SSB GD topics for the year 2023- 2 | Preparation Tips for SSB Interview - CDS PDF Download

Atmanirbhar bharat in the Defence sector

Theme
Russia's recent invasion of Ukraine has highlighted the urgent need for India to achieve self-reliance in the defence sector. Currently, India relies on Russia for almost 60% of its military equipment, and the conflict has raised concerns about future supplies from Russia.

The present situation in India

• According to a report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), India accounted for 11% of global arms imports between 2017 and 2021, making it one of the largest arms importers in the world.
• At present, India heavily depends on Russia for nearly 60% of its defence equipment.
• Over the period of 2017-21, India has seen an increase in defence equipment imports from France, making France the second-largest arms supplier to India during this period.

Steps taken by the Indian government

• Since 1958, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been actively involved in developing advanced defence technologies.
• In 2001, the Indian government opened up the defence sector to the private sector, ending its exclusive reservation for public companies. This move attracted more investments and brought innovation to the defence sector.
• To encourage innovators and entrepreneurs in the defence sector, the Indian government launched the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) scheme in 2018.
• Other initiatives such as Make in India (2014) and Startup India (2016) have also been launched to support innovators in the defence industry.
• In 2020, the Indian government announced that foreign companies could invest up to 74% in local defence manufacturing companies, thereby attracting more foreign investments.
• In the Defence budget for 2022-23, the allocation for procuring equipment from domestic defence manufacturing companies was increased from 58% to 68% of the capital outlay.
• Since April 2022, the Indian government has banned the import of over 300 items to promote domestic manufacturing.
• In April 2022, the Indian government announced plans to ramp up domestic defence production to compensate for any potential shortfalls from its main supplier, Russia.

What more need to be done

• There is a need to increase investment in research and development within the defence sector.
• Although the Indian government has taken steps to attract foreign companies to establish defence industries in India, many of these companies are primarily involved in assembling spare components to create defence equipment. Further efforts should be made to encourage these companies to manufacture the equipment from scratch, reducing the reliance on imported spare parts.
• Despite the Indian government's efforts to promote the domestic defence industry, current investment levels are insufficient to achieve complete self-reliance within a few years. For instance, the iDEX scheme offers financial support to startups, but the average funding provided, ranging from 15 to 20 lakhs per year, is inadequate for the development of innovative technologies. Therefore, increased investment is necessary to promote indigenous technologies.

NATO

Theme
NATO, also known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, played a crucial role in Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24th February 2022.

Points to speak on NATO

• NATO was established after World War II to ensure peace in Europe by safeguarding European countries against the Soviet Union at that time. It was formed in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and 10 European nations. If any external party attacks a NATO member nation, it is considered an attack on all member nations. In such cases, all member nations unite to defend against the aggression. NATO emphasizes that its purpose is purely defensive.
• In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact in 1955, consisting of seven other European nations.
• Despite its initial focus on countering Soviet aggression, NATO continues to exist even after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, which marked the end of the Cold War.
• NATO does not maintain its own army; instead, member nations contribute their troops to work collectively on behalf of NATO.
• Over time, the military alliance has expanded, and several European nations have joined NATO. Currently, NATO consists of 30 member nations, including some former Soviet nations.
• NATO's membership is open only to European countries as it was established to ensure security in the Euro-Atlantic region. To join NATO, European countries must meet specific requirements, such as maintaining firm civilian control over their military forces and the ability to contribute to military cooperation within NATO.
• Ukraine expressed its desire to join NATO, but Russia opposes this aspiration, perceiving it as Western expansionism. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine stated that it no longer seeks NATO membership.
• In addition to its member nations, NATO has nine partner countries referred to as 'partners across the globe,' namely Afghanistan, Australia, Colombia, Iraq, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, and Pakistan. These partners are not NATO members but cooperate with the organization and its member countries on matters of mutual interest, particularly emerging security challenges.

Russia-Ukraine war

Theme
The war between Russia and Ukraine started in February 2022 and has been ongoing since then. By December 2022, the war had claimed the lives of 42,000 people and caused numerous injuries. Additionally, around 14 million people were forced to leave their homes, and Ukraine's infrastructure suffered severe damage.

Conflict Origins

In March 2014, Russia invaded Crimea, a part of Ukraine, and claimed it as Russian territory. The invasion was justified by Russia as a measure to protect ethnic Russians in the region. This event triggered the Russia-Ukraine conflict. At the same time, armed clashes erupted in Ukraine's Donbas region, which became part of the broader Russo-Ukrainian War. An international agreement called the Minsk agreement 1 was drafted in September 2014 to establish a ceasefire, but it failed to resolve the crisis. Subsequently, the Minsk agreement 2 was drafted in February 2015, and both countries agreed to implement a ceasefire.

Ukraine's NATO Membership Aspirations

Ukraine had been in a partnership with NATO since 1992 and applied for NATO membership in 2008. However, the process was paused in 2010. After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine resumed its plans to join NATO. Russia strongly opposes Ukraine's NATO membership, viewing it as a threat to its security. President Vladimir Putin demanded a legally binding guarantee that Ukraine would not join NATO, and NATO should refrain from conducting military activities in Eastern Europe.

Escalation of Tensions

Since November 2021, Russia has been amassing a large number of soldiers and military equipment near Ukraine's border. On February 21, 2022, Russia officially recognized Donetsk and Luhansk as separate countries, although they are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Russia then declared its troops would enter these separatist republics as peacekeeping forces, further heightening tensions between Russia and Ukraine. The recognition of these republics and the subsequent invasion by Russia were met with opposition from several countries, including the US, the UK, and the European Union, who imposed limited sanctions on Russia.

Course of the War

On February 24, 2022, Russia commenced its invasion of Ukraine through land, air, and sea, under the pretext of a special military operation. Explosions were reported in various Ukrainian cities on the same day. Since then, it is estimated that 42,000 people have lost their lives in the war, with many more sustaining injuries. Approximately 14 million people have been displaced, and a significant number have sought refuge in other countries. Ukraine's infrastructure has suffered severe damage.

Ukraine's Resilience

Despite Ukraine's armed forces being outnumbered by Russia, civilians of Ukraine have actively joined the fight to defend their country. The international community has condemned Russia for declaring war, leading to several countries imposing sanctions on Russia.

