Computer Glossary | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests) PDF Download

• A - Applet
• An Applet refers to a small Java application that can be downloaded by a web browser with ActiveX or Java support. Once downloaded, it runs on the user's computer, offering various functionalities like financial calculators and web drawing programs.

Application

• An Application is computer software designed to perform specific tasks, such as word processing or drawing. These are often referred to as programs.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

• ASCII is an encoding system that converts keyboard characters and instructions into binary code, which computers can understand. It allows seamless communication between users and machines.

Bandwidth

• Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a networked connection, determining how much data can be sent along the network wires. Higher bandwidth means faster downloads, making it crucial for Internet connections.

Binary Code

• Binary code is the fundamental language that computers understand, consisting of 0s and 1s. It is used to represent numbers, letters, punctuation marks, and symbols, enabling the computer to interpret and process information.

Bit

• A Bit is the smallest unit of computer information, represented by either 0 or 1. Bits are the building blocks of binary code.

Boot

• To start up a computer. A Cold boot means starting the computer after the power is turned off, while a Warm boot means restarting the computer without turning off the power.

Browser

• A Browser is software used to navigate the Internet. Popular browsers like Google Chrome, Firefox, Netscape Navigator, and Microsoft Internet Explorer allow users to access the World Wide Web.

Bug

• A Bug refers to a malfunction caused by an error in a program or a defect in the equipment.

Byte

• A Byte consists of eight bits and is used to represent one character of data or instructions in most computers. For example, the word "cat" would be represented by three bytes.

Cache

• Cache is a small data-memory storage area that a computer uses to quickly access data without re-reading it from the original source. Browsers use cache to store web pages, allowing users to view them again without reconnecting to the Web.

CAD-CAM (Computer-Aided Drawing - Computer-Aided Manufacturing)

• CAD-CAM refers to the instructions stored in a computer that are translated into precise operating instructions for robots, such as in car assembly or laser-cutting signage.

CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory)

• CD-ROM is an optically read disc designed to store information, including music, reference materials, or computer software. It can hold around 640 megabytes of data and is commonly used to distribute software programs.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface)

• CGI is a programming standard that enables users to fill out form fields on a web page and interact with databases. It allows dynamic content on web pages and is also used for computer-generated imaging, creating graphics and special effects for movies.

Chat

• Chat involves typing text into a message box on a screen to engage in real-time dialogue with one or more people via the Internet or other networks.

Chip

• A Chip is a tiny wafer of silicon containing miniature electric circuits that can store vast amounts of information in the form of binary data.

Client

• A Client refers to a single user of a network application operated from a server. In a client/server architecture, the program's main component (data) resides on a centralized server, with smaller components (user interface) on each client.

Cookie

• A Cookie is a text file sent by a web server and stored on a computer's hard drive. It relays information about the user, their computer, and activities back to the web server.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• The CPU is often referred to as the brain of the computer. It performs all the primary data processing and executes instructions from software programs.

Cracker

• A Cracker is an unauthorized person who breaks into a computer network with malicious intent, seeking to exploit or damage the system.

Crash

• A Crash refers to a hardware or software problem that causes information to be lost or the computer to malfunction. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent damage to the computer.

Cursor

• The Cursor is a moving position-indicator displayed on a computer monitor, showing the user where the next action or operation will take place.

Cyberspace

• Cyberspace, a term popularly used for the Internet, denotes an international conglomeration of interconnected computer networks. It offers a vast array of resources for business and home users, beyond its initial focus on research and communication.

Database

• A Database is a collection of similar information stored in a file, such as an address database. It is often managed using a Database Management System (DBMS).

Debug

• To Debug means to find and correct equipment defects or program malfunctions, ensuring smooth functionality.

Default

• A Default refers to the pre-defined configuration of a system or application. In most programs, defaults can be modified to suit personal preferences.

Desktop

• The Desktop is the main directory of the user interface, usually containing icons representing links to the hard drive, network connections, and frequently used applications.

Desktop Publishing

• Desktop Publishing involves creating publication-quality documents using a personal computer in combination with text-linked databases and files.

Diskette (Floppy Disk)

• A Diskette, commonly known as a floppy disk, is a portable storage medium that can store a small amount of data. The 3.5" diskettes can store 1.44 megabytes of data.

Disk Drive

• A Disk Drive is the equipment responsible for operating a hard or floppy disk, reading and writing data to it.

Domain

• A Domain represents an IP (Internet Protocol) address or set of IP addresses that comprise a domain. Domain names are used to identify web pages and email addresses.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

• DSL is a method of connecting to the Internet via a phone line, enabling data transmission at higher speeds than traditional modems.

DVD (Digital Video Disc)

• DVD is similar to a CD-ROM but can store and play both audio and video content.

E-book

• An E-book is an electronic reading device that allows users to view digitally stored reading material in various styles and sizes.

Freeware

• Freeware refers to software created by developers who offer it for free, either for the joy of sharing or to simplify other people's lives. It may be standalone software or add functionality to existing programs.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• FTP is a format and set of rules used to transfer files from a host to a remote computer.

