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1G Technology

1G, or first-generation wireless mobile communication, was introduced in the early 1980s, primarily for voice communication.

Characteristics:

  • Analog signals: 1G used analog signals for data transmission.
  • Low speeds: Speeds were limited to around 2.4 kbps.
  • Poor voice quality: Voice quality was subpar.
  • Large phones: Devices were bulky with limited battery life.
  • No data security: Data transmission lacked security measures.

2G Technology

2G, the second generation of mobile telephony, launched in 1991, introduced digital signals and GSM technology.

Characteristics:

  • Digital signals: 2G used digital signals.
  • Data speeds: Offered speeds up to 64 kbps.
  • Text and multimedia messaging: Enabled text and multimedia messaging.
  • Improved voice quality: Provided better voice quality than 1G.
  • Introduction of GPRS: GPRS technology allowed web browsing and email services.

3G Technology

The third generation, 3G, began in the early 2000s, offering significant advancements.

Characteristics:

  • Data speeds: Provided data speeds ranging from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps.
  • Web-based applications: Supported web-based applications like video conferencing and multimedia emails.
  • Audio and video file transfer: Allowed fast transfer of audio and video files.
  • 3D gaming: Enabled 3D gaming.
  • Downsides: Included expensive mobile phones, high infrastructure costs, and the need for trained personnel.

4G Technology

4G, introduced in 2011, marked the fourth generation of mobile communication.

Characteristics:

  • Speeds: Offered speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
  • Mobile web access: Supported high-speed mobile web access.
  • HD mobile TV: Enabled high-definition mobile TV.
  • Cloud computing: Facilitated cloud computing and IP telephony.
  • Technologies: Included LTE, WiMAX, and HSPA.
  • Voice calls via data: Utilized Voice over LTE (VoLTE) for voice calls, making data transfer efficient.

Advantages of VoLTE:

  • Efficient spectrum use
  • Better voice clarity
  • Less battery usage
  • Simultaneous data and voice calls

5G Technology

5G is the fifth generation of mobile networks, offering faster and more reliable communication.
Cellular Networks | Science & Technology for UPSC CSE

Benefits for Communication Sector:

  • Expected to create a cumulative economic impact of $1 trillion in India by 2035.
  • Revenue potential of over $27 billion by 2026.
  • Forecasted 70 million 5G connections in India by 2025.
  • Supports emerging technologies like IoT and real-time data analytics.
  • Enables sensor-embedded networks and smart transport infrastructure.
  • Facilitates vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication for driverless vehicles.
  • Ultra-low latency for real-time data transmission.

Challenges:

  • Spectrum allocation issues in India.
  • Capital augmentation challenges.
  • High auction reserve prices.
  • Regulatory restrictions and technical challenges.
  • Lack of government incentives and discouraging taxes.

Way Forward

  • Align Digital India with 5G technology.
  • Incentivize local design and manufacture of 5G technologies.
  • Allocate and free up idle spectrum.
  • Promote 5G startups and IPR generation.
  • Reward efficient spectrum use and upgrade narrow-band networks.
  • Develop appropriate test-beds and technology platforms.

Conclusion

  • 5G is a catalyst for Digital India's transformation.
  • Offers opportunities for industry expansion and improved service delivery.
  • India stands at the forefront of the 5G era with vast potential for growth and innovation in the digital space.
The document Cellular Networks | Science & Technology for UPSC CSE is a part of the UPSC Course Science & Technology for UPSC CSE.
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FAQs on Cellular Networks - Science & Technology for UPSC CSE

1. What is the difference between 4G and 5G technology?
Ans. 4G and 5G technology differ in terms of speed, capacity, and latency. While 4G offers download speeds of up to 100 Mbps, 5G can provide speeds up to 10 Gbps. Additionally, 5G has a much higher capacity, allowing for more devices to connect simultaneously. Lastly, 5G has significantly lower latency, reducing the time it takes for data to travel between devices.
2. How does 3G technology differ from 2G technology?
Ans. The main difference between 3G and 2G technology lies in their data transfer capabilities. While 2G primarily focused on voice communication and offered limited data transfer speeds of up to 384 kbps, 3G introduced high-speed data transfer, supporting speeds up to 2 Mbps. This enabled the use of mobile internet and multimedia services on 3G networks.
3. What are the advantages of upgrading from 3G to 4G technology?
Ans. Upgrading from 3G to 4G technology offers several advantages. Firstly, 4G provides significantly faster download and upload speeds, allowing for a smoother browsing and streaming experience. Secondly, 4G networks have lower latency, reducing the delay in data transfer. Additionally, 4G networks can handle a higher number of users simultaneously, resulting in improved network capacity and reduced congestion.
4. What are the key features of 1G technology?
Ans. 1G technology, also known as the first generation of cellular networks, was primarily analog-based and provided basic voice communication services. It had limited capacity, low call quality, and lacked features such as text messaging and data transfer. 1G networks operated on the frequency band of 800 MHz.
5. How does 5G technology differ from previous generations?
Ans. 5G technology differs from previous generations in several aspects. Firstly, it offers significantly faster download and upload speeds, enabling ultra-high-definition video streaming and real-time gaming. Secondly, 5G has lower latency, reducing the delay in data transfer. Thirdly, 5G networks have a much higher capacity, allowing for a larger number of devices to connect simultaneously. Lastly, 5G technology introduces network slicing, which enables the creation of virtual networks tailored to specific applications, ensuring efficient resource allocation.
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