Global Impact

The Russia-Ukraine conflict has had a negative impact on the global economy. It has caused price increases in various commodities, including energy and food. Russia and Ukraine are major producers of wheat, accounting for 10% and 3% of global production, respectively. Wheat is a staple food in many countries worldwide. Furthermore, Russia is one of the largest producers of crude oil and natural gas.

International Support

Several countries are providing financial and humanitarian aid to Ukraine. The United States is the largest provider of military assistance, sending military equipment to help Ukraine defend itself against the attacks.

Reconstruction Efforts

Estimates suggest that Ukraine will require $1 trillion for the reconstruction of the country.

How can we make the internet a safer place?

Theme
Since 2005, the second day of the second week of February has been designated as 'Safer Internet Day'. This year, on 8th February 2022, it was celebrated worldwide.

The need for a safer internet

In today's interconnected modern world, the internet has become an essential part of our daily lives. We rely on it for learning, work, entertainment, communication, and more. As a result, we spend a significant amount of time online, making it crucial to ensure a safer and better online environment. Instances of bullying, cybercrimes, and trolling are adversely affecting the mental well-being of many individuals, highlighting the need for a kinder internet.

How can we make the internet a safer place

• Creating a better internet begins with individual responsibility. It is vital to pause and think before posting comments or any other content online. By considering the potential negative impact of our words on someone's mental health, we can contribute to a safer online space. Additionally, we should show respect for diverse opinions, ideologies, and cultures.
• Educational institutions such as schools and colleges, as well as community organizations like Gram Sabhas, should raise awareness about the potential risks of the online world, alongside the numerous opportunities it offers. Topics such as cybercrime, cyberstalking, phishing, hacking, malware, identity theft, online predators, cyber scams, and more should be addressed to guide everyone effectively.
• To safeguard our personal information, it is important not to disclose too much online, as it can be easily misused. Since many websites collect our data, we should only provide information when absolutely necessary and on trusted platforms. Strengthening passwords and utilizing privacy features offered by social media platforms are also crucial. It's essential to understand that our digital footprint can impact our career prospects and even our relationships.
• Furthermore, emerging online issues, including misinformation and fake news for political purposes, the impact of excessive social media usage on mental health, and the role of social media influencers, should be openly discussed. By addressing these issues, innovative solutions can be developed.
• Appropriate punishments should be in place for trolls, cyberbullies, cybercriminals, and other forms of online violence, serving as a deterrent. Since women are more likely to experience harassment online, specific measures should be taken to address this issue effectively.
• As responsible internet users, we should report fake and dangerous content online. If we witness online bullying, it is important to stand up for the victim. Our support can provide a sense of safety to the victims and discourage bullies from repeating their harmful behavior.

Defence Budget 2022-23

Theme
On 1st February 2022, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2022-23 in parliament.

Analysis of Defence Budget 2022-23

• The defence budget for the fiscal year 2022-23 is Rs. 5.25 lakh crore, an increase from last year's budget of Rs. 4.78 lakh crore. The Lok Sabha's Standing Committee on Defence had recommended that the defence budget should be 3% of the GDP, but it currently stands at 2% due to the challenges posed by the COVID pandemic.
• Compared to the previous year, the allocation for defence in the current fiscal year has increased by 9.8%. This is a positive step that will aid in countering the threats posed by neighbouring countries such as China and Pakistan.
• The Indian Air Force has been allotted Rs. 55,587 crores, marking a 10% increase from the previous year's budget. However, the Army's allocation of Rs. 32,015 crore is 12% less than last year. The Navy, on the other hand, has been allocated Rs. 46,323 crore, representing a significant 44.53% increase. This allocation is crucial considering China's aggressive actions in the Indo-Pacific region.
• A sum of Rs. 1.52 lakh crore has been allocated for the procurement of new equipment, including weapons, fighter jets, warships, and other military gear. Out of this capital outlay, 68% will be spent on procuring equipment from domestic defence manufacturing companies, an increase from 58% in the previous year's budget. This is a major boost for the domestic defence industry and supports the goal of a self-reliant defence sector in India. Additionally, the government has issued a list of banned defence items to encourage the domestic industry further. It is anticipated that domestic defence manufacturing companies can secure contracts worth approximately Rs. 4 lakh crore in the next 6 to 7 years. However, it is important for the government to ensure that this focus on indigenization does not compromise the quality of equipment, and that the standards remain on par with the best in the world.
• A quarter of the total R&D budget has been earmarked for the private sector, startups, and academia. This initiative aims to foster collaboration with the DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) and encourage the private sector to innovate and develop advanced technologies. Furthermore, a new independent nodal umbrella body will be established to test and certify new technologies.
• Although the 15th Finance Commission proposed the creation of a dedicated non-lapsable Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security to address issues of unpredictable capital spending and align with long-term military modernisation plans, this was not implemented in the 2022-23 budget.
• An allocation of Rs. 1,19,696 crore has been set aside for defence pensions.
• The 'Droneshakti' project, which promotes startups in the domestic drone industry, will also benefit the armed forces.
• The introduction of the 'Border Development Scheme' aims to improve infrastructure in border villages, making them vibrant and preventing migration. Additionally, it will help safeguard villages on our side of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) from China's claims.

Union Budget 2022-23

Theme
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2022-23 in the parliament on 1st February 2022.

Union Budget 2022-23 Analysis:

Education:

• Recognizing the importance of online education during the pandemic, the budget proposed the establishment of a digital university called "DESH-Stack portal" in collaboration with universities. This initiative is commendable considering the negative impact of the pandemic on traditional education.
• The budget also suggested the creation of 200 TV channels under the e-Vidya program for students from classes 1 to 12, with the current count being 12 channels.
• To enhance the quality of education available to students, high-quality e-content will be developed in regional languages.
• Foreign universities of high repute will be permitted to establish educational institutions in Gujarat's GIFT city, focusing on financial management, fintech, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses. These institutions will be exempt from domestic regulations. This move has the potential to increase skilled manpower in the technology and financial services sectors.
• To support schools during the reopening phase, the budget increased the allocation for the Samagra Shiksha scheme by 20%.
• However, the budget falls short in addressing the issues of inadequate infrastructure and staff shortage. Given that schools are reopening and many children couldn't attend online classes, extra efforts are required to educate students effectively. It is crucial to improve school infrastructure, as many children dropped out of school and some girls were forced into child marriages. Steps must be taken to bring them back to schools.

