engage in diplomatic talks with China through various channels, such as bilateral meetings, virtual summits, and meetings at international forums. The objective of these engagements would be to resolve the current standoff peacefully, clarify perceptions of the LAC, and ensure adherence to existing border agreements.
Example: The recent meetings between the Indian and Chinese foreign ministers and military commanders aimed at disengagement and de-escalation along the LAC.
2. Military Preparedness: India can strengthen its military presence along the LAC to counter any aggressive actions by China. This includes deploying additional troops, enhancing infrastructure, and improving surveillance capabilities. By maintaining a strong military posture, India can deter any further Chinese incursions and ensure the security of its borders.
Example: India's recent deployment of additional troops and equipment in the Ladakh region, in response to Chinese military build-up.
3. Strengthening Partnerships: India can deepen its strategic partnerships with countries that share similar concerns about China's aggressive behaviour. This includes strengthening defence cooperation, intelligence sharing, and joint military exercises with countries like the United States, Japan, and Australia.
Example: India's participation in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) and the Malabar naval exercise with the US, Japan, and Australia.
4. Multilateral Engagements: India can raise the issue of China's aggressive actions at multilateral forums like the United Nations, G20, and ASEAN, to garner international support and pressure China to abide by international norms and rules.
Example: India's recent statements at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) highlighting the importance of respecting sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states.
5. Economic Measures: India can consider economic measures to reduce its dependence on China and mitigate the economic challenges arising from the standoff. This includes diversifying import sources, promoting domestic manufacturing, and attracting foreign investments.
Example: India's recent push for self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative and banning of Chinese apps in response to the border tensions.
6. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs): India can explore additional CBMs with China to prevent future standoffs and maintain peace and stability along the LAC. These measures can include regular meetings between military commanders, joint border patrols, and exchange of information on troop movements and military exercises.
Example: The existing agreements between India and China, such as the 1993 Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the LAC and the 2005 Protocol on the implementation of CBMs.
In conclusion, India has a range of defence and foreign policy options to address the challenges emerging from the current standoff at the LAC. By adopting a multi-pronged approach, India can safeguard its territorial integrity, maintain regional stability, and work towards a peaceful resolution of the dispute with China.

b) Explain the importance of India's claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.          (15 Marks)

India's claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council holds significant importance both for India and the international community. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the most influential body within the United Nations, responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It consists of 15 members, including five permanent members (P5) with veto power – the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. India has been seeking a permanent seat at the UNSC, mainly due to the following reasons:
1. Representativeness and Legitimacy: The current composition of the UNSC, particularly the P5, reflects the geopolitical realities of the post-World War II era. India, as the world's second-most populous country and one of the fastest-growing major economies, demands a greater say in global governance. A more representative and inclusive UNSC, which includes India, would enhance the Council's legitimacy and effectiveness in addressing contemporary global challenges.
2. Contribution to UN Peacekeeping: India has been a major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions since its inception. Over 200,000 Indian troops have served in 49 of the 71 UN peacekeeping missions so far. Given its extensive experience and commitment to global peace, India deserves a permanent seat at the UNSC to play a more significant role in deciding the crucial issues of international peace and security.
3. Regional Balance: The current UNSC permanent members do not adequately represent the geographical distribution of the UN member states. There is no permanent member from South Asia, a region with over 1.8 billion people and a significant presence in global politics. India's inclusion as a permanent member would provide better regional representation and balance in the Council.
4. Nuclear Capability: India is a nuclear-armed country with a strong commitment to non-proliferation and disarmament. As a responsible nuclear power, India can contribute to the global discourse on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation within the UNSC framework.
5. Combating Terrorism: India has been a victim of cross-border terrorism for decades and has been at the forefront of global efforts to combat terrorism. A permanent seat in the UNSC would enable India to play a more significant role in shaping the global counter-terrorism strategy and contribute to global security.
6. Rising Global Profile: India's growing global profile, coupled with its economic growth and contributions to various international forums, necessitates a more significant role in the decision-making process of international institutions. A permanent seat in the UNSC would be a recognition of India's rising stature in global politics.
In conclusion, India's claim for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council is crucial for enhancing the Council's representativeness, legitimacy, and effectiveness. It will also provide India with a platform to contribute more substantially to global peace, security, and development. The inclusion of India in the UNSC would reflect the changing global realities and better equip the Council to address the complex challenges of the 21st century. 

