World Industries: Location Patterns & Problems - 2 | Geography Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

Major Industrial Regions of the World

• The world's industrial regions are very unevenly distributed across the globe.
• Natural and cultural factors are both involved in any explanation of the global distribution of manufacturing regions, but the great differences in the localization of any industrial region can be explained to a large extent by resource availability.
• Many industrial centres have sprung up since the development of machinery, where there is an abundance of coal, coal and iron, or extensive water power - the main sources of modern industry - and all such towns are more or fewer business centres.
• The world's five major industrial regions. The following are the industrial regions:
  • North American Region
  • European Region
  • Other European Regions
  • Asian Regions
  • Other Asian Industrial Zones.
• Several factors influence the concentration or localization of industry.
• The market, the labour supply, the cost of land resources, the situation of raw materials, the nature and situation of natural and human resources, the value of commodities produced in relation to the cost of the various items entering into their production, and finally, the supply of capital are the main localising factors.

Factors influencing Global industry location

Historical Factors

• Manufacturing patterns in all developed countries are heavily influenced by their history.
• It evolved in Europe among communities that were self-sufficient in most of life's necessities.
• A subsidiary industry is one that uses a byproduct from the primary industry. Alternatively, provide one of its essential requirements.
• An old industry, such as Oxford Motors or Rolls Royce, may gradually phase out its old production and transition to a new one.
• Industry's decline resulted in a pool of unemployed labour as well as assets such as factory buildings, railway facilities, and transportation networks.

Geographical Factors

• Natural and Climatic Conditions: Natural and climatic concerns include ground level, topography of an area, water facilities, drainage facilities, waste disposal, and so on.
  • These considerations can have an impact on where industries are located.
  • For example: The humid climates of Bombay, India, and Manchester in England, provided excellent opportunities for the development of cotton textile industries in both cities.
• Availability of Resources: One of the most significant variables in an industrial site is Raw materials and Resources. The availability or location of raw materials and Resources may dictate the location of industries in and of themselves.
• Availability of Power: The availability of affordable power is another element that influences the location of an Industry.
  • Water, wind, coal, gas, oil, and electricity are the basic sources of energy. Prior to the invention of the steam engine, both water and wind power were actively pursued as potential sources of energy.
  • During the nineteenth century, proximity to coalfields became the most important determining factor in the establishment of new businesses, notably heavy industries.
• Transportation: In general, transportation infrastructure has an impact on the placement of industry.
  • Transportation, with its three modes, namely water, road, and rail, plays a vital role. As a result, the intersections of waterways, highways, and trains become bustling hubs of industrial activity.
• Site and Services: The presence of public utility services, the low cost of the site's value, amenities associated with a certain site such as the level of ground, the form of vegetation, and the location of allied activities all impact the placement of an industry to some extent.

Other Factors

• Availability of Labour: An adequate supply of inexpensive and trained workers is required for each industry.
  • The attractiveness of an industry to labour centres is determined by the ratio of labour cost to total cost of production, which Weber refers to as the "Labour cost of Index."
  • Ex: One of the elements that contributed to the original concentration of the cotton textile industry in the Bombay region was the availability of skilled employees in the region's interior.
• Consumer proximity Market: The market is determined by the population and the level of income of the people. India is a large market for industries, and world industries are drawn to India because of its size.
• Area of agglomeration: Agglomeration economies are those economies which have multiple industries coming together to make use of the advantages offered by urban centres and complementary to each other.
• Agglomeration of firms in specific regions is driven by several factors that can be explained by localization (the clustering of similar firms due to geographic advantages, such as access to inputs) and urbanisation (the clustering of firms in different industries due to the advantages that cities themselves provide).
• Benefits arise from the agglomeration of physical capital, companies, consumers and workers
  • Low transport costs
  • Geographic advantages
  • Labour pooling and matching
  • Availability of Competent Technology and related mobilised information and knowledge

Classification of Industries

• Primary industry is the most basic type of industry, consisting of first processing raw materials and then producing industrial raw materials. Bauxite smelting to make aluminium is one of these industries.
• The secondary industry encompasses all reprocessing of partially manufactured goods to create more complex products, such as the use of cloth in clothing and paper in the production of books. Engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals, shipbuilding, locomotives, and light industries are examples of heavy industries.
• Tertiary industries include trade, transportation, commerce, entertainment, personal services, tourism, and administration, among others.
• Quaternary industry: This group is involved in scientific and technological research, as well as other high-level tasks. Scientists, doctors, and lawyers are among them.
• Some consider the quinary sector to be a subset of the quaternary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision-making in a society or economy.
• Top executives or officials from government, science, universities, nonprofits, healthcare, culture, and the media would be included in this sector. These are advisory services.