Employment opportunities:

• An increase in capital investment from 1.3% of GDP to 2.9% for infrastructure projects in 2022-23 has the potential to generate numerous job opportunities.
• The budget allocated Rs. 48,000 crore under the PM Awas Yojana to boost affordable housing. Additionally, Rs. 60,000 crore was assigned to extend tapped water coverage to 38 million households in 2022-23, which could create additional jobs.
• The Finance minister stated that the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme in 14 sectors could generate 6 million new jobs over the next 5 years. However, with an unemployment rate of 6.57% as of January 2022 and 530 lakh unemployed people in December 2021, along with 50 lakh young people entering the workforce each year, these job opportunities may not be sufficient to address the unemployment issue.
• To help those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic, a scheme similar to MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) was suggested for urban areas. However, the budget reduced the expenditure on MGNREGA by 25% to Rs. 73 lakh crore.

Agriculture:

• The budget allocated Rs. 1,24,000 crore to the agricultural ministry, reflecting a 2% increase from the previous year's budget.
• Rs. 44,000 crore was assigned for the Ken-Betwa river linking project, which is expected to benefit 9 lakh farmers.
• The promotion of Kisan drones for crop assessment and pesticide spraying was announced, aiming to integrate technology into agriculture and improve productivity.
• An Agri startup support program funded by NABARD will be established.
• Approximately 58% of India's working population is engaged in the agricultural sector. However, there is disguised unemployment in this sector, indicating an excess of workers. Promoting drones as a replacement for agricultural laborers may not be suitable, especially during the pandemic when many people have already lost their jobs.
• The target of doubling farmers' income by 2022, set in Budget 2017-18, was not mentioned in this year's budget speech, leaving uncertainty regarding the government's commitment to this goal.

Health sector:

• Acknowledging the mental health issues caused by the pandemic, including those in children due to uncertainty, isolation, and stress, the budget introduced the National Tele Mental Health program, which is a commendable step.
• However, there is a need to enhance primary healthcare services across the country, especially in rural areas. Addressing the shortage of healthcare professionals is also crucial during the ongoing pandemic, but these concerns were not adequately addressed in the budget.

Economy:

• The National Highway network will be expanded by 25,000 km under the PM Gati shakti master plan. Additionally, the government plans to establish multimodal logistic parks at four locations, which can stimulate economic activity.
• The increase in capital investment from 1.3% to 2.9% of GDP for infrastructure projects in 2022-23 will contribute to economic growth.
• The Finance minister announced a loan facility of Rs. 1 lakh crore to states without interest, providing an opportunity for states to invest in projects that can enhance the economy.
• Due to the pandemic, consumer spending has declined significantly, leading to an economic slowdown. Tax relief for the salaried middle class and cash handouts to the underprivileged would have boosted consumer spending.

Covid third wave in India

Theme
India is currently experiencing its third wave of Covid. On 11th January 2022, there were 185,000 reported cases. Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science and Indian Statistical Institute (IISc&ISI) predict that India could see 1 million cases per day by the end of January.

The present situation:

• The current situation involves the Omicron variant, which is highly contagious and was declared a variant of concern by the World Health Organization on 26th November 2021. During this third wave, 70 to 80% of Covid patients are infected with the Omicron variant, while some are infected with the Delta variant, which is still active in certain regions.
• The third wave, which began in January 2022, is expected to reach its peak by the end of January. Predictions suggest that the number of cases will start to decline by mid-March 2022.
• During the second wave of Covid (March 2021 to July 2021), the majority of cases were caused by the Delta variant. The second wave was more severe than the first wave (March 2020 to December 2020). Despite the third wave seeing over 100,000 cases per day, government data indicates that only 5-10% of infected patients require hospitalization. Experts state that the Omicron variant is less severe than the Delta variant.
• Due to the highly contagious nature of the Omicron variant, it is predicted that hospitalizations could double compared to the second wave. Therefore, despite being less severe, the Omicron variant could still overwhelm the healthcare sector.
• Learning from the second wave, the government is taking measures to increase the number of healthcare professionals and boost medical oxygen production.
• The upcoming assembly elections, scheduled from 10th February to 7th March in five states, are a cause for concern during the third wave. The election commission has imposed a ban on physical rallies until 15th January 2022. There is a need to increase polling centres to prevent crowding. Additionally, maintaining the ban on physical election rallies is necessary as they were a contributing factor to the second wave of Covid in India.
• Even vaccinated individuals are getting infected with the Omicron variant, but they are experiencing milder symptoms compared to those who are unvaccinated.
• Although India missed the target of vaccinating the entire adult population by December 2021, around 90% of adults have received at least one dose of the vaccine. As of 12th January 2022, over 1.545 billion people have been vaccinated. Vaccinations have now expanded to include the younger population aged 15 to 18 years.
• The government has started administering booster doses to frontline workers and senior citizens.
• Several companies continue to offer the option of working from home for their employees, while others have adopted a hybrid working model that combines office and remote work.
• The third wave of Covid is once again impacting contact-intensive service sectors. Businesses have learned from previous waves and are preparing for increased demand once the third wave subsides.

Summit for Democracy

Theme:
In December 9-10, 2021, the President of the United States, Joe Biden, organised a virtual summit to focus on renewing democracy both domestically and internationally.

Points to speak:

• President Joe Biden has extended invitations to 110 nations to attend the 'Summit for Democracy'.
• During the virtual summit, the focus was on safeguarding against authoritarianism, combating corruption, and promoting human rights.
• Many countries are experiencing a decline in democracy, making this summit timely and providing an opportunity for mutual discussion and learning.
• The summit also addressed issues such as climate change, the impact of COVID-19, and increasing economic inequality.
• The discussion also touched upon digital authoritarianism, as some governments exploit tech companies for extensive surveillance programs.
• The United States organized this summit with the aim of reestablishing its position in international politics.
• Criticism was directed towards the list of invitees, as several countries, including Singapore, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Russia, China, and various African nations, were not invited. The United Nations recognizes 195 countries, but only 110 were extended invitations.
• Additionally, there was controversy surrounding the inclusion of certain countries that may not meet the necessary qualifications. For instance, the Philippines, currently under investigation by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity, was still invited to participate.
• Only a few countries acknowledged the shortcomings in their own democracies, while others, including the United States, the host of the summit, did not openly discuss their own flaws.

