British Legacy | Public Administration Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Introduction

Evolution of Indian Administration during British Rule

The East India Company's Ascendancy: The East India Company initially arrived in India for trade purposes but gradually assumed control of the country's governance. The company capitalized on the disintegration of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, establishing its influence over various regions. The decisive Battle of Plassey in 1757 cemented the company's authority. In 1765, the company acquired the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, maintaining the administrative structure inherited from the Mughals.

• Modernizing District Administration: While retaining the existing administrative system, the British aimed to reduce exploitation by intermediaries such as the Zamindars. To achieve this, they established direct rapport with the people through their own officers. In 1772, supervisors were appointed in larger districts, later designated as Collectors by Warren Hastings. The Board of Directors of the East India Company, in 1786, directed the Governor-General to place all districts under Collectors. These Collectors assumed crucial responsibilities, including land revenue collection, dispensation of civic justice, and magisterial duties, thus laying the foundation of the modern district administration.
• Evolution of Administrative Structures: Continuing their efforts to enhance the efficiency and stability of governance, the British introduced several reforms. Divisional Commissioners were appointed in Bengal in 1829 to supervise a group of districts, initiating the Divisional Commissioner system that persists in present-day states. The Company made gradual progress in organizing the government structure, eventually establishing an efficient and well-organized administration.
• British Acts and Central Control: Despite having control over certain Indian provinces, the British administration faced instability and shortcomings. Consequently, the British government enacted various acts to address these issues. Notably, the Government of India Act in 1858 marked the end of the Company's rule and the transfer of power to the British Crown. The Board of Control and the Court of Directors were abolished, and their powers were vested in the Secretary of State for India. This shift streamlined the administrative process and provided a mechanism for efficient governance.
• Portfolio System and Executive Council: To address the growing workload and expedite decision-making, Lord Canning introduced the portfolio system in 1859. Under this system, a member of the Governor-General's Council was assigned to oversee specific departments and issue orders on behalf of the Council. The Act of 1861 formally recognized this innovation, increasing the efficiency and responsibility of council members. The Act also expanded the Executive Council by adding a law member, strengthening the executive government.
• Constitutional and Local Self-Government Reforms: The Indian Council Act of 1892 introduced some elements of indirect election and enlarged the legislative councils. The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 further expanded the size of legislative councils and provided separate representation for Muslims. Simultaneously, efforts were made to strengthen local self-government. The Mayo Resolution of 1870 and subsequent municipal acts aimed to empower local communities to manage their affairs effectively. The Decentralisation Commission of 1909 recommended the revival and growth of Village Panchayats, emphasizing the importance of local governance.

Government of India Act, 1919, and 1935

The Government of India Act of 1919 introduced the concept of dyarchy, dividing the subjects of administration into reserved and transferred categories. It also expanded the central and provincial legislatures, allowing for greater representation. However, real power remained with the British authorities. The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced provincial autonomy, creating a federation with autonomous provinces and direct elections. Although the Act fell short of full self-government, it provided a framework for political developments leading to independence.

Indianization of Administration

Post-independence, India adopted a democratic system of governance while preserving certain aspects of the British legacy. The parliamentary form of government, federal structure, independent judiciary, civil services, district and regional administration, rule of law, and local self-government continue to be fundamental features of the Indian administrative system. The country has gradually expanded its administrative machinery, providing opportunities for the representation and participation of diverse sections of society.

Conclusion

The British rule in India left a profound impact on the administrative and political systems of the country. The evolution of Indian administration during this period transformed the traditional structures, introducing new administrative mechanisms and policies. The legacy of British governance continues to shape India's administrative landscape, as many institutions and practices established during this era persist today. Understanding the historical evolution of Indian administration is crucial for comprehending the complexities and dynamics of the present-day administrative system in India.