c) Discuss the efficacy of India's ‘no first use' policy (nuclear weapons) in the context of the evolving strategic challenges from its neighbours.          (15 Marks)

India's 'no first use' (NFU) policy for nuclear weapons, adopted in 2003, refers to the commitment that it will not be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict, but will retaliate with nuclear force if attacked with nuclear weapons. This policy has been the cornerstone of India's nuclear doctrine and has shaped its strategic posture in the region. However, in recent years, there has been a growing debate on the efficacy of this policy in the context of evolving strategic challenges from its neighbors, especially China and Pakistan.
The primary rationale behind India's NFU policy is to maintain strategic stability in South Asia by not provoking an arms race and to demonstrate its responsible behavior as a nuclear power. However, this policy has come under scrutiny for various reasons:
1. Credibility: India's NFU policy has been questioned due to its credibility in the eyes of its adversaries. Pakistan, for example, has not adopted a similar policy and has indicated that it would use nuclear weapons first in the event of a conflict with India. China, on the other hand, has a NFU policy, but its rapid modernization of nuclear forces and growing assertiveness in the region have raised doubts about its commitment.
2. Evolving strategic challenges: The changing strategic landscape in South Asia, marked by the rise of China and the growing nexus between China and Pakistan, has led to concerns that India's NFU policy may not be sufficient to deter potential adversaries. China's growing nuclear arsenal and missile capabilities, along with its aggressive posturing in the Indo-Pacific region, have increased the pressure on India to reconsider its NFU policy.
3. Tactical nuclear weapons: Pakistan's development of tactical nuclear weapons, such as the Nasr missile, has further complicated the security scenario in South Asia. These weapons are designed for battlefield use and can be employed by Pakistan to counter India's conventional military superiority. In such a situation, the viability of India's NFU policy comes into question, as it may not be able to deter Pakistan from using tactical nuclear weapons in a conflict.
4. Pre-emptive strikes: The growing threat of terrorism, especially from non-state actors operating from neighboring countries, has led to a debate on whether India should have the option to conduct pre-emptive strikes against terrorist infrastructure. In this context, the NFU policy may constrain India's ability to respond effectively to such threats.
Some of the possible options to address these concerns are:
1. Reviewing the NFU policy: India can consider reviewing its NFU policy and adopting a more flexible nuclear doctrine that allows for first use under certain conditions, such as in response to the use of chemical or biological weapons or in the face of imminent nuclear attack.
2. Developing a second-strike capability: Ensuring a robust and credible second-strike capability is essential to deter potential adversaries from using nuclear weapons against India. This can be achieved by investing in the development of submarine-launched ballistic missiles, which would provide India with a secure and survivable nuclear deterrent.
3. Strengthening conventional capabilities: Enhancing India's conventional military capabilities is crucial to deter potential adversaries and reduce the likelihood of a conflict escalating to the nuclear level. This can be done through modernization of the armed forces, joint exercises with friendly countries, and strengthening strategic partnerships.
In conclusion, while India's NFU policy has been an important pillar of its nuclear doctrine, the evolving strategic challenges from its neighbors necessitate a re-evaluation of this policy. Adopting a more flexible nuclear doctrine, ensuring a credible second-strike capability, and strengthening conventional military capabilities can help India maintain strategic stability in South Asia and effectively respond to the emerging security challenges. 