Belarus-EU migrant crisis

Theme:
Since July 2021, migrants, mainly from Iraqi Kurdistan, have been attempting to enter EU countries such as Poland, Latvia, and Lithuania from Belarus, a non-EU nation that shares borders with these three countries.

What caused Belarus-EU migrant crisis:

• The European Union imposed economic sanctions on Belarus due to election fraud, suppression of protests, and the forced diversion of Ryanair Flight 4978. These actions led to a deterioration in relations between the EU and Belarus.
• In response, Belarus threatened to send drug smugglers, human traffickers, and armed migrants into EU countries.
• Belarusian officials, along with certain tourist companies from the Middle East, started promoting tours to Belarus, falsely giving migrants hope that they could enter EU countries through Belarus.

The present situation:

• The migrants have arrived at the border between Belarus and Poland, Latvia, and Lithuania, and are attempting to enter these countries. Some migrants claim that Belarusian officials provided them with wire cutters and axes to breach the border fences.
• All three countries have increased the presence of military personnel at their borders. Poland has established a two-mile buffer zone to prevent unauthorized border crossings and has used water cannons and tear gas to deter migrants from entering their territory. Poland plans to construct a 5.5-meter tall wall along the border with Belarus in December to halt the influx of migrants.
• Clashes between migrants and border guards have resulted in at least nine migrant deaths, leading to significant criticism regarding human rights violations.
• Poland has accused Belarus of waging a hybrid war, using humans as tools for political purposes. It asserts that Belarus aims to have the EU lift its sanctions.
• The United States, United Kingdom, and Canada have recently imposed new sanctions on Belarus, while the EU has also announced additional sanctions against Belarus for causing the migrant crisis and violating human rights.
• Thousands of migrants are stranded at the border in freezing conditions with limited access to food and water.

Global Refugee crisis

Theme:

Currently, there is a refugee crisis happening at the border of Belarus and the European Union. This is a major concern for the international community. There are over 82 million refugees worldwide.

Who are refugees

Refugees are people who are forced to leave their home country due to violence, human rights violations, war, persecution of minorities, and other reasons. They leave everything behind to seek a safer place to live. If they seek asylum in another country, they are known as asylum seekers until their application is accepted. Every refugee is an asylum seeker initially. They are recognised as refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention, a United Nations treaty.

Status of refugees worldwide

Many countries are refusing refugees, claiming they pose an economic or security threat. Only a few countries like Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, and Liberia are accepting most refugees. Many refugees struggle to meet their basic needs like water, food, and sanitation. They also suffer from post-traumatic stress and discrimination in host countries. Language and cultural barriers make it hard for refugees to find employment. Some refugees move to a third country on a resettlement program, but it happens to only a few of them. Some host countries are forcibly sending refugees back to their home countries, even though it is not safe. Many refugees who were sent back went through brutal violence, and some even disappeared.

What the international community is doing for refugees

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the right to seek asylum in other countries. The Refugee Convention also protects refugees' rights and defines who is a refugee. However, only a few countries are taking in many refugees, leaving host countries overburdened. The Global Compact on Refugees, adopted in 2018, aims to protect refugees and share the responsibility among all countries. There are also programs for resettling refugees, but they only help a small number. The first Global Refugee Forum was held in 2019 to show solidarity with refugees. World Refugee Day is on 20th June every year to raise awareness.

What more should be done

All countries should share the responsibility of refugees and provide them with education and job opportunities. War-torn countries should be rebuilt to allow refugees to return safely. No one should be forced to return home. Host countries need financial support from the international community. More funding is needed to help refugees, and not just to protect borders.

Drone technology – Pros & Cons

What is Drone technology
Drones are flying devices that can be controlled using a remote control or smartphone. They were first used in 1849 for military purposes and have now become accessible to the general public.

Pros of drone technology:

• Drones are used in many industries, such as delivering medicines quickly in hilly regions, delivering food during natural disasters, and identifying crop diseases in agriculture. They can also replace humans for monotonous tasks or in dangerous places like mining. Drones can save lives and prevent loss of lives in wars.
• Drones can provide internet access in remote areas and create job opportunities. They are cost-saving and make aerial shots accessible to the general public.

Cons of drone technology:

Drones can be hacked and collide with flights. They can also be used for anti-social activities like stalking or vandalizing homes. Drones have posed security threats in the past.

AUKUS vs Quad

Theme
In September 2021, a trilateral security partnership called AUKUS was announced by Australia (AU), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). These countries expressed their commitment to maintaining a free and open Indo-Pacific region. Concerns have been raised that AUKUS might overshadow Quad, which is the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue formed by the United States, India, Japan, and Australia. Quad also aims to counter China's increasing influence in the Indo-Pacific.

AUKUS vs Quad

AUKUS is a military pact involving AU, UK, and US, focused on supporting each other in matters of security and defence. On the other hand, Quad is an informal group without a military aspect.
The goals of AUKUS and Quad are distinct. AUKUS was established for cooperation in security and defence matters, with member countries committed to ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific. In contrast, the Quad countries have pledged to collaborate on pressing global challenges such as COVID-19 vaccination, climate change, counterterrorism, and disaster relief. The member countries are offering mutual support in addressing these issues.
Concerns have been raised that AUKUS might overshadow Quad. However, some argue that this may not be the case since the two have different purposes. Only time will reveal whether one will overshadow the other.

Conclusion

Rather than diminishing Quad, AUKUS could actually complement it in countering China's growing economic, political, and military influence in the Indo-Pacific region.

AUKUS Simplified:

Theme
AUKUS is a security partnership involving Australia (AU), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). It aims to support each other in security and defence interests, including cooperation in undersea and cyber capabilities. The alliance is committed to ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific region, with the implicit goal of countering China's increasing influence in that area.

What is AUKUS

AUKUS was established by AU, UK, and US to assist one another in security and defence matters. It also involves collaboration in undersea and cyber capabilities.
The alliance has expressed its dedication to maintaining a free and open Indo-Pacific region in the long term. Although China was not explicitly mentioned, it is widely believed that the alliance was formed in response to China's growing economic, political, and military influence in the Indo-Pacific.