Major Industries in the world

Major Industrial Regions of the World

North American Region

• The United States of America contributes roughly one-fifth of the industrial output in this region. Canada is another significant producer.
• Only 5% of these countries' land area contains one-third of their population and nearly two-thirds of their manufacturing output.
• This manufacturing belt has risen to prominence as a result of a combination of historical and environmental factors.
• Important Location Factors
• The early settlement gave eastern cities an advantage in becoming the country's dominant industrial centre.
• Access to Raw Materials- essential raw materials were available (by waterway or natural resources).
• Transportation- The Great Lakes and major rivers played an early role in determining waterway transportation.
• Access to fresh water and power- close proximity to large lakes

The Great Lakes region of North America

• It consists of the eight U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, as well as the Canadian province of Ontario.
• Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports fueled unprecedented regional transportation infrastructure construction.
• With significant innovations in both production processes and business organisation, the region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development.

New England region

• New England is a region in the northeastern United States that includes the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
• It has historically been a significant industrial manufacturing centre and a supplier of natural resource products such as granite, lobster, and codfish.
• The majority of exports are industrial products, such as specialised machines and weaponry.
• Industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment, account for roughly half of the region's exports.

West Coast region of Canada

• The Canadian West Coast - Western Canada's dominant industries are energy and agriculture, and this region, with only 10 million people, is one of the world's largest net exporters of both energy and agricultural commodities.
• Estimated breakdown: Oil (13% of global reserves; 4% of global output) Uranium (8% of global reserves; 20% of global production), Potash (60% of global reserves; 30% of global production), Wheat, coarse grains, and oilseeds (21% of the global export market for wheat; 10% for oilseeds).

Other Industrial regions in Northern America

• The region of New York-Mid-Atlantic.
• The Midwestern Region
• Region of the North-East
• The region to the south.
• The Western Region
• The Pacific Region.

European Region

• The majority of countries in the European Union, particularly in Western Europe, are highly industrialised.
• Some of the countries are world leaders in manufacturing. Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Spain are examples.
• The United Kingdom is one of the world's most industrialised countries. In fact, modern industrialization was largely born on British soil.
• The industrial revolution began in Europe, and as a result, heavy industries on a large scale developed in many parts of Europe.
• Despite industrial development in many parts of the world, Europe remains a major industrial power.
• Industries in Europe are dispersed across many countries, and Europe's manufacturing belt is not continuous.

United Kingdom

• The United Kingdom was the world's first highly industrialised country. The coalfields are closely associated with the majority of its industrial regions.
• The industry is currently declining due to cheaper and more efficient production overseas, as well as old equipment and labour problems at home.
• Nonetheless, the UK's industrial structure is regarded as significant.

North East Coast

• The industrial region of the northeast coast is also fairly close to a coalfield, that of Durham and Northumberland.
• Coal mining and iron and steel production are two of the most important industries.
• In recent years, its economic fortunes have not differed significantly from those of West Cumberland, despite the establishment of a greater variety of steel processing industries as well as other industries such as chemicals.

Lorraine region

• Lorraine is a region of France located in the northeast corner of the country, bordering Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
• This region of France is mostly agricultural, with the rivers Meuse and Moselle flowing through it and rising on the forested slopes of the Vosges.
• The region is well-known for its iron and steel industry, as well as its crystal works.

Germany's Ruhr and Silesia

• The Ruhr valley is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia.
• It is the most densely populated region in Germany and is known for its coal mining and steel industries.

Other Industrial regions in Europe

Other European Regions

• Several other industrial regions can be found in various European countries.
• Swiss Plateau in Switzerland, Stockholm region in Sweden, Rotterdam-Amsterdam region in Holland, and Brussels-Antwerp industrial region in Belgium are all important.
• Separating one European industrial zone from another is a difficult task. In reality, all of these areas are merely sub-regions of a much larger European industrial zone.