Q.8. Answer the following:
a) “The war in Afghanistan is crucial from the point of view of India's national security. If the Americans withdraw and Jihadis emerge with a sense of triumphalism, India will face increasing onslaught of terrorism." Comment.          (20 Marks)

The statement highlights the significance of the ongoing war in Afghanistan for India's national security. The potential withdrawal of American forces and the rise of Jihadist forces may pose a significant threat to India. In this context, it is essential to analyze the situation in Afghanistan in the light of India's national security concerns and the implications for its foreign policy.
Firstly, the historical context of India-Afghanistan relations is crucial to understand the possible impact of the war on India. Afghanistan has been traditionally considered a buffer state between India and the Central Asian region, and its stability is crucial for maintaining peace in South Asia. India has always been interested in maintaining cordial relations with Afghanistan and has provided significant developmental assistance in the past, such as the construction of the Salma Dam and the Afghan Parliament building.
Secondly, the emergence of the Taliban and other extremist groups in Afghanistan has been a cause of concern for India. The Taliban's extremist ideology and its ties with other terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda and Lashkar-e-Taiba can pose a significant threat to India's security. India has been a victim of several terrorist attacks in the past, which have been traced back to extremist elements in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The 1999 hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC-814 and the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks are notable examples of this linkage.
Furthermore, the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan could strengthen the position of Pakistan in the region, which is not in India's best interest. Pakistan has been supporting the Taliban and providing safe havens for terrorist groups that target India. If the American forces withdraw and the Taliban gains power, Pakistan's influence in the region will increase, posing a threat to India's strategic interests.
Moreover, the rise of Jihadist forces in Afghanistan could also lead to a spillover effect on the neighboring countries, including India. The spread of radical ideologies and the possible influx of foreign fighters into the region could destabilize the already fragile security situation in Kashmir and other parts of India. This could further strain India's relations with its neighbors, particularly Pakistan.
To counter these threats, India needs to adopt a proactive and multi-pronged approach. Firstly, India should continue its developmental assistance to Afghanistan to improve its economic and social infrastructure, thereby reducing the appeal of extremist ideologies. Secondly, India should strengthen its intelligence-sharing mechanisms with friendly countries, particularly the US, to monitor and counter the activities of terrorist groups in the region. Lastly, India should engage in diplomatic efforts to ensure that the Afghan government remains committed to fighting terrorism and preserving democratic values.
In conclusion, the war in Afghanistan has significant implications for India's national security. The possible withdrawal of American forces and the rise of Jihadist forces can pose serious threats to India's strategic interests and internal security. Therefore, India must adopt a proactive approach to counter these threats and safeguard its national security interests.

b) Identify the key sectors of cooperation between India and Israel since 2014. Examine their significance in strengthening the bilateral ties between the two countries.          (15 Marks)