Benefits of AUKUS

• AUKUS can work together with the Quad in countering China's growing military presence in the Indo-Pacific.
• Under the agreement, Australia will construct nuclear-powered submarines with the assistance of technology provided by the US. This will significantly enhance Australia's defence capabilities, helping to counter China's efforts to modernise its defence capabilities.
• The technology transfer from the US could create substantial opportunities for businesses in Australia.
• AUKUS has the potential to generate hundreds of highly skilled job opportunities.

Challenges

There are concerns that AUKUS may overshadow the Quad. The cancellation of a five-year-old contract between Australia and France to build diesel-powered submarines, in favour of a deal with the US to construct nuclear-powered submarines under the AUKUS partnership, has led to a deterioration in Australia-France relations. Some countries are worried about the increasing military presence and arms race in the Indo-Pacific.

Conclusion

AUKUS plays a crucial role in upholding democracy in the Indo-Pacific region. It can complement the Quad's efforts to counter China's expanding economic, political, and military influence in the Indo-Pacific.

COVID-19

Theme
When discussing the topic of 'COVID-19', there are numerous aspects to consider. These include why it turned into a global pandemic, its impact on our lives and economies, and the valuable lessons it has taught us.

Points to speak

• COVID-19 was initially identified in China and rapidly spread across the world within a few months. There are several reasons behind its transformation into a pandemic. Factors such as globalization, delayed information-sharing among countries regarding viruses, and high population density in urban areas due to uneven development all contributed to the escalation from an epidemic to a pandemic.
• The outbreak exposed weaknesses in healthcare systems.
• It significantly affected our day-to-day lives, leading to job losses for many individuals and economic downturns in multiple countries.
• COVID-19 imparted several important lessons to the world, including the necessity of enhancing healthcare systems globally, the importance of transparency between nations, and the value of self-sufficiency.
• Human-wildlife interaction served as the origin of COVID-19. The destruction of wildlife habitats has resulted in animals venturing into residential areas, highlighting the importance of protecting wildlife spaces.
• Social inequalities have greatly increased during the pandemic.
• COVID-19 has transformed the way we work, with a growing number of people now working from home.
• Viruses constantly undergo mutations. When viruses move from one host to another, such as from person to person, they adapt to their surroundings through mutations. A virus with one or more new mutations is referred to as a new variant. COVID variants are named after Greek alphabets, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron.
• Practicing hygiene, maintaining social distancing, and adopting healthy eating habits will continue to be important even after the pandemic phase.

Conclusion

COVID-19 caught the world off guard, with some countries managing it effectively while others struggled. It disrupted the daily lives of almost everyone and caused severe economic setbacks. However, it also provided numerous lessons for the world to learn from. By taking proactive measures and being better prepared, we can prevent and effectively handle future pandemics if they arise.

BRICS vs Quad

Theme
India is a member of two important groups, namely BRICS and Quad, and actively participates in their summits. However, China and Russia, who are part of BRICS, have openly criticized India's involvement in Quad while simultaneously being members of BRICS.

Let's start with BRICS. Formed in 2006, BRICS consists of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Its primary goal is to foster cooperation for economic development among its members.
On the other hand, Quad, officially known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, was established in 2007 by India, the US, Japan, and Australia. Although it remained dormant after 2008, it was reestablished in 2017. The Quad countries share a common interest in countering China's aggressive actions in the Indo-Pacific region.

What is BRICS?

BRICS serves as a counterbalance to the dominance of Western powers in the international system. It represents the collective voice of developing nations and aims to promote economic development. Given that the BRICS nations are the fastest-growing economies, they are expected to become dominant economic powers by 2050. Membership in BRICS is crucial for India to maintain positive bilateral relations with its fellow member countries. Moreover, BRICS provides a platform for India to engage in discussions with Russia, which has been a long-standing ally.

What is Quad?

The Quad countries have all suffered from China's aggressive behavior. They share a common interest in countering China's actions in the Indo-Pacific region and advocate for a free and open Indo-Pacific. In addition to this, the Quad countries have discussed cooperation in areas such as combating the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing climate change, and other global issues of utmost importance. It is worth noting that while China indirectly supports the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, all Quad countries uphold democratic values. China has expressed displeasure regarding India's participation in Quad and its growing ties with the United States. However, India has received support from the US on various matters, including its bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, the issue of cross-border terrorism with Pakistan, and its opposition to China's Belt and Road initiative. Consequently, the Quad holds greater significance for India than BRICS in the present context.

BRICS vs Quad

Both BRICS and Quad carry significance for India. Striking a balance between the two is the ideal approach. This allows India to play an increasingly influential role in international affairs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, both BRICS and Quad are important for India. Therefore, it is advisable for India to maintain a balanced engagement with both groupings. This enables India to enhance its participation and impact in global affairs.

Sri Lanka’s economic crisis

Theme
Sri Lanka is currently facing its worst economic crisis in history, which began in 2019. The situation has deteriorated further in 2022, with skyrocketing prices of basic staple foods and fuel, making them unaffordable for the general population.

The present situation in Sri Lanka

Long queues form outside stores as people scramble to purchase essential food items. The country is grappling with an immense shortage of food and fuel, leading to exorbitant prices that are burdensome for the average citizen. In June 2022, Sri Lanka's inflation reached an all-time high of 54.6%.

Foreign exchange reserves are alarmingly scarce, leaving the country unable to meet its foreign debts. Consequently, hospitals are struggling to procure vital medicines and equipment needed for patient care. Furthermore, the value of Sri Lanka's currency has depreciated.

Reasons for the present economic crisis in Sri Lanka

In an effort to assist Sri Lanka, India has extended financial aid along with food and medical supplies.

Causes of the Economic Crisis
Sri Lanka heavily relies on tourism, which contributes 10% to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The tourism industry has been severely impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and the terrorist attacks in 2019, resulting in a shortage of foreign exchange reserves.
A significant portion of the available foreign exchange reserves is being allocated to paying off the country's debts.
As the Sri Lankan rupee is sold to obtain foreign currency for imports, the value of the country's currency has declined. This, in turn, has adversely affected imports of basic food items, exacerbating the food shortage.
The decision to transition to 100% organic farming, while beneficial for the environment and human health, has initially led to lower yields. The reduced agricultural output has worsened the food scarcity, resulting in high demand, low supply, and a subsequent surge in prices. Additionally, the need to import more food due to limited domestic production has further strained the foreign exchange reserves.