Gigabyte (GB)

• A Gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes, often rounded off to one million bytes.

Glitch

• A Glitch is the cause of an unexpected malfunction in a system or program.

Hardware

• Hardware encompasses the physical and mechanical components of a computer system, including electronic circuitry, chips, monitor, disks, disk drives, keyboard, modem, and printer.

Home Page

The Home Page of a website serves as the main entry point for visitors. It typically offers greetings, information about the site, and navigation links to other pages.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

• HTML is a standard text markup language used for creating documents on the World Wide Web. Browsers interpret HTML codes to structure and format text and content.

Input Device

• An Input Device, such as a keyboard, mouse, stylus, or microphone, allows users to input information into a computer.

Instant Messaging (IM)

• Instant Messaging enables real-time communication between two or more people via typed messages over the Internet.

Interface

• An Interface allows devices, programs, or people to interact. Hardware interfaces consist of cables that connect devices to power sources and other devices.

IP Address

• An IP Address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network. It serves as a unique identifier for locating and addressing devices.

Java

• Java is an object-oriented programming language designed for web-based applications, particularly multimedia content over the Internet.

JavaScript/ECMAScript

• JavaScript is a programming language primarily used to manipulate content on web pages, such as form validation and dynamic page elements.

Kernel

• The Kernel is the core part of an operating system responsible for managing system resources and executing essential tasks.

Kilobyte (KB)

• A Kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes, commonly rounded off to one thousand bytes.

LAN (Local Area Network)

• A LAN is a network that connects computers within a limited geographic area, such as an office building or campus.

Linux

• Linux is an open-source operating system based on the UNIX kernel, known for its stability, security, and versatility.

Megabyte (MB)

• A Megabyte is equal to 1,048,576 bytes, often rounded off to one million bytes.

Memory

• Memory refers to temporary storage for information, including applications and documents. Data must be saved to a permanent device like a hard disk or CD-ROM to retain it after the computer is powered off.

Microprocessor

• A Microprocessor is a small integrated circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

Minimize

• Minimize is a term used in GUI operating systems to reduce a window to an icon or label at the bottom of the screen while allowing another window to be viewed.

Modem

• A Modem is a device that connects computers over telephone or cable lines by converting data into audio signals for transmission.

Monitor

• A Monitor is a video display terminal that presents visual output from a computer.

Mouse

• A Mouse is a small hand-held device used to control the position of the cursor on the screen. It enables users to interact with graphical user interfaces.

Network

• A Network consists of interconnected devices that can communicate and share resources, such as computers, printers, and servers.

Operating System

• An Operating System is a set of instructions that directs a computer on how to operate when it is turned on. It manages resources, controls hardware, and enables software applications to run.

Password

• A Password is a secret combination of characters used to authenticate users and provide access to secured systems.

PDF (Portable Document Format)

• PDF is a file format designed to display documents consistently across different platforms and devices.

Pentium

• Pentium is Intel's fifth-generation microprocessor, known for its high-speed processing capabilities.

Peripheral

• A Peripheral is an external device attached to a computer to enhance its functionality. Examples include printers, scanners, speakers, and external hard drives.

Plug-and-Play

• Plug-and-Play refers to the ability of a computer to automatically detect and configure peripheral devices without the need for manual setup.

Protocol

• A Protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern communication between devices or systems.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

• RAM is a type of computer memory used to store data that is actively being accessed by the CPU.

Router

• A Router is a networking device that forwards data packets between different computer networks.

Scanner

• A Scanner is an electronic device that captures images or text and converts them into digital format for computer processing.

Software

• Software comprises programs, data, and instructions that control computer operations and enable specific tasks to be performed.

Spreadsheet

• A Spreadsheet is an electronic document consisting of rows and columns used to organize and analyze data, often with mathematical calculations.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

• SQL is a programming language used to manage and manipulate databases.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

• SSL is a security protocol that ensures encrypted communication between a web browser and a server, protecting sensitive data during transmission.

Tablet

• A Tablet is an input device that allows users to draw or write on a touch-sensitive surface using a stylus or finger.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

• TCP/IP is a set of protocols used to connect devices and exchange data over the Internet.

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

• USB is a widely used standard for connecting peripheral devices to computers, providing easy plug-and-play functionality.

Virus

• A Virus is a malicious software program designed to replicate and spread to other computers, causing harm to data and system operations.

VR (Virtual Reality)

• Virtual Reality is a computer-generated simulation that immerses users in a virtual environment, providing a sense of presence and interaction.

Web Browser

• A Web Browser is software used to access and navigate websites on the Internet. Popular examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.

Wi-Fi

• Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the internet or local area networks without using physical cables.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

• XML is a markup language that allows users to define their own document structure, making it versatile for data representation and exchange.

Zip Drive

• A Zip Drive is an external storage device that can store larger amounts of data than traditional floppy disks. Zip discs could store up to 250 megabytes of data.