Important Diagrams: Metals & Non-Metals | Science Class 10 PDF Download

Heat conductance or metal

Heat conductance is the ability of a material to allow heat to pass through it. Metals are good conductor of heat 
Order of conductivity: Silver > Copper > Gold > Aluminium > Iron 

Electricity conductance of metals 

Electrical conductance is the ability of a material to allow electric current to pass through it.

Conductivity order (high to low): Silver > Copper > Gold > Aluminium > Iron > Lead

Reaction of metals with water

Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas. However all metals do not react with water.

Action of steam on a metal 

Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts 

Metal A + Salt solution B → Salt solution A + Metal B
Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in solution form.

The Reactivity Series

The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing activities.

Corrosion

The surface of some metals gets corroded when they are exposed to moist air for a long period. This is called corrosion.

Ionic Bonding in NaCl

• Sodium (Na): Atomic number 11 → Electron configuration: 2, 8, 1

• Chlorine (Cl): Atomic number 17 → Electron configuration: 2, 8, 7

Atoms aim to achieve a stable octet by transferring electrons.

• Sodium (Na) wants to lose 1 electron → forms Na⁺

• Chlorine (Cl) wants to gain 1 electron → forms Cl⁻

Electron Transfer:

• Na → Na⁺ + 1e⁻

• Cl + 1e⁻ → Cl⁻

This gain and loss of electrons results in ionic bond formation.

Ionic Bonding in MgCl₂

• Magnesium (Mg): Atomic number 12 → Electron configuration: 2, 8, 2

• Chlorine (Cl): Atomic number 17 → Electron configuration: 2, 8, 7

Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable octet (like noble gases).

• Magnesium wants to lose 2 electrons → forms Mg²⁺ ion.

• Each Chlorine atom wants to gain 1 electron → forms Cl⁻ ion.

Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable octet (like noble gases).

• Magnesium wants to lose 2 electrons → forms Mg²⁺ ion.

• Each Chlorine atom wants to gain 1 electron → forms Cl⁻ ion.

This gain and loss of electrons results in ionic bond formation.

Salt Solution conductance 

A salt solution conducts electricity because it contains ions. 

• These ions are charged particles that move and carry current in solution.

• When voltage is applied, positive ions move to the negative electrode and negative ions move to the positive electrode.
  

Occurrence of Ore

An ore is a naturally occurring rock or mineral from which a metal can be profitably extracted

• Most metals occur in combined form

• Reactivity of metal determines how it occurs (native or combined)

• Extraction depends on the cost and feasibility.

Extraction of Ore Steps

Electrolytic Refining of Copper

(i) Anode: Impure copper
(ii) Cathode: Strip of pure copper
(iii) Electrolyte: Solution of acidified copper sulphate

• On passing the current through the electrolyte, the impure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte.
• An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited at the cathode.

  The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and are called anode mud.