Steps that were taken so far

Tea and spices are major exports from Sri Lanka, generating foreign currency. However, the shift to organic farming has resulted in lower yields of these commodities.

Actions Taken
The central bank of Sri Lanka has raised interest rates in an attempt to control inflation. Sri Lanka has also sought assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to alleviate its economic crisis, and the IMF is closely monitoring the situation.

Conclusion

Multiple factors have contributed to Sri Lanka's severe economic crisis, primarily the acute shortage of foreign exchange reserves. Ensuring the well-being of the general population should be of utmost priority in addressing this crisis.

India-Afghanistan relations

Theme
India had its first official meeting with the Taliban in Doha on 31st August 2021, marking a significant development in their relationship. In the past, India had mixed relations with Afghanistan, but after the fall of the Taliban in 2001, India actively invested in Afghanistan's development, contributing $3 billion towards infrastructure projects. Bilateral trade between India and Afghanistan surpassed $1.5 billion in the 2019-2020 financial year. While the Taliban has expressed interest in establishing good relations and trade with India, India remains cautious due to the Taliban's close ties with Pakistan. China's friendship with Pakistan further raises concerns about the future of India-Afghanistan relations, as both countries could exert influence over Afghanistan's decisions. India, along with other nations, is closely observing the actions of the Taliban regime, hoping they will respect human rights. The continuation of trade and relations with Afghanistan will depend on the Taliban's commitment to democracy and human rights.

India-Afghanistan relations

India and Afghanistan signed a five-year treaty of friendship in 1950. However, India's relations with Afghanistan deteriorated when the Taliban assumed power in 1996. Following the overthrow of the Taliban by the US in 2001, India actively participated in Afghanistan's development and invested $3 billion in infrastructure projects. From 2001 to 2021, India maintained strong relations with Afghanistan. The bilateral trade between the two countries surpassed $1.5 billion in the 2019-2020 financial year.

Taliban's Interest in India

A senior Taliban leader recently expressed a desire for positive relations and trade with India. Despite this, India has not yet recognized the Taliban's rule. India remains concerned about the future of its relationship with Afghanistan, given the close association between the Taliban and Pakistan. Additionally, China's friendship with Pakistan raises further apprehension, as both countries could potentially influence key decisions in Afghanistan that may impact Indo-Afghan relations.

Observing the Taliban Regime

India and other countries are closely monitoring the actions of the Taliban regime. The international community expects the Taliban to uphold human rights in order for countries to maintain trade and other relations with Afghanistan. The world is waiting to see how the Taliban regime evolves and whether it respects democracy and human rights within the country.

Conclusion

India enjoyed positive relations with Afghanistan until the Taliban assumed control. Now, with the Taliban expressing a desire for good relations, India and other countries are cautiously observing the actions of the Taliban regime. The continuation of trade and relations with Afghanistan will depend on the Taliban's adherence to democracy and human rights, as indicated by the international community's stance.

Is Technology headed in the right direction?

Yes

Technology is progressing in a positive direction, benefiting our lives by making things easier. With the introduction of new technological innovations, our living standards have greatly improved.
Technology is fostering inclusivity in our society as well. Older adults and individuals with special needs can now live independently, thanks to advancements in technology. Therefore, we can confidently say that our society is moving in the right direction as technology continues to advance.

No

• However, it's important to acknowledge that there are increasing threats to our privacy. The rise of technological tools designed to hack and steal personal data has become a major concern. Cybercrimes pose a significant issue in modern times.
• Cyberattacks have become commonplace, and our heavy reliance on technology has made us more susceptible to financial scams. This raises doubts about whether technology is truly progressing in the right direction.
• Moreover, technology is now being used to manipulate governments and cause harm to countries, adding further complexity to the situation.

Conclusion

While there are indeed threats posed by technology, overall progress in technology is heading in the right direction as it improves our living standards.

Taliban rule in Afghanistan – Impact on India

Theme
The Taliban took control of Afghanistan in August 2021, and this has had an impact on India. India has invested over $3 billion in Afghanistan, specifically in infrastructure projects like schools, highways, and dams. However, due to the uncertain future of Indo-Afghan relations, there are concerns about the fate of these projects.

Taliban rule in Afghanistan – Impact on India

• China and Pakistan may gain more influence in Afghanistan now, as both countries have indirectly acknowledged the Taliban's rule. This could potentially strain the relationship between India and Afghanistan.
• The future of trade relations between India and Afghanistan is uncertain at the moment. There are worries among political analysts that Afghanistan could become a safe haven for terrorists. If this were to happen, it would pose a threat not only to India but also to other countries around the world.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the future of Indo-Afghanistan relations remains uncertain because India has not yet made its stance on the Taliban regime in Afghanistan clear. This uncertainty extends to trade relations between the two countries and India's strategic investments in Afghanistan.

Impact of COVID-19 on mental health

Theme
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's mental well-being. Many individuals are experiencing high levels of stress, anxiety, and other psychological difficulties.

Impact of covid-19 on mental health

• The COVID-19 situation has led to a profound sense of fear and worry among almost everyone regarding their own health and the well-being of their loved ones. Consequently, numerous individuals are now suffering from anxiety disorders, stress, and depression.
• Tragically, a considerable number of people have lost family members due to the pandemic. Some have been unable to say goodbye or pay their final respects, resulting in a significant number of individuals experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The pandemic has also caused many people to grieve in isolation, further exacerbating their trauma.
• Frontline workers and their families face an elevated risk of contracting the virus. Coupled with their demanding workload, this has resulted in burnout and depressive disorders for many healthcare professionals worldwide.
• The implementation of lockdowns and voluntary social distancing measures has left many individuals feeling isolated, leading to additional anxiety issues.
• The loss of employment and other sources of income has triggered panic attacks for many and created intense stress. The most vulnerable members of society, particularly those who are economically disadvantaged, have been hit the hardest.
• Some victims of domestic violence have been forced to remain with their abusers as they are unable to leave the house for work as they previously could. This has had a detrimental effect on their mental health.
• Students no longer have the option of attending in-person classes, and the shift to online learning has resulted in feelings of isolation and increased anxiety for many.
• With schools closed, young couples have had to balance childcare responsibilities while working from home. This has caused burnout and significant stress, often disproportionately impacting women within families.
• Individuals with pre-existing health conditions and their family members are experiencing heightened anxiety and sleep disturbances due to the increased risk of contracting COVID-19.
• The fear of contracting the virus has prevented many from seeking help from psychologists, exacerbating the issue. Additionally, numerous individuals do not have access to telemedicine services, further limiting their options for support.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on mental health. It is crucial to enhance the availability of mental health professionals. Schools and colleges should prioritize the recruitment of psychologists to support their students. Raising widespread awareness about mental health issues and the importance of seeking professional help is essential.

