Indian History Important Dates | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests) PDF Download

Indus Valley Civilization (2300–1750 BC)

 

Arrival and Expansion of the Aryans (From 1500 BC - 800 BC)
The Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BC. They settled in the region and gradually expanded into the Ganga Valley between 1200 and 800 BC. The Aryans brought with them new cultural practices, including the composition of the Vedas, which are among the oldest sacred texts. 

16 Mahajanapadas and the Emergence of Buddhism and Jainism (600 BC - 468 BC)
The period around 600 BC saw the rise of 16 Mahajanapadas in northern India. This era was marked by significant political, social, and religious transformations. Two major religions, Buddhism and Jainism, were founded during this time. Buddha, born in 563 BC, and Mahavir, born in 540 BC, preached their philosophies, emphasizing non-violence and spiritual liberation. 

The Nanda Dynasty and Alexander's Invasion (362 BC - 326 BC)
The Nanda dynasty ruled over northern India from 362 to 321 BC. Their rule was marked by significant administrative and military advancements. In 327–326 BC, Alexander the Great invaded India, establishing a route between India and Europe and influencing subsequent Indian history. 
 

The Maurya Empire (322 BC - 232 BC)
Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire in 322 BC after defeating the Nanda dynasty. The empire expanded significantly under his rule and that of his successors. Ashoka, one of the greatest Indian emperors, ruled from 273 to 232 BC. His reign is particularly noted for the conquest of Kalinga in 261 BC and his subsequent embrace of Buddhism. 

The Early Tamil Kingdoms (145 BC - 101 BC)
The early Tamil kingdoms, including the Chola dynasty, were significant in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent. Elara, a Chola king, ruled Sri Lanka from 145 to 101 BC. 

The Vikram and Saka Eras and Kanishka's Reign (58 BC - 101 AD)
The Vikram and Saka eras mark important chronological systems in Indian history. The Vikram era began in 58 BC, while the Saka era started in 78 AD. Kanishka, who reigned from 78 to 101 AD, was a prominent Kushan emperor known for his military conquests and patronage of Buddhism. 

The Gupta Era (319 - 647 AD)
The Gupta Empire, starting in 319 AD, is often referred to as the Golden Age of India due to its extensive achievements in arts, sciences, and culture. Chandragupta II, also known as Vikramaditya, reigned from 380 AD and was succeeded by Kumaragupta I in 415 AD and Skandagupta in 455 AD. The Chinese traveler Fahien visited India during this period, documenting the empire's prosperity. 

The Reign of Harshavardhan (606 - 647 AD)
Harshavardhan ruled northern India from 606 to 647 AD. His reign was marked by the consolidation of territories and the promotion of culture and religion. Harsha was a patron of the arts and Buddhism, and his court attracted scholars from across the world. 

Throughout these periods, ancient India experienced significant developments in politics, culture, and religion, laying the foundation for its rich historical and cultural heritage.

Medieval History: Key Events and Developments

The early medieval period in India saw the arrival and establishment of various foreign powers and the rise of prominent Indian kingdoms. This era was marked by significant invasions and the establishment of new dynasties.

Establishment of Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1325 AD)
The Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 AD with the rule of Qutubuddin Aibak. This period saw the establishment of a centralized Muslim rule in India, leading to significant cultural and political changes.

The Vijayanagar Empire and Later Delhi Sultanate (1336 - 1526 AD)
The Vijayanagar Empire in the south and the continued rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the north were significant during this period. The Delhi Sultanate faced numerous invasions and internal conflicts, while the Vijayanagar Empire thrived culturally and economically.

Mughal Empire and European Involvement (1539 - 1761 AD)
The Mughal Empire, starting with Babur's victory in 1526, marked a significant period in Indian history. This era saw the establishment of a powerful and culturally rich empire. The arrival of Europeans, starting with the Portuguese and later the British, set the stage for future colonial rule.

The medieval period in Indian history was marked by the rise and fall of several dynasties, significant invasions, the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, the grandeur of the Mughal Empire, and the initial stages of European colonialism, which set the foundation for the modern history of India.

Modern History: Key Events and Developments

British Conquest and Early Colonial Period (1764 - 1833 AD)
The British East India Company consolidated its power in India through a series of battles and administrative reforms. This period was marked by significant conflicts, such as the Anglo-Mysore Wars and the establishment of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, which restructured land revenue systems.

Rise of Regional Powers and British Expansion (1839 - 1857 AD)
During this period, the British faced significant resistance from regional powers, leading to conflicts such as the Anglo-Afghan and Anglo-Sikh Wars. Additionally, technological advancements like the introduction of railways and telegraphs began to take root in India.

Socio-Political Awakening and Freedom Struggle (1861 - 1922 AD)

This era saw the birth of prominent leaders and the establishment of key political organizations. The Indian National Congress was formed, and significant movements like the Non-cooperation Movement were launched, marking the beginning of mass participation in the freedom struggle.

Towards Independence (1925 - 1947 AD)
The period leading up to independence was marked by significant political activities, including the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Quit India Movement, and the formation of the Indian National Army. The end of World War II accelerated the process of India's independence, which was eventually achieved in 1947.

The modern period in Indian history is characterized by the rise of British colonialism, the struggle for independence, and the eventual emergence of India and Pakistan as independent nations in 1947. This era witnessed significant socio-political changes and the birth of several prominent leaders who shaped the course of Indian history.