The Moscow-Tula Industrial Region

• This is one of the Soviet Union's oldest industrial conurbations.
• Numerous industrial establishments can be found in Moscow, the capital city, as well as other urban centres such as Tula, Gorky, Ivanovo, and Yaroslav. During its early stages of development, Tula iron ore and Moscow brown coal proved advantageous.
• However, the mineral resources declined later on. However, this region's growth continues unabated.
• The Moscow-Tula region has the highest concentration of industries.
• Iron-steel, heavy chemical, metallurgy, machine tools, refineries, textile, electrical, automobiles, and so on are major industries. This industrial agglomeration accounts for nearly a quarter of total national industrial output.

The Southern Industrial Region

• The great Ukrainian region is the largest industrial area. This region contributed the most iron steel and other metallurgical products.
• The famous Donetz coal and Krivoi Rog iron ore provided the foundation for the region's overall economic and industrial growth.
• Aside from that, Nikopol manganese is widely used in iron limestone, another raw material found in the region.

The Southern Industrial Region

• The great Ukrainian region is the largest industrial area in the CIS. This region contributed the most iron steel and other metallurgical products.
• The famous Donetz coal and Krivoi Rog iron ore provided the foundation for the region's overall economic and industrial growth.
• Aside from that, Nikopol manganese is widely used in iron limestone, another raw material found in the region.

The Ural Industrial Region

• The Ural industrial region owes much of its development to the massive iron ore deposits of Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, and S erov. Following the establishment of the Communist regime, Rural development was prioritised, and the 'UralKuznetsk Combine' was built to expedite the region's industrialization.
• This region has an excellent communication system, particularly railroads. Several other industries emerged gradually.
• Among these are machine tools, agricultural machinery, chemicals, and so on.

Other Industrial regions

• The Caucasus Industrial Region.
• The Volga Industrial Region.
• The Kuznetsk Industrial Region.
• The Central Asia Industrial Region.

Asian Regions

• No Asian country had a strong industrial base until recent times.
• However, with the rise of some countries in the industrial sector, such as Japan, China, India, Korea, and Taiwan, this region is now posing a serious threat to the traditionally developed nations.
• Indeed, when it comes to the world's future industrialization, Asia is frequently regarded as the dark horse.

Japan's Yokohama region

• Yokohama is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second-most populous city in Japan after Tokyo.
• It is a significant commercial hub in the Greater Tokyo Area.
• The city's economy is strong, particularly in the shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries.

China's Manchurian region

• China's Manchurian region is a major industrial hub, with massive coal mines, iron and steelworks, aluminium reduction plants, paper mills, and factories producing heavy machinery, tractors, locomotives, aircraft, and chemicals. Dalian is the main commercial port.
• The only extensively level area is the great Manchurian plain, which is crossed by the Liao and Songhua rivers.
• It has been a major manufacturing and agricultural centre in China because it is fertile and densely populated.

The Calcutta Conurbation

• Broadly, a narrow strip running from Bansberia and Naihati in the north to Budge Budge and Uluberia in the south along the Hooghly River may be taken as the demarcating line of India's oldest and largest industrial region.
• This area has seen the development of several suburban and satellite townships. Notable among these are Howrah, Liluah, Bally, Uttarpara etc
• Jute mills, cotton textiles, chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, engineering, machine tools, automobiles, tobacco, food processing, leather, fabrication, paper, match, and other industries are located in this region.

Other Industrial regions in Asia

Other Asian Industrial Zones

• Aside from these major industrial regions, Asia has a few isolated and dispersed industrial centres.
• Seoul, Chongthu, Taejon, Taegu, Pohang, Ulsal, and Kwangju in South Korea are notable, as are small islands such as Hong Kong and Singapore.
• Karachi, Pakistan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Kuwait are important smaller cities.

Other Major Industrial Zones

Conclusion

Industrial regions are areas where industries have concentrated due to favourable geoeconomic conditions. The industrial regions of the world are very unevenly distributed across the globe. Although both natural and cultural factors play a role in any explanation of the global distribution of manufacturing regions, the large differences in localization of any industrial region can be explained to a large extent by resource availability. These industrial regions have a variety of industries and other infrastructures and are well-known for producing specific or diverse types of industrial goods.