Post-Covid world

Theme
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a lasting impact on how we live, learn, and work. While some changes are temporary, others are here to stay. The post-Covid world will not be the same as it was before the pandemic, sparking global discussions on what it should look like.

The world after the COVID-19 pandemic

• The importance of a robust healthcare system has been realized by all countries after experiencing significant loss of life during the pandemic. Efforts are now being made to strengthen healthcare systems worldwide.
• Social distancing and hygiene practices will continue to be adopted by the majority of people in the post-Covid world.
• The disruption of global supply chains has affected numerous countries, prompting them to work towards self-sufficiency. Nationalism is becoming increasingly dominant over globalism.
• Covid-19 may become a seasonal occurrence and be treated similarly to the normal flu until vaccination is widespread and the virus is completely eliminated.
• The world will be on high alert for any new viruses that may emerge, taking immediate global measures to prevent future pandemics. Airport screenings for viruses may become a standard practice, and Covid vaccine passports could become mandatory.
• Remote work will become more prevalent, and employees will demand strict working hours to achieve a better work-life balance. Currently, many remote jobs require round-the-clock availability, leading to employee exhaustion. New regulations may be implemented to address this issue.
• The gig economy will experience rapid growth in the post-Covid world.
• E-learning and blended learning will become the standard in education.
• The importance of nutrition is now more widely recognized, leading to a greater likelihood of people adopting healthier diets.
• Countries worldwide have understood the significance of international cooperation and are more likely to maintain friendly relations with one another.
• E-governance will become a fundamental right.
• The need for an emergency fund is now universally acknowledged, with more people starting to save and build financial reserves for uncertain times.
• People will value life and their loved ones more, leading to more frequent meetings with friends and relatives. The pandemic has shown us the importance of cherishing these connections.

How the post COVID world should be

• The Covid pandemic disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, particularly unskilled workers who lost their jobs and children from low-income families who couldn't continue their education due to a lack of digital devices. Therefore, countries should focus on reducing inequality and bridging the gap, taking steps to protect vulnerable individuals.
• During lockdowns, people realized that the negative impact of human activity on the environment could be reversed. Working towards sustainable development can make the post-Covid world a much better place to live, and creating more green jobs is crucial.
• There should be improved information sharing among countries.
• Urban areas became Covid hotspots due to their high population density. Hence, the post-Covid world should provide better employment opportunities in rural areas to achieve a more balanced distribution of development.

Conclusion

While some changes brought about by the Covid pandemic are irreversible, we need to implement further changes to create a more inclusive and equal society. This includes protecting vulnerable individuals and working towards a sustainable future.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence

Theme
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming our world and will continue to do so in the future. It has become a part of our daily lives, with virtual assistants like Google Assistant, Alexa, and Siri helping us out. The integration of AI into our lives will increase, leading to innovative changes that will benefit us all.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence

• AI will revolutionize our lives and jobs. It boosts our productivity by assisting us in various tasks, saving time and effort. For instance, we can now schedule robotic vacuum cleaners to clean our floors, freeing up time and energy. These intelligent cleaners navigate obstacles and clean surfaces effectively. Similarly, further advancements in AI will eliminate the need for repetitive tasks.
• Driverless vehicles will relieve us from the burden of driving and decrease the likelihood of accidents caused by human error. Autonomous vehicles will transform the way we travel.
• Currently, websites and apps employ AI to provide personalized experiences. For example, YouTube suggests videos based on our viewing habits. In the future, we can expect more personalized services, including personalized healthcare.
• The combination of 5G and AI enables doctors to perform robotic surgeries, greatly improving access to healthcare services. The collaboration between humans and machines through artificial intelligence can achieve remarkable feats.
• AI will enable individuals with special needs and senior citizens to live independently.
• However, with these advancements, concerns regarding data privacy, security, and ethics will arise. Laws and regulations will need to be developed to address these issues.

Conclusion

In conclusion, AI has already made significant improvements in various industries and has the potential to revolutionize all sectors. It reduces mundane work, enhances employee efficiency, and facilitates quick decision-making. As AI becomes more integrated into our lives, it is crucial to address ethical and security concerns by engaging in discussions and taking appropriate steps.

Quad

Theme
On 12th March 2021, India, Australia, the USA, and Japan held their first-ever summit as Quad nations to discuss regional and global challenges. Previously, they had only held occasional meetings.

What is Quad?

Quad originated in 2007 when India, Australia, the USA, and Japan joined forces to aid relief efforts after the Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami in 2004. The main goal of the Quad nations is to ensure a free and open Indo-Pacific region, which China has been exploiting to its advantage. In 2020, the Quad nations conducted their largest joint naval exercises. Informally, Quad is referred to as the "Asian NATO" because of its potential to become a strong coalition similar to NATO in Europe and North America.

Benefits of Quad

• Collaboration in defence, maritime security, counterterrorism, and information exchange is highly advantageous for all Quad nations. Many countries worldwide rely on China for imports, leading to supply chain disruptions during the pandemic. Currently, all Quad nations have trade relations with China. Quad presents an excellent opportunity to diversify supply chains, reduce dependence on China, and establish Free Trade Agreements among the Quad nations. This economic collaboration benefits all participating countries and the global economy as a whole.
• To diversify supply chains, Quad nations can assist each other through investments to access resources. This helps attract Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). For instance, Australia possesses significant reserves of rare-earth minerals, crucial for manufacturing smartphones, EV batteries, and high-powered motors. China currently supplies around 60% of the world's rare earth minerals. Australia's untapped reserves require investment to extract these minerals, reducing dependence on China. Such cooperation offers tremendous export potential and economic improvement for all Quad nations.
• In 2020, the Quad meeting also included New Zealand, South Korea, and Vietnam, indicating the possibility of a Quad-plus coalition.
• The latest meeting, scheduled for 12th March 2021, prioritized financing for Covid vaccines, strengthening global health security through cooperation.