Since 2014, India and Israel have significantly strengthened their bilateral ties, with cooperation extending across various sectors. Some key sectors of cooperation between the two countries include:
1. Defence and Security: This has been the cornerstone of the India-Israel relationship. Israel has become one of India's most important defence suppliers, providing advanced military technology and equipment, such as UAVs, missile defence systems, and radars. Joint military exercises, intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism cooperation have also significantly increased, reflecting the strategic convergence of interests between the two countries.
Significance: Strengthening defence ties with Israel has helped India modernize its armed forces and enhance its strategic capabilities. It has also led to closer collaboration in addressing common security threats, such as terrorism.
2. Agriculture and Water Management: Israel is known for its expertise in agriculture, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. India and Israel have established several Centers of Excellence in agriculture across India, focusing on capacity building, technology transfer, and research collaboration in areas such as horticulture, post-harvest management, and irrigation.
Significance: This cooperation has helped India improve its agricultural productivity, especially in water-scarce regions, thereby contributing to food security and rural development.
3. Science, Technology, and Innovation: Both countries have collaborated in research and development across various fields, including space technology, renewable energy, cybersecurity, and medical research. The India-Israel Industrial R&D and Technological Innovation Fund (I4F) was established to foster joint research and innovation projects.
Significance: Such collaborations have facilitated technology transfer, joint ventures, and start-up incubation, promoting economic and industrial growth in both countries.
4. Health and Pharmaceuticals: India and Israel have been collaborating in the pharmaceutical sector, with India being a significant exporter of generic medicines to Israel. The two countries have also collaborated in medical research, focusing on areas such as cancer and diabetes.
Significance: This has not only helped enhance healthcare cooperation between the two countries but also contributed to the growth of the pharmaceutical industry in both nations.
5. Tourism and Cultural Exchanges: India and Israel have signed agreements to promote tourism, cultural exchanges and people-to-people contacts. This has led to increased tourist arrivals and greater interest in each other's culture, traditions, and heritage.
Significance: Such exchanges have fostered greater understanding and appreciation of each other's culture and values, thereby strengthening the bond between the two countries.
In conclusion, the multifaceted cooperation between India and Israel since 2014 has significantly enhanced bilateral ties, contributing to their mutual growth and development. The strategic partnership between the two countries is based on shared interests and values, and their collaboration in key sectors such as defence, agriculture, and innovation has helped both countries address common challenges and achieve their developmental goals. 

c) Critically examine the role of India in shaping the emerging world order.          (15 Marks)

India, with its vast population, geographical location, and economic potential, has a significant role to play in shaping the emerging world order. 

1. Economy: India is the world's fifth-largest economy and a member of the G-20 group of nations. Its economic growth has led to increased trade and investment ties with various countries. India also plays a vital role in shaping the economic policies of multilateral institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). For example, India is a founding member of the New Development Bank (NDB), established by the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), which aims to provide financial support to developing countries for infrastructure and sustainable development projects.

2. Strategic Partnerships: India has forged strategic partnerships with various countries to promote mutual interests in the areas of defense, trade, and technology. The Indo-US strategic partnership has grown significantly over the past two decades, with both nations collaborating in various areas, including counterterrorism, clean energy, and space exploration. Similarly, India has enhanced its strategic ties with countries like Japan, Australia, and France, focusing on maritime security, defense cooperation, and infrastructure development.

3. Multilateralism: India has been a strong advocate of multilateralism and rule-based international order. It is actively involved in various regional and global organizations like the United Nations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). India's commitment to multilateralism has been evident in its peacekeeping missions, working with various countries to combat terrorism, and advocating for reform in global institutions like the UN Security Council.

4. South-South Cooperation: India has been actively engaging with developing countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean through its South-South cooperation initiatives. These initiatives focus on capacity building, technology transfer, and infrastructure development. For example, India's flagship program, the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), has provided training and capacity building to thousands of professionals from developing countries.

5. Soft Power: India's cultural diversity, democratic values, and diplomatic initiatives have contributed to its soft power. Yoga, Bollywood, and Indian cuisine have been instrumental in promoting India's cultural diplomacy. The Indian diaspora, which constitutes a significant portion of the global population, has also played a crucial role in enhancing India's soft power.

However, there are certain challenges that India needs to address to effectively shape the emerging world order:

1. Regional Security: India faces significant security threats from its neighborhood, including terrorism, border disputes, and nuclear proliferation. Managing these threats and fostering regional stability will be crucial for India to assert its influence in the global arena.

2. Economic Development: India needs to sustain its economic growth to maintain its global influence. Poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, and promoting inclusive growth will be essential in this regard.

3. Diplomatic Outreach: India needs to strengthen its diplomatic outreach and build strategic partnerships with countries across the globe. This will require greater investment in diplomacy and foreign policy initiatives.

In conclusion, India's role in shaping the emerging world order is significant, given its economic growth, strategic partnerships, and commitment to multilateralism. However, to effectively shape the global landscape, India needs to address its internal challenges and enhance its diplomatic outreach.