Conclusion

Quad presents a valuable opportunity to diversify supply chains and counterbalance China's aggressive actions. It is likely that other countries may join, expanding it to Quad plus. With its potential to become a strong coalition like NATO in Europe, Quad carries significant influence.

Is the United Nations still relevant?

Theme

The United Nations was established on 24th October 1945 and recently celebrated its 75th anniversary.

Member countries pledged to "upgrade the United Nations" on its 75th anniversary.

Due to the UN's failure to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, people are once again questioning its relevance in the 21st century.

Background

Before the United Nations, there was the League of Nations, which operated from 1920 to 1946 but failed to prevent World War II.
The United Nations consists of various bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The two main bodies are the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). UNGA allows members to discuss global issues and make recommendations, while UNSC is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, being the most powerful organ of the United Nations.

Yes – United Nations is still relevant

• The United Nations remains relevant as it actively works to maintain peace among nations. It has helped foster economic development and positive relationships between neighbouring countries, preventing wars since 1945.
• The UN focuses on development in numerous countries and addresses global challenges through subsidiary organizations like UNICEF and UNESCO.
• It promotes democracy and protects human rights, which are crucial in today's world.
• In an era where nationalism is on the rise, the UN is needed to prevent conflicts and cold wars through effective international cooperation.
• The UN's track record of promoting technological and economic development since 1945 demonstrates its ongoing relevance.
• While the UN failed to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, it can still be effective in preventing future pandemics through information sharing and international cooperation.
• Global challenges such as terrorism, food crises, and water scarcity require global solutions, and the United Nations remains the best option.

No – United Nations is not relevant in the 21st century

• The United Nations' most powerful organ, the UNSC, is no longer relevant. With only five permanent members (USA, Russia, Britain, China, France) and ten non-permanent members, it allows misuse of power through veto decisions. Other nations often have crucial decisions blocked without representation, which goes against the present emphasis on equality.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) failed to effectively prevent the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The world has changed significantly since 1945, but the UN has not kept pace with these changes.
• The UN's operations are influenced by funding, leading to power abuses. Initially dominated by the USA, China's increasing contribution and influence based on its wishes is a concern.
• Billions of people still live in poverty, raising doubts about the UN's effectiveness in addressing global challenges.
• Some countries complain that the UN encroaches on their sovereignty, which is not appropriate in the 21st century.
• The growth of regional and smaller international organizations indicates that the UN is losing its relevance.

What needs to be done

• As suggested by many countries, veto power should be eliminated, and the UNSC should be expanded to better represent member countries. Reforming the UNSC is essential for a more balanced power structure.
• New UN bodies should be established to address other global challenges such as pandemics and climate change, making the UN more relevant.
• Transparency and information sharing need to be increased to prevent future pandemics like COVID-19.
• Funding should come from diverse sources to avoid power misuse and dominance.

Conclusion

The United Nations remains relevant in the present times but requires reforms. The UNSC should be reformed to align with the 21st century, and enhanced transparency and information sharing can make the UN a more effective organization.

Should anonymity be allowed on the internet?

Theme
In today's world, we often encounter fake news, trolls, and cyberbullying from anonymous individuals online. This has sparked debates on whether or not anonymity should be permitted on the internet.

Yes – Anonymity should be allowed on the internet

• Protection and Freedom of Expression:
  Not everyone can freely share their opinions without fear of threats or bullying. Anonymity provides a safeguard for expressing views while maintaining personal safety and mental well-being. It upholds freedom of expression, contributing to positive change in the world.
• Privacy and Security:
  In an era of increasing government surveillance, anonymity serves as a shield against becoming a victim of intrusive monitoring. Therefore, anonymity is essential to ensure individuals' right to privacy.
• Historical Precedent:
  Anonymity has been a longstanding practice in our society. Many writers throughout the years have chosen to remain anonymous to avoid judgments from their community and society.
• Protection from Cyberbullying and Criminals:
  Being anonymous online helps shield individuals from cyberbullying and cybercriminals. Removing anonymity exposes everyone to these negative aspects of the internet, making it crucial to maintain the option.
• Empowerment for Introverts:
  Anonymity enables introverts to freely express their opinions on online platforms, allowing them to participate without the pressures of social interaction.
• Privacy for Celebrities:
  Famous individuals often desire to live their lives without constant scrutiny. While they face limitations in the real world, the internet provides an avenue for them to be anonymous, preserving their privacy. Hence, anonymity is particularly important for celebrities.
• Reducing Judgments:
  Platforms like Quora and Reddit enable people to ask and answer questions, addressing doubts that may be difficult to ask in person. Anonymity allows individuals to seek information without fear of judgment, benefiting many users.

No – Anonymity should not be allowed on the internet

• Online Harassment:
  The option of anonymity is often misused, leading to harassment on online platforms. People tend to behave differently online than in real life, resulting in aggressive comments and threats towards those with differing opinions. This phenomenon is known as the "online disinhibition effect."
• Political Misuse:
  Political parties exploit anonymity to defame individuals from opposing parties. Politically motivated hateful comments have become commonplace, causing harm and spreading negativity.
• Cyberbullying:
  The prevalence of cyberbullying is on the rise, with anonymity being a significant contributing factor. Individuals hide behind anonymity to engage in harmful online behaviour, targeting others with little consequence.
• Misuse in Business:
  Anonymity is often employed to write negative reviews for competitor companies, enabling unethical practices to harm their reputation.

Conclusion

Anonymity on the internet presents both advantages and disadvantages. However, until everyone has the ability to express their opinions freely, anonymity remains important. To mitigate the negative consequences, promoting awareness programs on responsibility and ethics can be beneficial. Schools should educate children about internet ethics, and stricter measures should be taken to punish those who misuse anonymity for harassment.